Factors in the Success and Failure of Microbial Insecticides in Forestry

The minor position of microbial insecticides within the global pesticide market can be attributed to a number of causes, including high cost of production, high specificity, poor application technology, poor persistence and slow speed of kill. These aspects are discussed in relation to the potential for use of microbial insecticides against forest pests. Many of the constraints are not limiting in forestry and some of the ways in which they can be overcome are discussed, including the concept of a better appreciation of the ecological context. This approach encompasses knowledge of the behaviour of the target host species, both for improved targeting and for maximum exploitation of secondary inoculum. These, and other aspects are brought together in discussing the future for microbial insecticides in forest pest management.     

Economic use of pesticides in the Ukraine

The total value of agricultural production in the Ukraine amounts to $30 billion, equivalent to 30% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The annual cost of pesticide inputs is estimated to be $200–225 million. Herbicides and insecticides account for approximately 50% and 30% of pesticide use, respectively. The government has introduced a National Programme for the development of agricultural production over the next five to eight years. The programme envisages an expansion in agricultural production and pesticide use and a continuation of the move towards a free‐market economy. Improvements in crop yield and quality will benefit both the individual grower and the national economy. In the transition to the free‐market economy, growers require a clear understanding of present pesticide technology and crop production systems. A major change of attitude is required by all those people involved in providing and using pesticides to ensure that they are used both economically and safely. To address this issue, a Regional Academic Programme (REAP), involving Writtle College and Bila Tserkva State Agrarian University, has been initiated. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Factors in the Success and Failure of Microbial Insecticides in Vegetable Crops

A search for patterns in the success and failure of microbial insecticides in vegetable crops was conducted through review of four case studies: the use of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) var. tenebrionis for control of the Colorado potato beetle, the use of B.t. var. kurstaki for control of the diamondback moth, the use of various B.t.s for control of lepidopterous pests in tomatoes and celery, and the use of a granulosis virus for control of potato tuber moth. With success defined in terms of achievement of technical goals (efficacy), commercial goals (end-user and insecticide manufacturer satisfaction) and social, or public goals (environmental and health safety), only certain of the case studies could be judged a success. These successes shared a variety of features including: (1) use of the microbial insecticide as a component, rather than as the sole agent, in an integrated crop management program; (2) unavailability of conventional insecticides, due to insecticide resistance, lack of registered products or mandatory IPM programs, provided incentive for the use of microbial insecticides; (3) modification of the expectation that microbial insecticides will perform within the chemical paradigm – fast, lethal and on contact; (4) exploitation of all possible benefits of the microbial insecticide, including safety to natural enemies, as well as efficacy against the target insect, and (5) support from large private and public institutions in the form of research, grower education, scouting programs, subsidized production, and economic and legal incentives to the use of microbial insecticides.     

11种杀虫剂对草皮中红火蚁的检疫除害效果

本文试验了11种杀虫剂对草皮中红火蚁的检疫灭除效果。结果表明,40%毒死蜱乳油30000倍液2、%阿维菌素乳油30000倍液、80%敌敌畏乳油6000倍液4、.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油3000倍液浓度可完全杀死红火蚁,且对草皮生长没有影响,满足检疫处理要求;其余7种不能达到快速灭除草皮中红火蚁的要求。同时发现,草皮中的红火蚁数量与实际诱集到的数量之间关系符合模型Y=0.0032X-0.59(R2=0.9647,P=0.01)。     

微生物农药在俄罗斯的应用进展

微生物农药因其副作用小、对环境兼容性好而日益成为全球农药发展的一种趋势和方向。本文以细菌杀虫剂、真菌杀虫剂、病毒杀虫剂、微生物除草剂、植物生长调节剂、农用抗生素作为微生物农药的代表,介绍了微生物农药的研究、应用现状及其在俄罗斯的研究进展,并对我国与俄罗斯在微生物农药领域的合作进行了展望。     

Insect hormones and growth regulators

The endocrine system that controls development and reproduction in insects has many unique features that could provide targets for insecticides with novel modes of action. Such insecticides, which act by disrupting the growth and development, are often called insect growth regulators. Three components of the endocrine system are discussed in this context, and an example of the specific chemical disruption of one of them, which could form the basis for the development of such insecticides, is described.     

