植物根结线虫基因组学研究进展

根结线虫是世界农业生产中危害最大的植物病原之一,目前仍缺乏安全有效的防治措施。深入揭示寄生线虫与植物之间互作的分子机制,利用生物技术进行抗性育种被认为是最有前景的抗线虫策略。在根结线虫基因组学研究方面,目前已经构建了北方根结线虫AFLP遗传连锁图谱,南方根结线虫和北方根结线虫基因组测序也已完成;基因组的注释和比较基因组学分析,较全面地描述了根结线虫的遗传组成;以差异表达分析和比较基因组学为主的方法鉴定了大量的重要基因;以RNA干扰、植物转化和蛋白互作为主的根结线虫基因功能研究也取得了一些进展。本文就根结线虫基因组学研究予以综述,并进一步探讨其研究方向和可持续抗线虫新策略的发展前景。     

番茄抗性品种与黄瓜轮作对根结线虫的防治作用

通过室内盆栽试验探讨对根结线虫具有不同抗性的番茄品种与黄瓜轮作减轻根结线虫病危害的可行性。试验结果表明:抗性品种多菲亚能极大降低土壤中根结线虫2龄幼虫和卵的密度,减轻黄瓜根结线虫病的危害;抗性砧木Beaufort也能显著地降低土中根结线虫和卵的密度,但下茬黄瓜根结线虫的危害与对照相比没有显著差异。表明抗性品种与感病品种轮作能有效地防止根结线虫的发生。     

近年水稻主要线虫病害的研究进展

目前,以拟禾谷根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicola、水稻干尖线虫Aphelenchoide besseyi、水稻潜根线虫Hirschmanniella oryzae、水稻茎线虫Ditylenchus angustus和旱稻孢囊线虫Heterodera elachista为主的水稻寄生线虫侵染水稻以及其它禾本科作物引致的线虫病害,已造成了严重的经济损失。近年来,对拟禾谷根结线虫的致病机制和寄主的防御机制等方面的研究已取得了显著进展,但对其它水稻寄生线虫与寄主互作机制的研究还存在较大空白。水稻寄生线虫的防治多依赖化学农药,抗性品种和生物防治等措施的实施存在一定的局限性。本文对上述5种主要水稻寄生线虫病的发生为害、致病机制以及防治方法等进行了综述,并对水稻寄生线虫致病机理的研究以及抗性品种、生物防治和诱导化合物的应用进行了探讨。     

水稻拟禾本科根结线虫发生与防治

拟禾本科根结线虫是严重影响水稻产量的植物寄生线虫之一,已成为制约中国及亚洲地区水稻产量的重大问题。拟禾本科根结线虫寄主范围广泛,可危害高地、低洼地和深水水稻;通过巨细胞从水稻根中摄取营养物质,从而在根系上形成许多弯钩状根结;其食道腺分泌物可以直接对水稻产生危害,影响水稻细胞代谢和免疫,从而影响水稻产量。目前水稻抗根结线虫病的品种较少,主要通过化学药剂在苗床进行防治。本文对拟禾本科根结线虫的寄主范围、危害特性、侵染特点、致病机制及防治方法等进行了综述,并对将来通过基因编辑等遗传工程技术提高水稻品种抗性的策略进行了展望,以期为我国水稻拟禾本科根结线虫的防治提供理论依据。     

南方根结线虫中国分离群体种内变异分析

为调查我国不同地区和不同寄主上的根结线虫Meloidogyne spp.种类分布以及群体变异情况,基于酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶图谱及SCAR分子标记技术对2017—2019年从6省19种植物根部组织分离到的40个根结线虫群体进行鉴定,针对南方根结线虫M. incognita群体分别通过寄主鉴别法进行生理小种鉴别,利用携带Mi抗性基因的番茄进行毒力测试,对2龄幼虫的口针长度和体长进行测量,并对核糖体ITS和线粒体Nad5基因序列进行比较分析。结果显示:根结线虫分离群体经鉴定包括38个南方根结线虫群体和2个象耳豆根结线虫M. erterolobii群体;38个南方根结线虫群体中有35个群体被鉴别为1号生理小种,其余3个群体被鉴别为2号生理小种;发现1个南方根结线虫群体CN19可在携带Mi抗性基因的番茄上侵染繁殖,为毒性群体,其余群体无法进行侵染和繁殖,为无毒群体。南方根结线虫群体2龄幼虫的口针长度和体长均差异较大,而不同寄主来源分离群体的ITS和Nad5基因序列也存在一定变异。基于ITS和Nad5基因序列构建的系统发育树将所有根结线虫群体归为南方根结线虫和象耳豆根结线虫组成的2个独立分支,...     

