基于引力搜索算法的植保无人机三维路径规划方法

为了使植保无人机作业更加精准、高效与节能,研究了一种适用于三维地形的植保无人机路径规划方法。根据农田的规模、形状、高度起伏等地理环境信息,对其进行栅格化处理,建立三维环境模型;在此环境模型条件下,为无人机增加直行与回转机制,实现全覆盖路径仿真;通过提取仿真计算中每次植保作业飞行距离作为输入变量、非植保作业耗费时间作为输出函数,从而构建寻优模型;对寻优模型引入引力搜索算法,以输出函数最小为目标,对输入变量进行寻优,再通过仿真计算求出优化后的返航点位置。实例结果显示,在二维投影形状与尺寸相同的田地中,二维与三维路径规划方法之间的返航点位置存在偏差,证明了本文方法的必要性;在三维地形算例中,运用本文方法规划后的往返飞行距离总和与非植保作业时间分别为440.2 m与9 min,相比于未规划情况分别减少了90%与54%,相比于简单规划结果分别减少了23%与7%。在实际测试过程中,相比于未规划情况,规划后的路径飞行距离总和与非植保作业时间分别减少了11%和5%,验证了本文方法的合理性与可行性。     

多架次作业植保无人机最小能耗航迹规划算法研究

利用栅格法对工作区域进行划分,快速得到往复遍历式植保无人机的作业路径,在以作业架次数最少为约束条件的情况下,研究了一种多架次返航路线规划算法,合理地分配了各架次的喷药量和返航点,使无人机的工作总能耗最小,降低了无人机在非作业情况下无效消耗能量,提高了作业效率。仿真结果表明,在同等作业条件下,在一块210 m×200 m的矩形作业区域,采用本算法进行航迹规划,相比于仅以药液耗尽为返航依据的航迹规划,能耗节省率达到了12.89%,而且作业面积越大,能量节省效果越明显,通过田间对比试验,进一步证明了算法的可行性。     

基于改进蚁群算法的植保无人机路径规划方法

为了规划出更加高效的植保无人机路径,提出一种基于改进蚁群算法的植保无人机路径规划方法,该方法适用于多个具有复杂多边形边界与内部障碍物的三维作业区域。采用扫描方式生成水平面内的作业路径,经过离散化处理后,在三维地形曲面上插值,获得三维作业路径。在此基础上,建立作业路径生成算法,以三维作业路径总长度尽量短、作业路径数量尽量少为目标,对植保无人机作业航向进行寻优。改进蚁群算法通过附加记录作业路径进入点的机制,实现对三维作业路径的合理排序,生成总长度较短的转移路径。经过算例检验,针对同一作业区域规划出的三维作业路径与水平面内的作业路径的航向角存在较大差异,相差最大为92°,这说明考虑三维地形的必要性。算例中,将改进的蚁群算法与贪婪算法进行了对比,针对一系列相同的作业起点,改进的蚁群算法所得的转移路径总长度均较短,比贪婪算法所得结果缩短3%~28%;在未选定作业起点情况下,改进的蚁群算法与贪婪算法求得的转移路径总长度最小值分别为1661m与1763m,说明改进的蚁群算法具有良好的寻优能力。实例检验情况与算例所得结论基本一致。算例与实例中的作业区域边界与地形复杂,涵盖情况全面,表明本文提出的路径规划方法具有一定实用性。     

基于足球比赛路径规划的农用无人机定位和导航研究

无人机具有很高的作业效率,能够推动农业生产的现代化和智能化。由于受各种因素的影响,无人机的实际航线与规划航线之间会出现偏差,因此需要进行定位和导航。足球比赛机器人的控制原理与农用无人机相似,其路径规划方法可以作为无人机定位和导航的参考。为此,将足球比赛路径规划的人工势场模型与农用无人机相结合,设计了一种无人机定位和导航方法。仿真试验结果表明:该方法定位和导航的无人机药液喷洒覆盖率达到98%,飞行的距离和时间相比人工控制减少了20%,路线中的急剧转向次数大幅减少,能够为无人机航线控制提供新的途径。     

基于多传感器融合的无人机精准自主飞行控制方法

为解决我国植保无人机实际作业过程中普遍存在的由空间位置定位精度不足和飞行参数不稳定造成的雾滴分布不均匀、重喷、漏喷等问题,以多旋翼无人机系统为平台,基于ROS(Robot operating system)和MAVROS构建了由协同计算机与开源飞行控制器组成的二级控制系统,结合基于RTK-GPS的绝对位置测量和基于激光雷达的相对距离探测方法,融合外部传感器与飞行控制器板载传感器数据对无人机状态估计进行修正,提高了无人机飞行参数和飞行轨迹的稳定性。为进一步提高植保无人机自主作业性能,基于ROS设计了飞行任务管理系统,实现了无人机精准自主任务点之间的直线飞行。真实飞行试验结果表明：无人机自主飞行过程中水平方向平均定位误差为0.145m,垂直方向平均定位误差为0.053m。     