几种常用化学杀虫剂对Bt菌株生长影响的初步研究

苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）可产生多种杀虫活性物质,是一种应用最广泛的微生物杀虫剂。最近研究表明Bt对化学杀虫剂抗性害虫有较好的防治效果,并且与化学杀虫剂的联合使用可以提高杀虫效果,减少化学杀虫剂的用量。为了进一步设计更好的Bt与化学杀虫剂协同控害方案,本论文研究了不同亚种的Bt菌株与常用化学杀虫剂的兼容性。泛基因组分析表明不同亚种的Bt菌株在基因组成上有较大差异,说明Bt菌株对化学杀虫剂的反应可能会有所不同。进一步化学杀虫剂对Bt增殖影响分析结果显示,溴虫腈对大部分Bt测试菌株有抑制,说明Bt与化学杀虫剂协同使用时需要测定两者兼容性。高效氯氰菊酯对所有常用的防治鳞翅目害虫的Bt杀虫剂亚种类型库斯塔克亚种（Bt kurstaki,Btk）和鲇泽亚种（Bt aizawai,Bta）菌株影响都不大,可以进行协同使用;氯虫苯甲酰胺和茚虫威对Btk菌株HD1有一定抑制作用,定虫隆对其有较好的促进作用,说明HD1与定虫隆协同使用效果更好;茚虫威对Bta菌株G03影响较小,定虫隆对其有一定的抑制作用,氯虫苯甲酰胺对G03则有一定的促进作用,说明G03及其衍生菌株可以与氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威协同使用。本研究结果说明Bt菌株对不同杀虫剂的敏感性是有差异的,可以通过筛选获得兼容性好的组合,为进一步制定Bt杀虫剂与化学杀虫剂配伍方案与协同使用技术提供了理论指导与数据参考,对实现化学农药减量施用具有重要的指导意义。     

Physicochemical property guidelines for modern agrochemicals

The relentless need for the discovery and development of new agrochemicals continues as a result of driving forces such as loss of existing products through the development of resistance, the necessity for products with more favorable environmental and toxicological profiles, shifting pest spectra, and the changing agricultural needs and practices of the farming community. These new challenges underscore the demand for novel, high‐quality starting points to accelerate the discovery of new agrochemicals that address market challenges. This article discusses the efforts to identify the optimum ranges of physicochemical properties of agrochemicals through analysis of modern commercial products. Specifically, we reviewed literature studies examining physicochemical property effects and analyzed the properties typical of successful fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides (chewing and sap‐feeding pests). From the analysis, a new set of physicochemical property guidelines for each discipline, as well as building block class, are proposed. These new guidelines should significantly aid in the discovery of next‐generation agrochemicals. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

Pesticidal compounds from higher plants

Higher plants offer an excellent source of biologically active natural products. Over the centuries numerous plants have been exploited as sources of insecticides, but nowadays traditional botanical insecticides play only a minor role in world agriculture. Nevertheless, plant natural products still have enormous potential to inspire and influence modern agrochemical research. Few plant natural products will ever reach the market as products per se, but others will provide lead structures for programmes of synthetic chemistry and hopefully follow the success story of the synthetic pyrethroids. Structurally complex compounds, which are not amenable to synthetic chemistry programmes, may also have a role to play by validating new modes of action for pesticides. Examples are presented of compounds exhibiting insecticidal, fungicidal and herbicidal effects. Consideration is also given to the development of screening programmes to detect new compounds with interesting biological properties. Careful experimental design and thorough recording of procedures and data are crucial to success. Badly designed programmes afford only weakly active compounds or show effects which cannot be reproduced at a later date. Natural product chemistry, whether based on higher plants, micro-organisms or other sources, is a very difficult science, but there is little doubt that dedicated research will eventually be rewarded with exciting new lead structures for industrial application.     

