杂拟谷盗触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对杂拟谷盗成虫触角形态及感器进行了观察,结果表明,杂拟谷盗成虫触角为棒形,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,其中鞭节又分为9个亚节,不存在雌雄二型现象。雌、雄成虫触角上均存在以下6类14种感器,包括Bhm氏鬃毛、3种毛形感器、1种栓锥形感器、6种锥形感器、1种刺形感器、2种指形感器。雌雄个体之间触角感器的类型、分布、长度、基部直径没有明显差异。结合感器的形态、分布和已报道的触角电位反应数据,对杂拟谷盗触角各类感器的功能进行了推测。     

小花尺蛾触角感器扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对小花尺蛾Eupithecia abietaria debrunneata Staudinger雌雄成虫触角感器类型?形态与分布进行研究, 结果表明:小花尺蛾触角鞭亚节第50~64节的各亚节感器种类无差异, 触角长度?感器长度和数量存在雌雄二型现象?触角上感器类型为10类17种, 包含B?hm氏鬃毛(Ⅰ~Ⅱ)?叉形感器?鳞形感器?毛形感器(Ⅰ~Ⅲ)?刺形感器?锥形感器(Ⅰ~Ⅱ)?耳形感器(Ⅰ~Ⅲ)?腔形感器?腔锥形感器(Ⅰ~Ⅱ)和栓锥形感器?雄蛾触角显著短于雌蛾触角, 雄蛾毛形感器Ⅰ?毛形感器Ⅲ的长度显著长于雌蛾, 数量显著多于雌蛾, 雌蛾刺形感器数量显著多于雄蛾?在鳞翅目昆虫上首次发现耳形感器Ⅲ, 结合已有感器功能的报道, 对感器类型?形态和分布进行比较, 并分析其功能?     

油茶蓝翅天牛触角感器扫描电镜观察

蓝翅天牛是我国特有种,为油茶重要蛀干害虫之一,对油茶生产造成严重影响。为探明蓝翅天牛触角感器类型,为基于嗅觉和味觉的防控技术探索提供依据,本文利用扫描电镜对蓝翅天牛成虫触角上的感器进行观察和比对。结果表明：蓝翅天牛成虫触角存在雌雄二型现象,触角长度、感器类型及分布均有明显差异。雌雄成虫触角上共发现感器类型7类12种,其中刺形感器Ⅱ型在雄成虫触角特异分布,可能在雄虫的某些行为中发挥主导作用。     

腰带长体茧蜂雌蜂触角的扫描电镜观察

采用扫描电镜技术对腰带长体茧蜂Microcentrus cingulum的触角感器进行了观察。结果表明,腰带长体茧蜂雌蜂触角上存在三种感器,分别为毛形感器、刚毛形感器、板形感器。对触角各种感器的形态和分布特点进行了描述,并就三类触角感器的功能进行了探讨。     

Scanning electron microscopic study of the vulva of some trichurids (Nematoda)

The structure of vulva of four Trichocephalus species has been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The shape of vulva and cuticular elements on vulval appendages is described and documented. The cuticular structures on the vulva have a characteristic shape specific for each species. It is suppossed that SEM can be successfully employed in a detailed study of vulval structure, which is an important taxonomic character for the differentiation of females of Trichocephalus species.     

Scanning electron microscopic study on Toxascaris transfuga (Rudolphi, 1819) (Nematoda)

The authors present original observations on the species Toxascaris transfuga obtained by means of scanning electron microscopy. Attention was paid to the structure of head end, morphology of papillae of the head and abdominal end, specific morphological traits of cloacae edges and morphology of the egg surface. Presented are morphological criteria which apparently differentiate the species T. transfuga from T. leonina (Linstow, 1902). T. transfuga and T. multipapillata Kreis, 1938 seem to be conspecific.     

轮纹异痂蝗触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察了轮纹异痂蝗[Bryodemella tuberculatum dilutum(Stoll)]成虫触角感器的类型和分布。结果表明:轮纹异痂蝗触角为丝状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,雄性个体鞭节包括24个亚节,雌性个体鞭节包括23个亚节。雌雄个体均具有12种感受器,即毛形感受器、刺形感受器(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)、锥形感受器(Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型和Ⅴ型)、腔锥形感受器、腔形感受器及Bhm氏鬃毛。根据各类感器的形态、分布和显微结构探讨了其可能承担的功能。     

长角扁谷盗触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对长角扁谷盗雌、雄成虫触角形态及感器进行观察,分析了雌、雄成虫触角感器的类型、形态与分布。结果表明,长角扁谷盗成虫触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,其中鞭节由9个亚节组成。成虫触角上共有3类感受器,可将其分为8种,分别是:刺形感器(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ)、毛形感器(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)以及B9hm氏鬃毛。比较发现,雄虫触角每节的长度均显著长于雌虫,雌、雄虫触角感器的形态相似,类型基本相同。结合长角扁谷盗触角感器的形态、分布和已报道的锈赤扁谷盗的相关研究等,对长角扁谷盗成虫触角各类感器的功能进行了分析与推测。     