含障碍物多田块下旋翼无人机作业返航补给规划研究

针对同一区域内相邻多田块的无人机单机作业任务路径规划问题,从续航、负重等实际问题出发,考虑种肥药液和油电能源等消耗品的按需多次返航补给,提出并实现一套含障碍物多田块条件下单机多架次作业的农用旋翼无人机自主飞行作业的路径规划算法。在给出作业路径规划优化目标模型的基础上,提出"先路径、后航次"两步优化法,先以最短路径为优化目标规划初始作业路径,然后考虑消耗品按需返航后的补给与续作问题进行航次规划。针对变量喷播和恒量喷播2种喷播模式,分别提出两种作业航向方向安排原则、航线调度原则、补给方式和续作模式,规划出4种不同航向及航线调度组合策略下的初始作业路径,并在此基础上进一步给出4种不同组合补给续作优化策略下的航次安排方案。针对假想田块和真实田块的算例仿真测试结果表明,规划初始作业路径的4种优化策略能够稳定高效运行,算法耗时78～105 161 ms,转移路径优化效果为10.25%～33.81%;在航次优化算法方面,算法耗时略有增加,为21 170～106 393 ms,转移路径优化效果为14.00%～26.27%,补给次数的最好优化效果从15次降到10次。总体来说,相同条件下完全重置+重排续作的组合策略表现较优。     

植保无人机飞控系统与航线规划研究进展分析

应用无人机开展植保作业是有效防治病虫害的重要途径。本文对植保无人机行业发展和相关应用研究进行了综述,分别从植保无人机飞控系统、单机作业航线规划、多机作业调度场景及优化方法 3个角度进行了阐述,以增强植保无人机作业效果与提高作业效率为目标,分析了植保无人机飞行控制系统及航线规划与调度的研究现状。针对植保无人机因作业精度要求高而导致其飞控系统制造成本高的问题,提出应研发低成本、高精度、可适应植保无人机作业需求的测姿器件,开发相应的姿态估计算法;针对植保无人机航线规划、优化调度模型与实际作业需求不匹配的情况,总结了单机作业航线规划与多机调度优化场景、约束条件与优化方法。最后,提出应研发植保无人机自动补给平台,构建基于多机协同的作业管理与调度优化模型,以增强植保无人机在复杂作业环境中的作业效果,提高作业效率。     

基于语音识别处理的植保无人机航行路径控制研究

设计了基于HMM的语音识别处理算法，分析了植保无人机的结构与工作原理，并利用改进人工势场法对植保无人机的飞行控制和航行轨迹规划进行分析了研究。试验结果表明：语音控制控制准确度非常高，达到了90%及以上；植保无人机航行路径控制准确，能够成功避开障碍物，并动态规划最优飞行路径。     

多作业区域植保无人机航线规划算法

针对植保施药多个作业区域的情况,研究了一种植保无人机全局航线规划算法,将整个算法分为单个区域航线规划、区域间作业顺序和区域间调度航线规划3部分。从作业路程、多余覆盖和遗漏覆盖的角度,分析了多种覆盖作业方式的优劣,确定了无人机在单区域内的覆盖方式。基于遗传算法与TSP问题得到区域间的优化作业顺序,并基于改进的二进制编码遗传算法进行区域间调度航线的规划,最终实现无人机多作业区域航线的全局规划。仿真结果表明,规划算法可以有效地实现全局航线的规划,缩短了无人机的作业距离与区域间调度飞行的距离,达到了能耗与工作时间的优化,节省了航线规划所需的人力成本,使作业管理更加便利。     

基于能量优化的无人机喷施规划组合算法研究

针对目前无人机喷施规划并未达到能量利用率最大化的问题,以总航程最短、有效载荷和安全作业为作业目标,研究了一种基于能量优化的无人机喷施规划组合算法。利用栅格法对工作区域进行划分,得到全覆盖航线后,通过设置补给点,合理地分配各架次的返航点和有效载荷,从航线和载荷上降低无人机的能量消耗率,提高了作业效率。所设计的配套地面站软件对算法进行仿真,结果表明,在同等作业条件下,采用本组合算法进行无人机喷施规划,相比于传统以药液或能量耗尽为返航依据、偶有迫降或坠机危险的喷施规划,航程规划得到的能量节省率达16. 25%,载荷规划得到的能量节省率为18. 92%。田间对比试验表明,经过算法规划的作业比未经算法规划的作业节省了272. 5 m的返航航程,航程节省率为23. 7%;节省载荷1 L,载荷节省率为16. 7%。本组合算法能保证无人机在能量满足安全条件的情况下进行作业,证实了算法的节能性和安全性。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。