激光照射对肉鸡鸡胚孵化的影响

采用不同照射时间和位置在孵化前用氦氖激光照射鸡蛋，对早期胚胎发育和减少死亡率有促进作用。试验组死亡率为４．１３％～７．３２％，对照组死亡率为８．１３％。激光处理的效应取决于照射的时间和位置。结果证明，２０秒垂直照射的种蛋孵化率率最高，比对照组高４个百分点。     

氦氖激光治疗奶牛乳房炎试验报告

在应用HMT试液诊断的139头奶牛中,选择乳房炎阳性反应奶牛123头,418个乳区(含临床型和亚临床型乳区8个),分为8mw激光照射组、18mw激光照射组、青霉素乳头注入对照组和不治疗对照组进行试验。激光照射组全用原光束,距离30～40cm,时间分别为8min和10min,照射乳中穴,每天一次,共照射七天。在激光照射疗效方面,以8mw组为最高,对各型乳房炎乳区治愈率为85.81％,好转率为11.49％,总有效率为97.3％;对隐性型乳区治愈率为90.7％,好转率为8.6％,总有效率为99.3％;药物对照组对隐性型治愈率为28.13％,好转率为25％,总有效率为53.13％;不治疗对照组试前乳区阳性率为73.6％,试后乳区阳性率为78.02％,自然发病增长率为4.42％。试验中还测定了各种处理对产奶量的影响,结果表明,以18mw组为最好,平均每日每头增加1.6318kg,药物对照组和不治疗对照组平均每日每头分别减少0.3989kg和0.581kg,经统计处理,激光照射组与对照组之间差异极为显著。     

激光穴位照射对山羊实验性前肢麻痹恢复时间的影响

１４只山羊的臂神经丛经浸润麻醉后，分别用氦氖激光照射麻痹侧的肩井穴和膝眼穴，两穴位激光照射组山羊的麻痹前肢恢复时间分别比对照组山羊平均提前１８．３８ｍｉｎ和１２．３４ｍｉｎ。１４只山羊的个体对照都有不同程度的麻痹期缩短和恢复时间提前。试验结果表明，氦氖激光照射除可能刺激动物皮肤及深层组织的神经感受器或末梢、兴奋外周神经外，还可能有扩张激光照射周围器官组织的微循环血管、促进麻醉剂吸收的功效。     

激光穴位照射对子宫卵巢病牛血浆β—内啡肽含量和发情的影响

３４头黑白花奶牛，患子宫炎或卵巢疾病而不孕，将其随机分为２组。激光组（２４头）用Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光照射交巢穴，７ｄ为１疗程。间歇７ｄ再照射第２疗程。对照组（１０头）不用激光照射。ＲＩＡ法分析血浆β－内啡肽（β－ＥＮＤ）含量。结果发现，激光组病牛血浆β－ＥＮＤ由照射前（第０天）的１１２．８６４±５８．９４７ｐｇ／ｍｌ升高到第１疗程后（第８天）的１７５．６３４±１０４．３１０ｐｇ／ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５），间歇１周后为（第１４天）２３７．６２７±１５３．１３６ｐｇ／ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１），第２疗程后（第２２天）为１９３．４４８±１０４．３７８ｐｇ／ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。显著高于对照组同期测定值。同时观察到，激光组发情牛头数为２１头，发情率８７．５％；对照组发情３头，发情率３０％。组间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明激光照射穴位可使病牛β－ＥＮＤ分泌增加，并参与调节生殖机能     

用激光刺激鸡胚胎的发育

提高鸡蛋的孵化率及雏鸡的生活力是机械化养禽业的重要课题之一。要解决这一课题,在一定程度上与是否利用现代化科学成就密切相关。据科学家们的意见,在这方面最有前途的方法是用强作用的物理学手段以刺激机体内胚胎的生物学过程。莫斯科州康斯坦丁洛夫养鸡场以及MBA养禽与禽病教研室用特殊的激光装置对入孵前种蛋进行照射,其结果提高了鸡蛋的孵化率及雏鸡的生活力。用激光照射鸡蛋,加速了胚胎在孵化各阶段的发育,特别是在孵化的初期。胚胎发育的初期,胚胎的死亡率下降33～50％。例如,对照组中血环蛋为3.11％,而在照射组中则为1.6～1.9％。用激光进行照射,在孵化的第一天就引起胚胎比较快地发育。例如,在孵化14小时后,发育良好的胚胎比不照射的多一倍以上;在孵化20小时后,     

