短波紫外线处理对采后草莓果实腐烂和抗氧化能力的影响

以"凤冠"草莓为材料,研究了0、1.5、3.0和4.5kJ.m-2UV-C处理对草莓果实在10℃,12d贮藏期间腐烂和果实抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,3kJ.m-2UV-C处理能显著抑制草莓果实采后腐烂的发生和MDA的积累,延缓果实失重、硬度和可溶性固形物含量的降低,促进果实CIRG值的提高,增强果实采后着色能力,从而保持果实的感官和食用品质。同时,3kJ.m-2UV-C处理能促进贮藏期间果实总花色苷、总酚含量和DPPH自由基清除能力的增加,减少草莓果实中抗氧化组分含量的下降,维持果实较高的营养品质。说明适宜剂量的UV-C处理(3kJ.m-2)在草莓果实采后后贮运保鲜和抗氧化能力调控中具有潜在的应用前景。     

NO处理对草莓果实采后品质和苯丙烷类代谢的影响

为探讨NO处理在草莓果实采后保鲜中的作用机制,以红艳草莓为材料,定期测定草莓果实室温下的品质、抗氧化物质含量、细胞膜脂质过氧化程度和苯丙烷类代谢的变化。结果表明,NO熏蒸处理能有效抑制草莓果实采后腐烂,其最优浓度为20μL·L~(-1)。NO处理可显著抑制草莓果实贮藏期间可溶性固形物含量的下降,降低细胞膜过氧化程度,保持较好品质;也可显著提高草莓果实中苯丙氨酸解氨酶、4-香豆酰辅酶A连接酶、肉桂醛羟化酶和查尔酮异构酶等苯丙烷类代谢相关酶的活性,增加总酚、花色苷和总黄酮的积累,提高草莓果实的抗氧化活性。因此,适宜浓度的NO处理(20μL·L~(-1))可提高草莓果实贮藏品质,延长保鲜期。本研究为丰富草莓果实采后保鲜技术提供了较好的理论和应用价值。     

CMC与抑菌草制剂复合涂膜对冷藏南丰蜜桔的保鲜效果

为了开发南丰蜜桔贮藏保鲜新技术,该文以"杨小-2,6"南丰蜜桔为试材,研究了凤仙透骨草提取液与羧甲基纤维素(CMC)复合可食性涂膜对冷藏期间果实品质及采后生理生化变化的影响。结果显示:与对照相比,复合涂膜处理显著抑制了果实的采后腐烂及水分损失,延缓了可溶性固形物、可滴定酸及抗坏血酸含量的下降,对可溶性糖的含量影响不大;复合涂膜处理还能保持较高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活性,对多酚氧化酶活性影响不大。与CMC涂膜相比,复合涂膜可显著降低果实的腐烂,对果实品质无不良影响,同时可以诱导几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的上升,说明复合涂膜用于南丰蜜桔的保鲜切实可行。     

贮藏温度和成熟度对新疆早黄无花果采后生理的影响

为探明温度及成熟度对无花果贮藏期生理指标的影响,以新疆早黄无花果为试材,研究在常温和低温条件下,2种成熟度无花果的呼吸速率、乙烯释放、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明,贮藏温度对无花果果实采后生理指标的影响有显著差异,低温可显著延长果实贮藏寿命和货架期,缓解有害代谢物MDA的累积,降低防御酶系的活性。不同成熟度的果实采后,过氧化酶活性及MDA含量无显著差异,但低成熟度果实呼吸及乙烯高峰出现时间与高成熟度果实相比推迟4~10h。因此,适当低温及低成熟度有利于新疆早黄无花果的采后保鲜贮藏。本研究为无花果的保藏运销提供了理论依据。     

甜樱桃采后热空气处理抑制青霉病的工艺优化

为确定热空气处理控制采后甜樱桃果实青霉病的最优条件,采用响应曲面法研究了不同温度-时间的热空气处理对甜樱桃采后青霉病的抑菌效果和果实品质的影响。甜樱桃果实采后用不同温度热空气(40~48℃)和不同处理时间(60~180 min)处理后,接种青霉菌在20℃、相对湿度90%~95%的条件下贮藏5 d,贮藏结束后测定果实的病斑直径、硬度、抗坏血酸含量和固酸比,建立了4个响应值的二次多项数学模型,分析了拟合程度,并利用模型的响应面对甜樱桃的抗病性和果实品质进行了探讨。结果表明,热空气处理控制采后甜樱桃果实青霉病的较优条件为热处理温度为44℃、热处理时间为114 min,该条件显著(P0.05)抑制了甜樱桃采后青霉病的扩展,与对照组相比,热处理较好的保持了甜樱桃果实品质,显著(P0.05)减缓了硬度、抗坏血酸含量和固酸比的下降,为热空气处理在甜樱桃贮藏保鲜中的应用提供理论依据。     

温度对黑莓采后贮藏品质及生理代谢的影响

以"赫尔"黑莓为材料,研究了不同温度贮藏条件对黑莓果实采后品质及活性氧代谢相关酶活性的影响。果实经预冷处理后,分别置于0、5、10和20℃下贮藏,分析了果实贮藏期间的可溶性固形物(TSS)、可滴定酸(TA)、硬度和腐烂率以及多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、脂氧合酶(LOX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等活性的变化。结果表明,与20、10和0℃相比,5℃贮藏不仅降低了黑莓果实的腐烂率,延缓了TSS和TA含量的下降,而且抑制了果实LOX活性的上升,同时POD、CAT活性维持在较高水平,这有利于果实保持较低的自由基水平,在一定程度上延缓果实衰老进程和延长贮藏期。     

