油桐桐酸合成酶基因克隆和植物表达载体构建

α-桐酸合成酶是控制亚油酸向α-桐酸(18:3Δ9cis,11trans,13trans)转化的关键酶。本研究以发育中的油桐种子为材料,利用改良TRIzoL法提取总RNA,并根据GenBank中已经登录的α-桐酸合成酶基因FADX的序列,设计特异性引物,采用RT-PCR方法,克隆得到FADX基因全长cDNA,长度为1221bp。通过生物信息学分析结果表明,该序列5’端和3’端非编码区序列长度分别为13bp和47bp,含有一个开放阅读框(14～1174bp),编码386个氨基酸,含有典型的脂肪酸脱氢酶结构域。将所得基因经BamHI和SacI酶切后插入表达载体质粒pBI121,构建反义表达载体pBI121fadx。     

桑树景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶基因的克隆、原核表达与植物表达载体的构建

景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶(SBPase)是卡尔文循环过程中的关键酶.利用RACE技术得到景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶基因全长cDNA,命名为MSBPase(GenBank登录号;DQ995346).MSBPase全长为1 527 bp,该序列含有1个1 179 bp的完整开放读码框,编码393个氨基酸,蛋白质理论分子质量约为42.6 ku,等电点为5.85,其氨基酸序列与其他植物中已分离的SBPase有很高的同源性.对MSBPase编码的蛋白质(命名为MSBPase)进行结构预测分析表明,该蛋白富含无规卷曲(coil),高达64.29%,其次是α-螺旋(helix),为22.19%,而β-折叠(strand)只有13.52%.将MSBPase编码区插入原核表达载体pET30a( ),并转化到大肠杆菌菌株 BL21中,经过IPTG诱导,MSBPase融合蛋白在BL21菌株中成功表达.将得到的MSBPase编码区插入植物表达载体pBI121中,构建了MSBPase植物表达载体pBI121.SBP.     

麻疯树pepc基因正义、反义植物表达载体构建与功能初步分析

根据麻疯树pepc基因和植物表达载体的酶切位点特征,分别将pepc基因全长序列3 000 bp正向插入pCAMBIA2300,构建了正义表达载体pCAMBIA-Jcpepc,基因片段597 bp反向插入pBI121构建了反义表达载体pBIJcpepc.通过农杆菌介导,采用叶盘法转化烟草,通过对转基因植株的PCR和PCR...     

慈竹木质素合成酶基因4CL RNAi载体构建与烟草转化

根据慈竹4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(Na4CL)全长cDNA序列,通过RT-PCR从慈竹幼笋cDNA中扩增约600 bp的保守片段。DNAMAN多重比对分析表明,该目标片段与3条烟草4CL基因同源性达84.08%。将目标片段插入到pSK-int中间表达载体中,获得pSK-4CL-RNAi中间表达载体,然后将其转入植物双元表达载体pBI121中,构建该基因的shRNA表达载体,并利用农杆菌介导法转化烟草(K326)。对获得的抗性再生植株的PCR检测分析初步表明该基因已插入烟草基因组中。     

杉木木质素合成酶基因CCR的克隆和序列分析

以杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)茎叶为材料,根据已报道的肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶(Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase,CCR)基因保守区设计简并引物,采用RT-PCR结合RACE的策略克隆获得杉木CCR基因的全长cDNA(命名为CLCCR),该基因cDNA序列全长1 379 bp,具有一个975 bp的开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,简称ORF),编码324个氨基酸,序列分析表明:杉木CCR基因核苷酸序列与已报道的欧洲云杉(Picea abies,CAK18610.1)CCR基因具有87%的相似性;与其他植物氨基酸序列聚类分析显示杉木与松科植物欧洲云杉、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、火炬松(P.taeda)的亲缘关系较近。     

油茶DGAT1基因植物表达载体的构建

DGAT酶是三酰甘油(TAG)合成的Kennedy途径中唯一的限速酶,因此直接影响三酰甘油(TAG)的累积.本研究在已克隆分离到Co-DGAT1基因全长cDNA序列的前期基础上,利用含有双酶切位点的特异引物扩增出Co-DGAT1基因的开放读码框,定向克隆到植物转化载体pBI121中,并采用冻融法导入农杆菌LBA4404,为进一步通过转基因技术研究该基因的功能奠定了基础.     

