Utilization of nutrients as influenced by different restriction levels of feed intake under sub-tropical conditions in crossbred calves

Twenty growing crossbred calves (mean body wt. 159.7 ± 3.94 kg) were randomly divided into 4 groups 5 in each following randomized block design. To assess the voluntary dry matter intake (VDMI) during preliminary feeding period, all the animals were fed concentrate mixture and wheat straw ad libitum. The lowest DMI amongst all animals fed ad libitum was defined as ‘VDMI’. The animals were fed at four fixed levels. The highest level of DMI was 95% of VDMI (group 1) as determined in preliminary period of feeding the other 3 levels were 80% (group 2), 60% (group 3) and 40% (group 4) of the VDMI. The experimental feeding was continued for a month followed by a metabolism trial. The dry matter intake through concentrate (crushed maize 33, deoiled-soya meal 32, wheat bran 32, mineral mixture 2 and common salt 1 part) and roughage (wheat straw) was 40:60. The DMI (kg/d) and percent of body weight ranged from 1.62 (group 4) to 4.06 (group 1) and 1.20 to 2.58, respectively. The CP intake (g/d) varied from 177 to 442 among 4 groups. The intake of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF and hemi-cellulose (g/d or g/kg w^0.75) was also significantly (P < 0.05) different among 4 groups. The digestibility of DM in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 was 59.9, 61.7, 64.6 and 30.4%, respectively and was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in group 4 as compared to the remaining 3 groups. The digestibility of other all nutrients viz. OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF and HC was comparable among groups 1, 2 and 3. However, the digestibility of these nutrients was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in group 4 (40% intake) as compared to the other 3 groups. Intake and balance of N was significantly (P < 0.01) different among 4 groups, being the lowest in group 4. Animals of groups 1, 2 and 3 were in positive nitrogen balance, however, animals of group 4 were in negative N balance. The results revealed that nutrient utilization was unaffected up to 60% level but it was drastically reduced at 40% level of feed intake. It was also observed that calves maintained on 80 and 60% of feed intake lost body weight (250–300 g/d).     

液体饲料饲喂量对哺乳期犊牛生长性能、消化代谢的影响

研究液态饲料的饲喂量对犊牛生长发育、营养物质消化吸收的影响。选取16头犊牛,分为2个处理组,按照体重的9.5%和11.0%分别饲喂代乳粉乳液,试验全期为8周,测定犊牛的体重、测量体尺,进行消化代谢试验。两组犊牛在增重、体长指数、体躯指数上没有显著性差异(P0.05);在营养物质的消化代谢上,11.0%组在3～4周时干物质吸收量、粗蛋白吸收量及代谢能均优于9.5%组(P0.05),而在5～6周时无显著差异(P0.05)。在本试验中,液体饲料的饲喂量为犊牛体重11.0%时对犊牛的生长性能具有较好的促进作用,并且对犊牛消化吸收营养物质有积极的影响。     

日粮添加植酸酶及不同钙磷水平对生长肥育猪生长性能的影响

利用饲养试验和代谢试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,研究磷水平、钙磷比对猪生产性能的影响及磷水平×钙磷比互作效应,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重为20~60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60~100kg。将试验猪随机分配到6个处理中,每个处理设3个重复(3个栏),每个重复9头猪,公母各半。日粮磷水平在前期为0.4%和0.5%,后期为0.3%和0.4%;钙磷比例全程均为1∶1、1.3∶1和1.6∶1。试验基础日粮由玉米、豆粕、鱼粉、米糠组成,预混料中添加了植酸酶(活性为5000U,添加量为100g/d)。结果表明添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对猪生长期和肥育期的平均日增重和料重比无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

不同钙磷比例的日粮中添加植酸酶对肉鸡养分利用的影响

试验选用20只岭南黄公鸡,随机分成5组,研究在不同钙、磷比例的日粮中添加不同水平的植酸酶对钙、磷和干物质表观消化率以及总磷排出量的影响。第1组到第5组日粮中磷含量均为0.49%,Ca/P比依次为1:1.3、1:1.4、1:1.5、1:1.6和1:1.7,每组内4只鸡随机分成两组,交叉使用基础日粮和加酶日粮,加酶日粮是在基础日粮中添加500pu/kg的植酸酶。结果表明:(1)500pu/kg的植酸酶对钙、磷和干物质表观消化率以及总磷排出量的影响效果不明显;(2)不同Ca/P比对钙、磷的表观消化率有一定的影响,Ca/P比为1.6:1时,基础料钙的表观消化率显著高于其他组(P0.05),当Ca/P比为1.5:1时,基础料磷的表观消化率显著高于其他组(P0.05),但各组间干物质的表观消化率差异不显著(P0.05);(3)不同Ca/P比对总磷排泄量的影响差异极显著(P0.01)。     

