关于果同机械化生产 农艺农机融合的研究

果树不仅是我国的优势产业之一,也是劳动密集型产业。但是,由于多年牛果园的传统栽培模式存在架式过低、行距过窄和行头过小等问题,严重制约了果园生产机械化的实施,果同机械化水平提升速度远远落后于大田作物。果树生产管理过程的机械化程度很低,如果树挖坑（沟）定植、灌溉、施肥、修剪、病虫害防治和采收等生产管理活动,基本依靠手工操作进行,不仅劳动强度大、劳动效率低,而且标准化程度低。近年来,随着工业化及城镇化的快速发展,大量农业劳动力向第二、三产业转移,果树生产人工成本大幅度增加,直接影响到果树产业的经济效益。因此,对果园机械化生产技术和装备的需求越来越迫切,果树生产管理的机械化已成为实现果树产业现代化的必然要求。     

西南地区果树栽培管理措施及种植技术要点分析

在我国农业生产发展过程中,果树种植占据重要的地位,是农民农业生产的主要经济来源,促进了基层农民的脱贫致富。在实际的果树栽培过程中,由于种植技术要点把握不准以及管理不当,在栽培管理和种植技术方面存在一些不足,果树栽培种植管理水平较低。文章介绍了西南地区果树的种类,并对果树栽培的薄弱点、管理措施、种植技术要点进行了分析。     

果树机械自动化修剪技术的应用探讨

随着果树种植规模化、专业化的大力推进,不少地区果树实现了合作化、规模化生产经营,由于果树种植的面积较大,种植管理中树体、枝条的修剪工作量大,然而,传统的果树树条修剪方式存在效率低、消耗的人工多、修剪耗时长等弊端,与果树的规模化、专业化生产管理不相适应,有必要引进消化吸收先进的果树自动化修剪技术,促进果树种植的规模化、专业化生产的大发展。本文从果树管理的实际情况出发,具体分析了果树人工修剪的现状及对自动化修剪技术的需求,果树自动化修剪技术的基本原理及在实际应用中的对策。     

当前果树生产中应注意的几个问题

近年来,稷山县果树生产管理水平得到提高,效益明显增加。但在果树生产中仍存在着对秋施基肥、果园生草、树冠密闭等认识不清的问题。通过多年来果树管理的经验和体会。找出了果树管理中存在问题,澄清了模糊的观点,对于科学指导果树生产具有一定的意义。     

果园机械化综合增产技术示范推广经济效益分析

发展果树生产是我市一大优势,如何搞好果树生产管理,提高果品产量和质量,增加果树生产效益,对我市农村经济发展至关重要。我市果树栽培面积近5万公顷,2800万株果树,分布在29个乡(镇)5个农场。果树生产管理比大田费工,劳动强度大,要求时间紧,李节性强,不搞机械化作业,不能扩大再     

关于果园机械化生产 农艺农机融合的研究

果树不仅是我国的优势产业之一,也是劳动密集型产业。但是,由于多年生果园的传统栽培模式存在架式过低、行距过窄和行头过小等问题,严重制约了果园生产机械化的实施,果园机械化水平提升速度远远落后于大田作物。果树生产管理过程的机械化程度很低,如果树挖坑（沟）定植、灌溉、施肥、修剪、病虫害防治和采收等生产管理活动,     

果园基肥施肥装备研究现状与发展分析

我国果树栽培面积和果品产量均居世界第一,果树施肥是果园生产管理的关键作业环节,施肥质量直接决定果树产量及果品品质。果园主要施肥方式有深施基肥、土壤追肥、叶面喷肥、树干涂肥等。其中,基肥的肥料施用量占全年施肥总量的70%以上,是影响果树产量及品质最重要的阶段。基肥施肥机械化是果园生产管理机械化水平的重要体现。本文综合分析了果园基肥施肥机械化农艺要求及发展概况,重点阐述了我国和国外发达国家基肥施肥装备的典型机具及其技术参数和特点,并结合我国基本农情和果园生产的实际情况,归纳总结了我国果园基肥施肥机械化发展亟待解决的主要问题,展望了基肥施肥装备的发展趋势,为我国果园基肥施肥装备的进一步发展提供参考。     

果树嫁接技术研究

繁殖果树苗木是发展果树生产的先决条件和物质基础。果树是多年生植物,其苗木质量的好坏对将来果树的生长发育、果实品质、植株寿命等都有十分密切的关系,因此培育果树苗木必须采用科学的育苗技术,掌握果树的繁殖方法,达到果树生长健壮、适龄结果、丰产优质的目的。     

果树定植管理存在的问题及对策

果树生产是一项劳动密集型和技术密集型产业。近年来,在果树生产实践中存在一些技术方面的问题,如苗木品种不纯、成活率不高、长势不旺,以及有的地方定植果树好几年不能形成树冠、不能开花结果,严重影响果农的生产积极性。针对以上问题,提出相应对策,旨在提高果树成活率,形成合理树冠,提高产量,改善果实品质。     

改变旧观念果树管理抓重点

要使果品生产再上新台阶,就要在管理上突出重点。 一、在果树的栽培管理中,应注意突出以下几方面的重点:地上和地下,地下(投入、养根)是重点;覆膜和覆草,覆草     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。