浅黄根须腹菌γ-actin基因的克隆及表达分析

以油松的优良外生菌根真菌即浅黄根须腹菌为对象,用简并 PCR 法和 RACE 技术分离其γ－肌动蛋白基因( Rl-act)的全长 cDNA序列。该全长序列为1339 bp,包含一个1128 bp 的开放阅读框( ORF),编码375个氨基酸,5'端非翻译区(5'UTR)95 bp,3'UTR长度116 bp。Port Param 软件在线分析结果表明,该cDNA所编码的蛋白质理论等电点为5.01,相对分子质量为94.929 kD,具有真菌γ-actin 基因3个保守特征序列。Blast同源性检索结果表明,Rl-act序列与12种担子菌 actin 序列同源性均在97%以上,与同为外生菌根真菌的双色蜡蘑actin的亲缘关系最近。Rl-act基因在不同碳源及磷水平培养条件下表达量基本一致,验证了该基因作为分子内标的可靠性。     

哈茨木霉天冬氨酸蛋白酶基因SA76的3＇RACE扩增和序列分析

由EST获得全长cDNA对于结构基因组学和功能基因组学都是至关重要的,cDNA末端快速扩增技术RACE是该领域中的重要研究方法.利用BD SMART RACE技术扩增编码分泌天冬氨酸蛋白酶SA76基因的3＇末端,将其与哈茨木霉cDNA文库中的SA76基因的EST序列进行序列拼接,获得2019bp的全长cDNA序列,其开放读码框长1593bp,5＇非编码区266bp,3＇非编码区201bp,编码530个氨基酸,有信号肽.哈茨木霉天冬氨酸蛋白酶基因与玉蜀黍赤霉、粗糙脉孢菌、球毛壳菌天冬氨酸蛋白酶基因的同源性分别为53%, 37%, 36%.利用BD SMART RACE技术首次从哈茨木霉中克隆天冬氨酸蛋白酶基因,为验证SA76基因的功能奠定基础,为进一步研究蛋白酶的作用机制及生物防治功能提供依据.     

油茶脂氢过氧化物裂解酶基因的克隆与序列分析

以油茶近成熟种子为材料,根据油茶EST文库中已知的脂氢过氧化物裂解酶EST序列,利用3’RACE与5’RACE技术,克隆到脂氢过氧化物裂解酶的全长cDNA序列。该基因全长1648bp,,包含一个1476bp开放阅读框长,编码491个氨基酸,5’与3’非编码分别为52bp、121bp。预测该蛋白相对分子量为54.7779KDa,等电点为6.77,是个叶绿体转运肽,N端包含有22个疏水氨基酸残基组成的序列,不仅具有转运肽富含的丝氨酸,还含有大量转运肽中很少存在的脯氨酸。多序列比对发现油茶脂氢过氧化物裂解酶核苷酸序列与茶的相似性达到96%,因此将该基因命名coHPL。     

杜仲HDR基因全长cDNA克隆与序列分析

以杜仲叶片cDNA为模板,采用反转录RCR及RACE技术分离出HDR基因的cDNA克隆,命名为EuHDR。EuHDR基因cDNA全长1 653 bp,5’端非编码区长82 bp,3’端非编码区长188 bp,编码460个氨基酸,与喜树HDR基因序列相似性最高,达82%;推导EuHDR氨基酸序列中包含转运肽序列(A1-A33)及植物HDR蛋白多个保守的功能位点(A117,A208,A262,A345);EuHDR蛋白二级结构α-螺旋占35.65%,β-折叠占19.78%,螺环结构占44.57%;EuHDR蛋白三级结构为单体形式,呈不规则的三叶草形状;系统进化分析表明EuHDR蛋白与葡萄HDR蛋白的亲缘关系最为接近。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.