不同水平蛋氨酸锌对冬毛期蓝狐营养物质消化率及微量元素排出的影响

试验研究了日粮中添加蛋氨酸锌(Zn-Met)对冬毛期蓝狐营养物质利用率及粪中微量元素的影响。试验选用150只体重相近的冬毛期蓝狐，随机分为5组，每组30只。对照组饲喂基础日粮，试验组在基础日粮中分别以Zn-Met形式添加30、60、90、120 mg/kg锌。结果表明：在日粮中添加适量蛋氨酸锌可使粗蛋白、钙、磷的消化率提高，其中B组（30 mg/kg）的添加水平效果最佳，差异显著(P<0.05)，对干物质、粗脂肪的消化率无显著性影响；蛋氨酸锌减少了微量元素铁、铜、锌、锰的排泄量，减少了环境的污染，与对照组相比，B组（30 mg/kg）和C组（60 mg/kg）效果差异显著(P<0.05)；综上所述，冬毛生长期蓝狐日粮中蛋氨酸锌的最适添加水平为30~60 mg/kg。     

日粮添加不同水平蛋氨酸硒对肉牛营养物质代谢的影响

选用4头安装永久瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔阉牛(体重为420kg、年龄2.5岁),采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆作为基础日粮,研究1.3倍维持需要水平下,日粮添加不同水平蛋氨酸硒(0、0.3、0.6、0.9mg/kg,以干物质为基础)对营养物质代谢的影响。结果表明:0.3和0.6mg/kg组日粮OM、CP、EE、NFE、NDF、ADF表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.6和0.9mg/kg组DN、RN和RN/DN显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组与对照组相比Se、Ca、P、Cu、Fe、Mn的存留率显著提高,Zn、Mo和S的存留率无显著差异;0.6mg/kg组血清TG、GLU、ALB、TP、ALT、AST、SOD、GSH-px、GSH均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组血清Se、Cu含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。     

日粮中不同浒苔添加水平对蛋鸡营养物质表观消化率和盲肠微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在探讨日粮中添加不同水平浒苔对蛋鸡营养物质表观消化率和盲肠微生物区系的影响。选取80只330日龄健康商品代海蓝褐壳蛋鸡,随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每重复4只。分别饲喂浒苔添加量0.0%(对照组)、2.0%(Ⅰ组)、3.0%(Ⅱ组)、4.0%(Ⅲ组)的日粮,试验期为49 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,4%浒苔添加水平能显著提高蛋鸡粗蛋白质、钙、磷表观消化率(P0.05);显著提高蛋鸡盲肠双歧杆菌的数量(P0.05)。因此,在日粮中添加浒苔可提高蛋鸡营养物质表观消化率和改善盲肠微生物区系的作用。适宜添加量建议为4%。     

The effect of different high levels of soy extract pellets in the ration on the digestibility of crude nutrients, basic and sulfur-containing amino acids of wheat in colostomized laying hybrids

In two digestibility experiments with 4 colostomized laying hybrids each, the influence of 12.5% (ration 1) and 25% soybean meal (ration 2) on the digestibility of the crude nutrients, the basic and sulphur-containing amino acids in the wheat rations was tested. In ration 1 the digestibility of the crude protein was 84.9%, of the crude fat 56.6% and that of the N-free extractives 87.4%; for ration 2 the values were 83.6%, 47.4% and 82.5%. The digestibility values for wheat acquired with the difference method for ration 1 were 85.7% for crude protein, 57.0% for crude fat and 89.8% for N-free extractives; energy concentration was 766 EFUhens. For wheat supplemented with 25% soybean meal the same digestibility value of the crude protein could be ascertained, the digestibility of the crude fat and the N-free extractives, however, was lower than for ration 1 so that an energy concentration lower by 3.9% was calculated. The possible causes of the influence of the different levels of lysine and thioamino acids on the digestibility of these amino acids of wheat are described.     

脲酶抑制剂和粗饲料产品对育肥羊生长性能及血液生化指标的影响

选择小尾寒羊母羔羊24只,体重20.5kg左右,采用2×2析因试验设计。一种粗饲料产品是玉米秸块,在此基础上设加与不加20mg/kg脲酶抑制剂共两个水平;另一种粗饲料产品是苜蓿+玉米秸的混合块,然后设添加与不加20mg/kg脲酶抑制剂共两个水平。进行60d育肥试验,以研究在不同粗饲料产品日粮中添加脲酶抑制剂对育肥羊生长性能和血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:①在不同粗饲料产品日粮中添加脲酶抑制剂均能提高育肥羊的日增重,苜蓿+玉米秸混合块日粮较玉米秸块日粮的育肥羊有较高的日增重;②粗饲料产品较脲酶抑制剂对育肥羊的日增重作用效果大;③粗饲料产品及脲酶抑制剂对试验羊的血液生化指标均没有显著影响。     