氦氖激光照射对奶牛血液中淋巴细胞总数的影响

选用健康黑白花奶牛４０头，随机分为７个试验组和１个对照组，每组５头。试验组分别采用８，１８，２５ＭＷ氦氖激光照射肩前淋巴结、股前吉部位或脾区；对照组不照射。照射前和照射后第５、１０、１５ｄ采血检测每头牛血液中的淋巴细胞总数。试验结果表明，各试验组于照射后第５ｄ开始，外周血液中淋巴细胞总数即明显增高，但以８ＭＷ激光照射股前淋巴结部位，１８ＭＷ激光照射肩前淋巴结部位。２５ＭＷ激光照射脾区为最好，其淋巴     

用激光扫描法提高种蛋孵化率的研究

<正> 对于一个规模较大的孵化厂而言,提高受精蛋的孵化率(以下简称为孵化率),是提高整个养鸡厂的经济效益的关键。自19830年至1986年的四年,我们做了用He—Ne激光照射来提高孵化率的试验、并获得了较好的效果。 在1983年春季,采用He—ne激光照射种蛋,试验组比对照组孵化率普遍提高为9.2％,中死率减少2.2％,毛蛋率减少7.0％,出雏时间既集中又提前。但在照射方法上,无论采取点照或环照,都是种蛋对准激光束,一个一个地进行单点照射。因此只能在实验室中进行,而无法用于大批孵化的实际生产中。鉴于上述情况,我们与吉林省电子技术研究所共同研制一种适应于大批孵化生产的激光设备。定名为JZF-I激光扫描增孵机(以下简称为激光增孵机)。     

氦氖激光扫描照射鸡卵对其孵化率影响的试验研究

试验选用黑龙江省哈尔滨市激光技术研究所研制的氦氖激光促机，对滨白、海兰白、罗曼及依沙４个品种进行扫描照射，照射剂量选择为９０秒、１２０秒和１５０秒。结果表明用氦氖激光促孵机对不同品种鸡种蛋检前进行扫描，均能明显地降低中死率和提高孵化率，对白壳卵扫照１２０秒，褐壳卵扫照１５０秒分别提高孵化率为海兰白５．８３％，滨白５．３６％，罗曼５．０７％。依沙３．５１％。     

激光穴位照射对子宫卵巢病牛的cAMP、cGMP和内啡肽含量影响的研究

本研究分2大项进行。第1项研究激光照射对不孕奶牛内啡肽含量和发情的影响,第2项研究激光照射对不孕奶牛cAPM、cGMP含量及淋转值的影响。 ①选因患子宫炎或卵巢静止而不孕的黑白花奶牛34头,随机分成2组。试验组(24头)用氦氖激光照射交巢穴,7天为一疗程,间歇7天再照第2个疗程。对照组(10头)不用激光照射。RIA法分析牛血浆β-内啡肽含量。结果发现,试验组病牛(n=24)血浆β-内啡肽含量由照射前的112.864±58.947pg/ml升高到第1疗程后的175.634±104.310pg/ml(P<0.05),间歇1周后为237.627±153.136pg/ml(P<0.01)。第2疗程后为193.448±104·378pg/ml(P<0.05)。激光照射后3次测定值显著高于对照组同期测定值。对照组4次测定结果分别为:103.787±28.360,103.673±32.283,116.594±39.528,118.517±36.933pg/ml。同时观察到试验组发情牛头数为21头,发情率为87.5％,对照组发情3头,发情率30％,两组间差异极显著。试验结果表明,激光照射穴位可使病牛内啡肽含量增多,并参与调节生殖机能。 ②用氦氖激光照射交巢穴治疗不孕奶牛16头,对照组10头,激光照射方法基本同前述。在每个疗程前后1天,第2疗程后10天经颈静脉采血,用全血培养~3HTdR掺入法,蛋白结合法及RIA法,分析淋转刺激指数、血浆cAMP、cGMP含量变化。测得淋转     

氦—氖激光,免疫抑制剂抗大鼠器管移植排斥反应的研究

本试验首次应用大剂量氦－氖激光照射，免疫抑制剂及二者相配合，研究其对大鼠全厚皮片移植和全胰十二指肠移植排斥反应的抑制效应。结果表明：日剂量为３９．７２４５Ｊ／ｃｍ＾２的氦－氖激光照射，可提高移植皮片的存活时间，其与减量的二免疫抑制剂配合应用效果更显著，氦－氖激光照射可推迟大鼠全胰十二指肠移植排斥反应的发生时间，降低排斥反应的发生程度及延长胰脏移植物的存活时间，氦－氖激光与减量的硫唑嘌呤配合应用，上     