锈赤扁谷盗触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对锈赤扁谷盗触角感器进行观察,发现其触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,鞭节分9个亚节。雄虫触角各节均显著长于雌虫,而直径除鞭节5、7、8、9四节外,其余各节均显著大于雌虫。成虫触角感器主要有刺形感器、毛形感器和Bhm氏鬃毛3种主要类型。其中,刺形感器具有4种形态,主要分布于鞭节第7、8、9节,毛形感器有2种形态,毛形感器Ⅰ各节都有分布,毛形感器Ⅱ仅有1根,位于柄节腹面,Bhm氏鬃毛主要分布于柄节与梗节连接处。雌、雄虫感器的类型、分布无明显差异,雄虫感器密度略大于雌虫。结合感受器的形态、分布和已报道的触角电位反应数据,对各感受器的功能进行了推测。     

Scanning electron microscopy study of infection structure formation of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici in host and non-host cereal species

The development of uredospore-derived infection structures of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici in wheat, barley, sorghum and maize was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Germ tubes grew over the leaf surface until a stoma was located. An appressorium formed over the stoma and the leaf was penetrated by an infection peg. Within the substomatal chamber of all species the infection peg developed a substomatal vesicle by 6 h post-inoculation (hpi). from which a primary infection hypha developed parallel to the long axis of the leaf. In wheat, barley and maize, when a primary infection hypha abutted onto a host cell, a septum was laid down between the tip of the hypha and the substomatal vesicle, delimiting a haustorial mother cell by 12 hpi; haustorial mother cells did not form in sorghum. Secondary infection hyphae arose on the substomatal vesicle side of the septum; infection did not progress further in maize, but in wheat and barley secondary infection hyphae branched, and proliferated intercellularly forming the fungal thallus. A haustorial mother cell was delimited when an intercellular hypha abutted onto a host cell. Infection sites with haustorial mother cells were observed at 12 hpi in barley and 24 hpi in wheat. In all four plant species, some atypical substomatal vesicle initials, substomatal vesicles and primary infection hyphae were observed.     

Scanning electron microscopy of the interactions betweenerwinia herbicola pv.gypsophilae andgypsophila paniculata

Ultrastructural studies of interactions betweenErwinia herbicola pv.gypsophilae and gypsophila plants showed that the bacterial pathogen multiplied rapidly and colonized gypsophila cuttings within 2 days. Fourteen days after inoculation, the plant tissue turned tumorigenic and a gall formed. Scanning electron microscopy showedE. gypsophilae cells densely occupying the plant xylem elements. Bacteria were found in association with fibrils which might be used by bacterial cells for attachment to plant cells. Substantial numbers of fibrils were also clearly seen on calli cell surfaces.     

Scanning electron microscopy of Setaria labiatopapillosa (Alessandrini, 1848) from cattle of Kazakhstan.

Surface structures of males and females of Setaria labiatopapillosa were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy at high magnification. It was found that the surface of buccal cavity, lateral appendages, vulva, anus and cloaca differs from the remaining cuticle. The shape of internal and external mouth papillae, amphids, deirids, postdeirid and phasmidial pore was studied. On the surface of the postdeirid are four small papillae arranged in a typical manner around the depression from which projects a needle-like formation. The ventral bands are formed by fine longitudinal parallel folds of the cuticle. Some anomalies in the localization of postcloacal papillae were observed.     

Scanning electron microscopy of early infection in the uredial stage of Puccinia sorghi in Zea mays

An SEM study was made of the infection process of Puccinia sorghi in Zea mays. A uredospore germ tube grows across epidermal cells and along their anticlinal walls, often branching and altering direction of growth. The fungus, on attaining a stoma, delimits an appressorium over it. Infection peg initials enlarge linearly and centripetally along the appressorium base, forcing open the stomatal slit. Having penetrated the stomatal aperture, the infection peg develops a substomatal vesicle. From the vesicle, two short primary infection hyphae develop synchronously, a septum later forming between the vesicle body and each hyphal base. A further septum divides the primary hypha into two cells. Secondary infection hyphae emerge later from the fully expanded vesicle on the proximal side of each vesicle/primary hypha septum. Secondary hyphae are narrower than primary hyphae, form their proximal septum some distance along the hypha, develop asynchronously, and proliferate to form the intercellular mycelium. Infection processes and epidermal stripping are discussed.     