Influence of different dietary calcium levels on the digestibility of Ca, Mg and P in Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni)

Calcium and phosphorus are very important minerals in reptile nutrition, but many diets are still not balanced. To achieve optimal growth, including a healthy skeleton and a strong shell, a well-balanced supply with these minerals is prerequisite. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the apparent digestibility in Hermann's tortoises of diets with different calcium levels with special emphasis on the digestibility of minerals. Eight adult Hermann's tortoises of the veterinary faculty in Zurich were used. The animals were housed indoors at a mean temperature between 23 degrees C and 26 degrees C. The animals were fed a diet, which consisted of vegetables, herbs and different supplementation of calcium carbonate. Daily faecal samples of all tortoises were collected from day 8 to day 12. A proximate analysis was performed and the HCl-insoluble ash was used as an indigestible natural indicator (marker) for the determination of the apparent digestibility of minerals. The calcium content of the mixed feedstuffs of diet I was 0.64% on a dry matter basis, and the Ca:P ratio in the food was 3:1. In diet II the Ca content was 1.29% on a dry matter basis, and the Ca:P ratio in the food was 6:1. The digestibility of Ca in diet I was 57%. The other examined minerals, Mg and P, had a digestibility of 46% and 58% respectively. In diet II the digestibility of Ca was 79%, of Mg 52% and of P 52%. The results of this study indicated, that higher Ca concentrations in the diet led to an increased apparent digestibility of Ca and Mg.     

营养水平对杂交肉牛FABP3基因表达及IMF的影响

为研究营养水平对杂交肉牛心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白（FABP3）基因表达及肌内脂肪含量（IMF）的影响,以西门塔尔、利木赞和夏洛莱杂交肉牛为研究对象,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分别测定高、中、低营养水平的3种杂交肉牛背部脂肪中FABP3mRNA表达水平,并测定其背最长肌IMF。结果：（1）高营养组中夏洛莱牛IMF高于同营养组其他2种肉牛,其背部脂肪中FABP3mRNA水平也显著高于另外2种杂交肉牛（P〈0.01）;中营养组中西门塔尔和利木赞牛IMF均高于同营养组的夏洛莱牛,但FABP3mRNA的水平无显著差异（P〉0.05）;低营养组中夏洛莱牛IMF和FABP3mRNA水平均显著低于另外2种肉牛（P〈0.01）;（2）夏洛莱杂交肉牛背部脂肪中FABP3mRNA水平与IMF具有显著的相关性（P〈0.05）,而西门塔尔和利木赞牛中FABP3mRNA水平与IMF无显著相关性（P〉0.05）。该结果表明提高营养水平影响FABP3mRNA表达并在一定程度上影响IMF,但影响显著与否存在品种差异,在肉牛育种和牛肉生产中应当同时考虑营养因素和遗传因素。     

Growth, haematology, blood constituents and immunological status of lambs fed graded levels of animal feed grade damaged wheat as substitute of maize

The aim of this study was to explore possibilities of utilization of animal feed grade damaged wheat (ADW) in lamb feeding, and assess the effect of ADW and its aflatoxin on intake, growth, haematology, blood biochemical constituents and immunological status. The ADW is a slightly mouldy feed resource, which is not suitable for human consumption. The experimental ADW contained dry matter (DM) 964, organic matter 974, crude protein 153, cellulose 205 and lignin 24, and starch 732 g/kg DM. ADW also contained aflatoxin B1 50 microg/kg due to mould infestation. Thirty-five weaner lambs (90 +/- 15 days of age and 16.1 +/- 0.82 kg body weight) in a randomized design were fed for 91 days on one of four composite feed mixtures (roughage to concentrate ratio of 25:75) containing 0, 118, 235, 353 or 470 g/kg ADW, which replaced equal amounts of maize and at these inclusion levels ADW replaced 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% maize in lamb diets respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI) was similar in different level of ADW fed lambs but ADW inclusion linearly (p = 0.016) reduced DMI. Average daily gain (g/day) was higher (p = 0.038) in lambs fed 353 g ADW diet. Haematological attributes viz. WBC, haemoglobin (Hb) and mean corpuscular volume did not affect by ADW feeding whereas it increased haematocrit, mean cell Hb and decreased neutrophil, RBC counts and mean cell Hb concentration. Blood glucose and urea-N increased whereas albumin and protein level reduced by ADW feeding. ADW feeding of lambs did not affect serum IgG level. The activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphates and acid phosphates were not affected, whereas alanine aminotransferase increased linearly (p = 0.001) with increasing levels of ADW. It is concluded that ADW containing aflatoxin B1 50 microg/kg DM can safely be incorporated in growing lamb feeding up to 353 g/kg diet without affecting growth and cellular immunity, however ADW may induce a transient alteration of hepatic enzymatic activities. Further aflatoxin content of the diet should be kept within permissible limits of respective country.     