Effects of aflatoxin B1 on the development of the bursa of Fabricius and blood lymphocyte acid phosphatase of the chicken

1. In this study, embryotoxicity and effects of in ovo administration of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the embryonic development of the bursa of Fabricius were determined in fertilised chicken eggs by histological methods and histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase (ACP-ase) enzyme. Peripheral blood lymphocyte percentages were also estimated. 2. Embryonic stages were determined according to the Hamburger-Hamilton (H-H) scale. Mortality rates increased in AFB1-injected groups in a dose-dependent manner. Embryonic deaths were concentrated at H-H 31 in the 5 ng AFB1/egg group while the deaths were highest at H-H 25 in the 10 and 20 ng AFB1/egg groups. In the 40ng AFB1/egg group, embryonic deaths mostly occurred during the first 70 to 72 h of incubation (H-H 20). 3. Bursal development was quite similar at d 7 of incubation in control and all experimental groups although development had been substantially impaired and retarded at d 10 of incubation in 10, 20 and 40 ng AFB1/egg groups. A gradual decrease of ACP-ase positive lymphocyte numbers was observed with increasing AFB1 doses. The chicks in AFB1-treated groups hatched with poorly developed bursae compared with those of the controls. However, proportions of ACP-ase positive lymphocytes substantially increased at hatch and at 21 d of incubation all groups had similar numbers. 4. The results revealed that breeder diets should be investigated for aflatoxins and specifically AFB1, in cases of low hatchability and flock immunity, because low concentration of AFB1 transferred into the fertilised eggs might be the cause of serious problems.     

Effects of photoperiod during incubation on embryonic and post-embryonic development of quail and chickens

The effect of light during incubation on embryonic and post‐embryonic development of White Leghorn chickens and Northern Bobwhite quail was determined. The treatments were: (a) 12 h light followed by 12 h dark (12L—12D), (b) 24 h light (24L—0D) and (c) 24 h dark (0L—24D) per day throughout incubation.

The development of the embryos of both species was accelerated by increasing the length of exposure to light during incubation. There were no differences in hatchability, weight at hatching, or at 4, 8, 12, 16 or 20 weeks of age. The incidence of healed navels was increased with greater length of exposure to light during incubation. No differences in egg production due to treatment were detected.     

Effect of intensity of eggshell pigment and illuminated incubation on hatchability of brown eggs

The effects of intensity of brown eggshell pigment (light (LBP), medium (MBP) and dark (DBP)) and light intensity during incubation (low and high, 900 to 1380 and 1430 to 2080 lux, respectively) on eggshell characteristics, embryonic growth, hatchability traits, chick hatching weight and hatching time were investigated using eggs from a meat-type breeder (Hybro) flock at 32, 36 and 41 weeks of age in three trials. With eggs of similar weights the intensity of brown pigment was not associated with eggshell weight and thickness, and did not influence embryo weight and egg weight loss during incubation. The shade of brown pigment of eggs laid by young hens influenced the percentage hatchability (HP) of eggs incubated under light. Illuminated incubation improved HP of LBP eggs (compared with MBP and DBP eggs) from 32- and 36-week-old hens, but had no significant effect on HP of eggs from 41-week-old hens. Light intensity during incubation did not influence egg weight loss. High intensity of light during incubation reduced HP and increased early death percentage (EDP) in the LBP and MBP groups, and did not influence HP and EDP in the DBP group. Brown eggshell pigment and intensity of light during incubation did not influence hatching time. It is concluded that the shade of brown pigment, intensity of light during incubation and age of the breeder hens influenced the hatchability performance of embryos from brown eggs. Light during incubation improved the hatchability of embryos in light brown eggs laid by young hens and the shade of brown pigment of eggs laid by older hens did not influence hatchability under illuminated incubation. High intensity of light during incubation reduced hatchability of light and medium brown eggs, but not the dark brown eggs.     