适宜1-MCP处理保持采后菠萝常温贮藏品质

为了探索1-MCP处理对采后菠萝生理及品质的影响,为菠萝贮藏保鲜措施提供理论依据。以‘巴厘’品种的菠萝果实为试材,采用适宜0.45μL/L体积分数的1-MCP对菠萝进行处理,置于25℃条件下贮藏,采用气相色谱定期测定乙烯释放量,并采用常规理化分析方法测定菠萝品质及相关生理指标。结果表明,1-MCP处理能延缓果实贮藏过程中乙烯的合成速率,与相同贮藏条件下的对照(未处理)果实相比,乙烯释放高峰推迟4 d;1-MCP处理可以延缓果实丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量的快速升高,同时对脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)酶活性起到抑制作用;与对照相比,1-MCP处理推迟了过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)等酶活性高峰的出现,并使POD、CAT、过氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)等保持较高的活性,可以有效延缓菠萝在贮藏期间的衰老进程,在贮藏14 d时,分别比对照高出22.30%、32.35%、36.67%,差异显著(P0.05);1-MCP还可减缓果实可滴定酸、维生素C等含量的下降,有助于保持果实的良好品质。1-MCP处理可抑制菠萝贮藏期的果实衰老进程,有利于保持果实品质,提高贮藏效果。研究结果将为菠萝贮藏保鲜措施提供参考。     

热激和山梨酸钾处理对猕猴桃果实灰霉病的抑制效应

为了探究热激和山梨酸钾对离体灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)及猕猴桃果实采后灰霉病的抑制效应,用48℃热水(Hot Water Treatment,HT)和5 g/L山梨酸钾溶液(Potassium Sorbate,PS)及二者复合(PS+HT)分别处理离体灰霉菌和接种过灰葡萄孢霉的猕猴桃果实。离体试验以不添加山梨酸钾的马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(Potato Dextrose Agar,PDA)培养不加热处理的灰霉菌悬液为对照,结果表明与对照相比,PS和PS+HT处理均能显著抑制离体灰霉菌菌丝生长(P<0.05)。损伤接种试验以常温即18℃下清水浸泡接种灰霉菌的猕猴桃果实为对照,浸泡后果实分别贮藏在0℃和24℃,结果表明在2种温度贮藏条件下,上述处理均可以显著诱导提高多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性(P<0.05),从而抑制果实病斑扩散,显著降低果实发病指数(P<0.05)。其中复合处理抑菌效果最佳,而PS、HT单一处理的果实病斑直径在贮藏后期与对照差异不显著(P>0.05)。此外,为了进一步探究上述处理是否对猕猴桃果实冷藏品质产生影响,将对照及不同处理组果实在0℃下贮藏90 d,每10 d测定品质相关指标。结果表明,与对照相比,PS+HT复合处理延缓了可滴定酸和维生素C含量的下降,并且显著降低了果实失重率和腐烂率(P<0.05),提高了猕猴桃果实耐贮性,对延缓猕猴桃果实衰老和减轻采后腐烂衰败具有重要的意义。     

1-甲基环丙烯处理对西洋梨常温贮藏的保鲜效果

为了探索西洋梨采后的常温保鲜方法,以“早红考密斯”为试材,研究了1-甲基环丙烯处理对西洋梨果实在20℃条件下生理代谢的影响。结果表明,在20℃贮藏条件下,1-MCP处理能明显延缓果实硬度的下降和色度的改变;抑制果实乙烯的合成,降低果实的呼吸速率,推迟乙烯、呼吸峰出现,并降低峰值。1-MCP处理与对照相比,乙烯释放高峰和呼吸高峰推迟6 d出现,同时降低了峰值,乙烯释放高峰和呼吸高峰分别仅为对照的69.6%和79.8%;1-MCP处理抑制了可溶性固形物含量和丙二醛含量的快速上升;在贮藏12 d时,果实的过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别为对照的 144.7%、113.5%、141.4%;另外,1-MCP还可以抑制果实的腐烂,降低果实腐烂率。因此,1-MCP处理可抑制西洋梨货架期的后熟衰老进程,有利于保持果实品质,提高贮藏效果。     

热水处理对黄皮果实贮藏品质的影响(简报)

该文探讨了热水处理对采后黄皮在（1±1）℃贮藏期间主要生理和品质变化的影响。黄皮果实经过40℃,20 min、40℃,40 min、50℃, 10 min和50℃,20 min 4种不同热水处理后,其中50℃,20 min热水处理显示出对黄皮的保鲜效果最好。50℃,20 min热水处理不仅能较好地减缓黄皮果实营养品质的下降,同时还可显著抑制黄皮果实的呼吸强度、质膜相对透性、多酚氧化酶（PPO）及过氧化物酶（POD）活性,提高保护酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性,延缓黄皮果实采后衰老速度,有利于延长贮藏期限和保持黄皮果实原有的风味品质。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.