Integrated pest management approach for a new pest, Lacanobia subjuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Washington apple orchards

Bioassays of Lacanobia subjuncta (Grote and Robinson) larvae established baseline LC50 values and identified the potential of reduced-risk, organophosphate replacement and naturally derived insecticides (eg chloronicotinyls, spinosyns, oxadiazines, insect growth regulators, microbial insecticides and particle films) to control this pest. The toxicities of these products were compared with those of organophosphate, carbamate, chlorinated cyclodiene and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides used in the management of lepidopteran pests in Washington apple orchards. Field trials were conducted comparing candidate insecticides to conventional alternatives. Several new insecticides (eg spinosad, methoxyfenozide, indoxacarb and an aluminosilicate particle film) proved to be effective for the management of L subjuncta. We summarize the goals and challenges of developing an integrated pest management program for new and resurgent pests as insecticide tools continue to change, and propose a hypothesis for the sudden increase in pest status of L subjuncta based on organophosphate tolerances. The role of novel insecticides with unique modes of action in resistance management and the encouragement of biological control are also discussed.     

Insecticide discovery: An evaluation and analysis

There is an on-going need for the discovery and development of new insecticides due to the loss of existing products through the development of resistance, the desire for products with more favorable environmental and toxicological profiles, shifting pest spectrums, and changing agricultural practices. Since 1960, the number of research-based companies in the US and Europe involved in the discovery of new insecticidal chemistries has been declining. In part this is a reflection of the increasing costs of the discovery and development of new pesticides. Likewise, the number of compounds that need to be screened for every product developed has, until recently, been climbing. In the past two decades the agrochemical industry has been able to develop a range of new products that have more favorable mammalian vs. insect selectivity. This review provides an analysis of the time required for the discovery, or more correctly the building process, for a wide range of insecticides developed during the last 60 years. An examination of the data around the time requirements for the discovery of products based on external patents, prior internal products, or entirely new chemistry provides some unexpected observations. In light of the increasing costs of discovery and development, coupled with fewer companies willing or able to make the investment, insecticide resistance management takes on greater importance as a means to preserve existing and new insecticides.     

基于RNA干扰的杀菌剂开发及其对化学杀菌剂的影响

RNA干扰(RNA interference, RNAi)是真核生物中高度保守的基因沉默现象，在医药与植物保护领域展现出广阔的应用潜力，相关产品已进入或即将进入医药与杀虫剂市场。近年来，科研工作者在基于RNAi技术的植物病原微生物的防控方面开展了大量研究，取得了进展，但仍无法实现基于RNAi防治植物病原真菌技术的商业化应用。本文概述了RNAi研究从1990年至今的发展历程，从细胞生物学、分子生物学角度提出了RNAi病害防控技术产品化瓶颈问题的新见解，同时讨论了基于RNAi的杀菌剂对传统化学杀菌剂的影响，可为RNAi杀菌剂的创制和应用提供参考。     

Applied aspects of neonicotinoid uses in crop protection

Neonicotinoid insecticides comprise seven commercially marketed active ingredients: imidacloprid, acetamiprid, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, clothianidin and dinotefuran. The technical profiles and main differences between neonicotinoid insecticides, including their spectrum of efficacy, are described: use for vector control, systemic properties and versatile application forms, especially seed treatment. New formulations have been developed to optimize the bioavailability of neonicotinoids through improved rain fastness, better retention and spreading of the spray deposit on the leaf surface, combined with higher leaf penetration. Combined formulations with pyrethroids and other insecticides are also being developed with the aim of broadening the insecticidal spectrum of neonicotinoids and to replace WHO Class I products from older chemical classes. These innovative developments for life-cycle management, jointly with the introduction of generic products, will, within the next few years, turn neonicotinoids into the most important chemical class in crop protection.     