Factors related to shell deaths during artificial incubation of ostrich eggs

The ostrich industry experiences a high rate of embryonic mortalities during artificial incubation of eggs. Embryonic deaths were studied from data recorded on 37,740 fertile eggs incubated artificially during the 1998-2005 breeding seasons. Roughly 10,000 eggs that sustained embryonic mortalities were classified according to the stage and nature of death, i.e. before 21 days of incubation, after 21 days of incubation, deaths after pipping and rotten eggs. Although infection may have played a role in approximately 1300 rotten eggs, no detailed knowledge of the pathogens involved was available. The remainder of deaths could not be related to pathogens and the deaths were thus generally referred to as non-infectious. The overall level of embryonic mortality in all the eggs studied was 28.5 %. Overall embryonic mortality was affected by incubator, with higher levels (57.0 %) found in eggs incubated in an African Incubator and also in eggs that were transferred between incubators during incubation (38.1%). Overall embryonic mortality also increased in eggs produced by older females. Eggs produced in the autumn had the highest level of embryonic mortality at 53.6 %, whereas eggs produced in the winter had a marginally higher level of embryonic mortalities of 29.2 % compared with eggs produced during summer (27.4 %). Eggs produced by South African (SA) Black males crossed to Zimbabwean Blue females had high levels of embryonic losses of 45.7 %. The embryonic mortality of eggs produced by SA Blacks or Zimbabwean Blue breeding birds subjected to pure breeding was similar at approximately 33-34 %, but embryonic mortality was improved in eggs produced by Zimbabwean Blue males crossed to SA Black females (27 %). Embryonic mortality was increased in eggs that were set directly (32.0 %) or subjected to longer than 6 days of storage (43.5 %). Embryonic mortality was affected by year. The results that were obtained will assist in determining non-infectious factors that have a negative effect on hatching success. Steps can thus be taken to eliminate such factors that may compromise hatching success.     

Maternal effects on embryonic and postembryonic growth in poultry

1. It was found that the environment determined by the hen, namely protein, fat and moisture, had no effect on the growth of the embryo during the first 14 d of development. 2. The amount of protein available influenced growth during the last week of incubation but the amount of fat and water had no effect. 3. The regression of embryo on egg weight for the pooled data of large (mean 62 g) and small (53 g) eggs was 0.85 +/- 0.06 at day 20. 4. Embryos from large eggs were significantly heavier than those from small eggs on day 20: this difference persisted to the end of the experiment at 56 d of age when it had increased to 100 g. 5. A 1-g difference in egg weight was reflected in about a 10-g difference in chick weight at 56 d of age.     

Survivability of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Fertilized Eggs of Masu and Chum Salmon

Abstract

The possibility of vertical transmission of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was studied with the eggs of masu (cherry) salmon Oncorhynchus masou and chum salmon O. keta. The surfaces of eggs and sperm were contaminated with IHNV (10^3.8-10^4.8 50% tissue culture infective dose [TCID50]/egg) and then the eggs were fertilized. Eggs just after fertilization and embryonated eggs also were infected by injection with IHNV (10^3.8 TCID50/egg) directly into the yolk. During incubation, eggs were held in running water at 10°C. Mortality of the eggs or hatched progeny was determined and isolation of IHNV on the surface or inside of the eggs was determined during the incubation period. No mortality occurred and no virus was detected in fertile eggs from contaminated gametes. For injected eggs, IHNV was not detected on the surface of masu and chum salmon eggs after 1 d of incubation. Infectivity of IHNV inside the eggs decreased gradually and could not be detected after 1 month of incubation. This rate of IHNV reduction in the fertilized egg was similar to that found in a mixture of IHNV and homogenized yolk contents. Several individual yolk components also showed anti-IHNV activity. When eyed eggs were injected with IHNV, the embryos of both masu and chum salmon became infected, and the concentration of virus increased rapidly and reached more than 10^6.5 TCID50/fish. The cumulative mortality of eggs injected at the eyed stage for both masu and chum salmon was 90%. The susceptibilities of hatched-out larvae of masu and chum salmon to IHNV were different; cumulative mortality was more than 90% in masu salmon and 20–30% in chum salmon artificially infected with the virus. We concluded that vertical transmission of IHNV is doubtful because the virus is apparently unable to survive in eggs before the eyed stage.     