放线菌防治根结线虫的作用机制及研究进展

根结线虫病是全球性植物土传病害,每年造成巨大经济损失。传统的线虫防治方法因成本高、毒性大、线虫易产生抗药性、危害生态环境等原因不符合农业生产绿色可持续发展的理念。放线菌因其能适应各种生境,代谢产物丰富,且能通过诱导植物产生免疫防御,调节植物根部微生物区系,分泌多种酶等方式来安全高效地防治根结线虫病而广受关注和研究。本文主要综述了放线菌防治根结线虫的作用机制及目前所取得的研究进展,以期为开发、应用放线菌资源进行线虫生物防治提供帮助。     

象耳豆根结线虫对抗病番茄品种VFNT的致病性研究

 象耳豆根结线虫是近年在我国发现的一种扩散迅速、寄主广泛、致病性强的根结线虫。为探究象耳豆根结线虫的强致病性原因,本研究用象耳豆根结线虫和南方根结线虫分别接种抗线虫番茄品种VFNT和感病番茄品种Rutgers,30 d后象耳豆根结线虫对VFNT和Rutgers的累计侵入率分别为14.1%和19.2%、虫瘿率为62.5%和81.6%,而此时南方根结线虫累计侵入率为0%和18.8%、虫瘿率为0%和68.5%,象耳豆根结线虫的侵染力和致病力显著强于南方根结线虫;通过侵染抗病番茄品种VFNT的病理切片以及根尖侵染早期胼胝质、活性氧染色发现象耳豆根结线虫的侵染不会激活Mi-1基因诱导的特异性抗性,在侵染早期南方根结线虫引起的胼胝质沉积量在72 h最大,是象耳豆根结线虫的2.0倍;体外H₂O₂应激测试发现,H₂O₂浓度为10～80 μmol·L^-1象耳豆根结线虫对H₂O₂的耐受性显著强于南方根结线虫。象耳豆根结线虫具有强致病性的原因可能是:具有更强的侵染力和活性氧耐受力;侵染不会激活Mi-1基因诱导的特异性抗性且侵染引起的胼胝质的积累量较低。     

根结线虫趋化性研究进展

植物寄主根部及其根际微生物等释放的化学信号物质在根结线虫寻找寄主、配偶及逃避危险等行为中起着重要的作用。目前,明确根结线虫预侵染阶段的化学信号物质以及相关的分子靶标,以期开发得到植物源和微生物源引诱剂及驱避剂,是国际线虫学研究领域的前沿和热点。本文重点综述了根结线虫的趋化性及化学信号物质,概括了线虫诱饵效应与诱捕现象的研究进展,概述了平面琼脂及其改进模型、Pluronic凝胶模型以及沙土/土壤模型在根结线虫趋化性测试中的应用,讨论了根结线虫趋化性研究的意义和难度,并对未来根结线虫趋化性研究的主要方向及前景进行了总结和展望。     

伴生植物对根结线虫的调控及对猕猴桃品质和产量的影响

为明确伴生植物对猕猴桃根结线虫的调控效果及对猕猴桃品质和产量的影响,本研究采用猕猴桃园伴生植物多种处理,以清耕栽培为对照,测定了猕猴桃园根结线虫发病率、杂草种类、土壤物理性质及猕猴桃果实品质和产量的变化.结果 表明,伴生植物对根结线虫具有较好的调控效果,可降低猕猴桃园根结线虫发生率和减少果园杂草种类,并提高了猕猴桃果实...     