改良剂对熏蒸处理后土壤环境改善和促进作物生长的研究进展

土壤熏蒸是目前防治土传病、虫、草害有效且快速的方法,但随着作物的种植,一些病原物可能会再次繁殖,导致病害持续发展,并且土壤经熏蒸处理后,会导致土壤微环境处于一种失衡状态,而土壤改良剂可以有效改善土壤环境、减少作物根部疾病、减少土壤养分流失并可提高农产品的品质.将熏蒸剂与改良剂联合使用在一定程度上可以修复或改良土壤,使受...     

我国生物农药登记管理情况分析

生物农药包括生物化学农药、微生物农药、植物源农药,近年来尽管在整个农药产业中所占的比例还较低,但生物农药总体势头发展良好,且在减少化学农药使用、保障农产品质量安全和生态环境安全及特色农作物的有害生物防控中发挥了重要的积极作用.本文对我国生物农药登记管理的基本情况、产业发展取得的主要成效和当前发展中存在问题等进行了详细梳...     

The use of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of stored-grain insects

The present contribution discusses the recent advances in the biological control of stored-grain insects with entomopathogenic fungi (EF). Thus, the effect of formulated vs. unformulated strains of EF and the effect of combinations of EF with other components, i.e. diatomaceous earths (DEs), chemical insecticides, natural products and natural enemies against stored-product insects are reviewed. Very few formulations of EF strains have been developed and used, of which invert emulsion formulation (water-in-oil type) is considered the most important. A synergistic effect of EF is produced by combining them with DEs, chemical insecticides and natural products but not with natural enemies belonging to arthropods. Moreover, since the action of EF against insect pests in general, and stored-grain insects in particular, is compatible with the food safety and environmental regulations, a good perspective for these biocontrol agents is expected as alternatives to synthetic insecticides. The potential areas of future research on the effective use of EF as biocontrol agents of stored-grain insects and the constraints that are associated with the registration and commercialization of EF as biopesticides under storage conditions are also discussed. Suggestions for the possible ways for implementation of this technology in storage systems are also provided in the present study.     

Regulatory Concerns with Pesticide Use in Turf

Because of the costs incurred in their development, it is unlikely that pesticides will be developed solely for use in amenity turf. This means that the basic set of data needed to answer regulatory concerns should already be available for the pesticide concerned. The basic controls involved in pesticide registration are described, with the EC being taken as an example. The paper describes the areas where, because of different concerns, more data may need to be generated in order to seek registration of use of a product on amenity turf. In most cases regulatory requirements can be met by reinterpreting the existing data, taking into account the use of pesticides on amenity turf. Other regulatory issues concerning the use of pesticides in amenity turf are discussed.     

Fifty years of the integrated control concept: moving the model and implementation forward in Arizona

Fifty years ago, Stern, Smith, van den Bosch and Hagen outlined a simple but sophisticated idea of pest control predicated on the complementary action of chemical and biological control. This integrated control concept has since been a driving force and conceptual foundation for all integrated pest management (IPM) programs. The four basic elements include thresholds for determining the need for control, sampling to determine critical densities, understanding and conserving the biological control capacity in the system and the use of selective insecticides or selective application methods, when needed, to augment biological control. Here we detail the development, evolution, validation and implementation of an integrated control (IC) program for whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), in the Arizona cotton system that provides a rare example of the vision of Stern and his colleagues. Economic thresholds derived from research‐based economic injury levels were developed and integrated with rapid and accurate sampling plans into validated decision tools widely adopted by consultants and growers. Extensive research that measured the interplay among pest population dynamics, biological control by indigenous natural enemies and selective insecticides using community ordination methods, predator:prey ratios, predator exclusion and demography validated the critical complementary roles played by chemical and biological control. The term ‘bioresidual’ was coined to describe the extended environmental resistance from biological control and other forces possible when selective insecticides are deployed. The tangible benefits have been a 70% reduction in foliar insecticides, a >$200 million saving in control costs and yield, along with enhanced utilization of ecosystem services over the last 14 years. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.