不同蛋白质水平对育成早期梅花鹿消化代谢的影响

为探讨不同蛋白质水平配合日粮对育成早期梅花鹿消化代谢的影响,选择4只9月龄雄性梅花鹿,按4×4拉丁方设计,进行消化代谢试验。结果表明,不同蛋白质水平配合日粮(蛋白质水平分别为10.27%、14.26%、15.61%、18.60%)对梅花鹿体重及日增重、干物质采食量及消化率、蛋白质采食量、沉积量、可消化蛋白质量、蛋白质消化率及代谢率、钙磷采食量及消化率、血液总蛋白及白蛋白浓度差异不显著(P>0.05);对血清尿素氮浓度具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。当配合日粮蛋白质水平为15.61%时,蛋白质代谢率为30.64%。蛋白质沉积量y1与蛋白质采食量x1呈正相关,二者之间的回归方程为:y1=0.394x1-27.568,R2=0.882 8,n=8(P<0.05)。     

Effect of different fat sources on in vitro degradation of nutrients and certain blood parameters in sheep

This study was designed to determine the effects of calcium salt of palm oil fatty acids (CS), hydroxyethylsoyamide (HESA), butylsoyamide (BSA) and soybean oil (SO) on degradation of crude protein and fibre in vitro, and on the blood plasma lipid parameters in vivo. Five mature wethers (body weight 75 kg) were fed five diets in a 5 x 5 Latin square experiment. The control diet consisted of 50% meadow hay and 50% concentrate with no added fat. The control diet was supplemented with CS, HESA, BSA, or SO. Fat was added at 3.5% of dietary dry matter (DM). The final ether extract content of the ration was near 6%. Each period lasted 20 days. Fat supplements, except HESA, consistently decreased the in vitro DM disappearance of soybean meal as compared to control. In contrast to the effect of other treatments, crude protein degradation was greatest in the test tubes with inocula obtained from sheep fed diet with HESA. Fat supplements equally inhibited the DM and fibre breakdown of alfalfa pellet. CS and HESA seemed to be less detrimental to in vitro fermentation of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) than BSA and SO. All fat supplements increased blood plasma triglyceride, cholesterol and total lipid content. Plasma concentration of cholesterol and total lipid was highest with SO. The inclusion of CS in the diet increased 16:0, while all fat supplements increased plasma 18:0 and decreased 16:1 and 18:1 fatty acid content. Plasma 18:2n-6 was not changed by feeding CS and SO. However, compared to the control diet, 18:2n-6 increased with 12 and 41% in plasma fatty acids when sheep were fed HESA and BSA, respectively. The results showed that plasma concentration of linoleic acid was enhanced more when the amide was synthesised from butylamine than when from ethanolamine.     

内蒙古牧区察哈尔羔羊饲粮钙磷适宜水平研究

本试验采用4个不同钙磷水平的饲粮饲喂断奶后察哈尔羔羊,研究钙磷对断奶羔羊生长、钙磷营养消化代谢和排放量、骨骼的影响。选取70日龄健康、体重(16.27±3.33) kg断奶察哈尔羔羊120只(公母各半),随机分成4个组,每组30个重复,每个重复1只羊,分别饲喂4种饲粮,其钙磷含量分别为:Ⅰ组,0.49%、0.28%;Ⅱ组,0.55%、0.32%;Ⅲ组,0.64%、0.47%;Ⅳ组,0.87%、0.70%。饲养试验期65 d,其后,每组选6只羔羊(公母各半),全收粪法进行消化代谢试验。试验结果:1)饲粮钙磷水平对断奶羔羊平均日增重、体尺、干物质采食量和饲粮转化率影响皆不显著(P>0.05);2)血清钙含量Ⅳ组显著高于其他3组,血清碱性磷酸酶Ⅰ组显著高于其他3组(P<0.05);3)Ⅰ组钙表观消化率显著高于其他3组(P<0.05),随饲粮钙磷水平升高羔羊钙磷排放量增加(P<0.05);4)Ⅳ组胫骨灰分含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组跖骨灰分含量显著低于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P<0.05),胫骨磷含量Ⅳ组显著高于其他3组(P<0.05);5)冬春季节改变羔羊饲喂模式增加了内蒙古地区草原生态系统中钙磷的输入。综上所述,饲粮钙磷水平升高降低了断奶羔羊的钙表观消化率,显著增加了钙磷的排放量,提高了羔羊骨骼钙磷沉积。在本试验条件下,饲粮钙磷含量分别为0.49%、0.28%,内蒙古地区冬春季断奶羔羊即可获得较好的生长性能。