Reduced egg shell permeability affects embryonic development and hatchling traits in Lycodon rufozonatum and Pelodiscus sinensis

The response of embryos to unpredictable hypoxia is critical for successful embryonic development, yet there remain significant gaps in our understanding of such responses in reptiles with different types of egg shell. We experimentally generated external regional hypoxia by sealing either the upper half or bottom half of the surface area of eggs in 2 species of reptiles (snake [Lycodon rufozonatum] with parchment egg shell and Chinese soft‐shelled turtle [Pelodiscus sinensis] with rigid egg shell), then monitored the growth pattern of the opaque white patch in turtle eggs (a membrane that attaches the embryo to the egg shell and plays an important role in gas exchange), the embryonic heart rate, the developmental rate and the hatchling traits in turtle and snake eggs in response to external regional hypoxia. The snake embryos from the hypoxia treatments facultatively increased their heart rate during incubation, and turtle embryos from the upper‐half hypoxia treatment enhanced their growth of the opaque white patch. Furthermore, the incubation period and hatching success of embryos were not affected by the hypoxia treatment in these 2 species. External regional hypoxia significantly affected embryonic yolk utilization and offspring size in the snake and turtle. Compared to sham controls, embryos from the upper‐half hypoxia treatment used less energy from yolk and, therefore, developed into smaller hatchlings, but embryos from the bottom‐half hypoxia treatment did not.     

Hatching success and embryonic mortality on lesser rhea (Pterocnemia pennata) farms in northern Patagonia, Argentina

1. The hatching success and embryonic mortality of 724 lesser rhea eggs from 12 farms in northern Patagonia, Argentina were monitored during the 2000 breeding season. 2. Average infertility was 24.5%, embryonic mortality was 33.5%, hatchability of fertile eggs was 66.5% and the neonatal mortality was 57.0%. There were large variations between different farms. 3. Bacterial contamination was high and egg hatchability was also affected by the occurrence of oedematous and malformed embryos. 4. No significant relationships were found between embryonic loss, duration of egg storage, initial egg weight or weight loss of hatched and failed eggs. 5. The low productivity on lesser rhea farms is caused not only by embryonic mortality but also by a high incidence of infertile eggs and neonatal mortality. 6. Bacterial infection may not have been the most important cause of incubation failure, indicating that nutritional deficiencies and inbreeding may play an important role in the productivity of these farms.     

赤麻鸭（Tadorna ferruginea）的人工孵化初探

2011年4—5月,对徐州金桥禽业发展有限公司养殖的赤麻鸭所产的44枚卵进行了人工孵化研究。其中43枚卵受精,出雏35枚,4枚在孵化中期死胚,5枚为27d落盘后啄壳困难而死亡,受精卵的孵化率为81．40％。孵化温度前期为38．5℃;中期为38．2℃;后期为37．8℃,落盘后温度降为37．5℃。赤麻鸭卵鲜重为（79．80±6．72）g,长径为（66．10±2．53）mnq,短径为（46．40±1．45）／mm,卵形指数为1．43±0．06,出雏后的卵壳等剩余物质重（12．60±1．07）g,新生雏鸟重占鲜卵重的（67．20±3．71）％。卵总失重率为17％。孵化期间的卵重（Y）与孵化天数（x）之间的线性方程为Y=一0．9071x＋81．019（R2=0．9997,P〈0．01）,根据卵失重方程可以比较准确地推算出赤麻鸭卵的孵化天数。     

The role of preparation technique, culture media and incubation time for embryonation of Heterakis gallinarum eggs

The importance of preparation technique, culture media and incubation time in the embryonation of the infective egg stages of the intestinal nematode parasite Heterakis gallinarum was studied. Mature H. gallinarum worms were isolated from the caeca of infected chickens and separated by sex. In a first experiment intact female worms were kept for the development of their eggs in four different media (0.5% formalin, 2% formalin, 0.1 N sulphuric acid, 0.1% potassium dichromate) and incubated under constant temperature (20-22 degrees C) for 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks. Afterwards the body of the worms were ruptured and the numbers of unembryonated and embryonated eggs were determined using a McMaster egg counting chamber, and the percentage of embryonated eggs was calculated. After 8 weeks of incubation in 0.5% formalin, 0.1 N sulphuric acid or 0.1% potassium dichromate 27.6%, 26.7% and 29.4% of the eggs, respectively, embryonated into third stage larvae (p > 0.05). In contrast, incubation in 2% formalin resulted in an embryonation of 18.6% only (p < 0.05). In a second experiment H. gallinarum eggs were directly harvested from worm uteri and cultivated afterwards in different media (2% formalin, 0.1 N sulphuric acid, 0.1% potassium dichromate) at 20 to 22 degrees C for 6 weeks. An incubation of isolated eggs in 2.0% formalin or 0.1% potassium dichromate during 6 weeks resulted in a significantly higher percentage of embryonation in comparison to the incubation of intact worms (first experiment). The results suggest that preparation technique, media and time of incubation has an essential influence on the development rate of H. gallinarum eggs.