我国29种特有植物的杀虫活性初探

报道我国特有植物华蟹甲草、秃杉、黄花鸡爪草、大血藤、血水草、崖白菜和七叶一枝花的杀虫活性。5种特有植物甲醇提取物对家蝇48h的致死率均在70％以上，华蟹甲草93．10％、银杏（果）85．71％、七叶一枝花82．76％、黄花鸡爪草79．31％和秃杉（茎）71．03％。血水草和崖白菜对亚洲玉米螟3龄幼虫48h的拒食率分别为52．8l％和62．88％，经大血藤、血水草和崖白菜处理后，亚洲玉米螟还出现化蛹延迟的现象。所筛选的特有植物对赤拟谷盗种群的毒杀作用和繁殖抑制作用较低，其中毒杀作用最好的为七叶一枝花，处理后30天赤拟谷盗的死亡率也仅为25．80％。繁殖抑制率最强的为八角莲（根），处理后60天繁殖抑制率为39．42％。以甲醇冷浸提取法对所采集的特有植物材料的提取率分布在1．54％～16．12％之间。     

Scanning electron microscopy of the establishment of compatible and incompatible Xanthomonas campestris pathovars on the leaf surface of Italian ryegrass and maize1

Scanning electron-microscopy observations made on the leaves of Italian ryegrass and maize, inoculated with Xanthomonas campestris pvs graminis, oryzae and oryzicola clearly showed a difference in the distribution pattern among the different pathovars tested. Pvs oryzae and oryzicola could be detected on the leaf trichomes of ryegrass, while pv. graminis was not. On maize leaves, the attachment of pvs oryzae and oryzicola to trichomes was much more pronounced than on ryegrass. In addition, pv. oryzae spread further into leaves of maize than did pvs graminis and oryzicola and could be detected in masses until at least the sixth day after inoculation. These observations suggest that non-host plants such as maize could function as alternate inoculum sources of pv. oryzae for nearby rice plants.     

Structure-activity relationship studies of dibromo phenolic derivatives as photosynthetic electron chain inhibitors

A number of 2,6-dibromophenols with different substituents in the 4-position have been synthesised and their effect on the whole electron transport chain and on photosystem II have been determined. A study was made to relate the chemical characteristics of the 4-substituent group and the inhibition of the uncoupled electron transport of isolated chloroplasts from spinach plants. The chemical nature of the 4-substituent group varies greatly in the active compounds and it is therefore suggested that this group does not participate in the inhibitor-receptor interaction. The results indicated that the inhibiting power of these compounds increased with the electron-attracting capacity of the 4-substituent group, decreased with increase in its size and that there was no correlation with its hydrophobic nature.     

Light and scanning electron microscopy studies of the early infection stages of Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus on Fraxinus excelsior

The ontogeny and morphology of infection structures associated with the early stages of infection of Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus on common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) leaves and leaf petioles were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Ascospores were produced in mature ascocarps and infections on ash leaves were first observed 2 weeks later. Ascospores developed germ tubes, followed by appressorium formation and penetration of epidermal cells on ash leaves and petioles. Chalara fraxinea spores, the anamorph of H. pseudoalbidus, appeared and were arranged in chains, surrounded by a membranous sheath, and varied considerably in size and shape. Host invasion and colonization of all cell types of leaves and petioles were observed using light microscopy. The role of leaves and petioles as sites of infection in the life cycle of H. pseudoalbidus and the disease cycle of ash dieback is discussed.     

Molecular taxonomy and its application to ecological studies of Pythium species

More than 140 Pythium species have been described; 41 of these species have been described since 2000. Many Pythium species cause seed rot and damping off of seedlings. Recent changes in crop culture systems, such as the introduction of hydroponic cultures, have resulted in Pythium diseases of mature plants as well, with symptoms such as root rot, crown rot, and blight. In Japan, newly introduced ornamental and floral plants are vulnerable to high temperatures and humidity, resulting in severe Pythium infections. Once a pathogen invades a greenhouse, it quickly propagates and disperses, resulting in serious yield loss. It is very difficult to identify an isolate at the species level based on morphological characteristics because of overlaps in the size and shape of reproductive structures, heterothallism, and the continuing discovery of new species. New procedures based on DNA sequences have thus been introduced to identify species; in particular, the rDNA ITS region and the coxI gene have been recommended for DNA barcoding. BLAST searches and phylogenic analyses allow for easy and precise identification. PCR techniques are also being used to diagnose plant diseases, and real time PCR can be used for quantifying the pathogen to assess the risk of disease loss. Molecular techniques to analyze population structure help clarify transmission routes of pathogens and the ecology of Pythium flora in natural ecosystems. In this review we discuss recent advances in molecular methods for identifying, detecting, and classifying Pythium species.