牛蒡上发生的根结线虫种类鉴定

2007～2009年,对我国牛蒡主产区的牛蒡及其根际土壤中的植物寄生线虫进行调查研究,发现根结线虫危害最为严重。根据根结线虫的形态学特征和分子生物学检测方法对其进行鉴定,结果表明,我国牛蒡主产区根结线虫种类为北方根结线虫(Meloidogyne hapla)。     

Effect of root-knot nematodes on cajanol accumulation in the vascular tissues of pigeonpea after stem inoculation with Fusarium udum

The effect of root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita ) on production of the isoflavonoid phytolexin, cajanol, was investigated in pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan ) plants infected with Fusarium udum , the causal organism of Fusarium wilt. Seven-day-old seedlings of a wilt-resistant pigeonpea cultivar, ICP 9145 and a wilt-susceptible cultivar, Malawi Local, both of which were moderately susceptible to the nematode, were grown in soil infested with 2000 Meloidogyne juyeniles per plant. A duplicate set of plants remained free from nematodes. Twenty-one days later, all the plants were inoculated with F. udum by stem puncture. Quantitative estimates of cajanol in the vascular tissues were made at intervals up to 15 days after inoculation with the fungus. No external symptoms of wilt appeared in any plants of the wilt-resistant cultivar in the absence of the nematode. However, when inoculated with the nematode, two thirds of the plants developed wilt symptoms. Cajanol levels were lower in both the wilt-resistant and wilt-susceptible plants in the presence of the nematode than in its absence, although this effect was considerably more marked in the wilt-resistant cultivar. These results indicate that the root-knot nematode is capable of breaking resistance of ICP 9145 to Fusarium wilt and that at least part of the mechanism of this effect is retarded cajanol accumulation.     

使用堆肥防治线虫的现状

根结线虫是重要的经济植物病原物,严重影响农业生产,随着化学防除线虫越来越困难,线虫防治面临一场严峻挑战,因此,开发一种经济有效的防治线虫的方法非常有必要。目前,国内外越来越倾向于利用各种自然因素防治根结线虫,其中堆肥就是一种重要的方法。本文根据已有研究,就目前使用的几种堆肥方法及其对线虫的防治效果和作用机理做一概述,并对堆肥使用前景进行了展望。     

Interaction of three lucerne cultivars and eleven English isolates of stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci), 'lucerne race'

In pots, 11 English isolates of lucerne race of stem nematode induced hypertrophy in the shoot apices of young lucerne seedlings of the cultivars Europe, Sverre and Vertus. All but one isolate multiplied freely in the shoots of susceptible Europe plants and all isolates multiplied freely in the shoots of supposedly resistant Sverre plants. Some plants of both cultivars appeared resistant cut in the resistant cultivar Vertus, some plants were susceptible to several isolates. There were at least two pathotypes among the 11 nematode isolates used. In selecting for resistance to lucerne s;em nematode, several nematode isolates should be used and the inoculated plants should be grown to maturity.     

Local and Systemic Induced Resistance to the Root-Knot Nematode in Tomato by DL-beta-Amino-n-Butyric Acid

ABSTRACT Chemical inducers of pathogenesis-related proteins and plant resistance were applied to tomato plants, with the aim of inducing resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Relative to control plants, foliar spray and soil-drenching with dl-beta-amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) reduced root-galling 7 days after inoculation, as well as the number of eggs 30 days after inoculation. Other chemicals (alpha- and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid, jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid) were either phytotoxic to tomato plants or did not improve control of root-knot nematodes. Fewer second-stage juveniles invaded BABA-treated tomato roots, and root-galling indices were lower than in control tomato plants. Resistance phenomena in seedlings lasted at least 5 days after spraying with BABA. Nematodes invading the roots of BABA-treated seedlings induced small, vacuolate giant cells. Postinfection treatment of tomato plants with BABA inhibited nematode development. It is speculated that after BABA application tomato roots become less attractive to root-knot nematodes, physically harder to invade, or some substance(s) inhibiting nematode or nematode feeding-site development is produced in roots.     

真菌Sr18代谢产物对根结线虫胁迫下黄瓜叶片保护酶的影响

为探究根结线虫胁迫下丝状真菌Sr18代谢产物对黄瓜的作用机理,采用温室盆栽及人工接种试验,研究了不同浓度的Sr18代谢产物对南方根结线虫胁迫下黄瓜叶片保护酶的影响。结果表明,线虫侵染黄瓜根部以后,黄瓜叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性减弱,PPO和PAL浓度降低。施加不同浓度的Sr18代谢产物,能够使线虫胁迫下的黄瓜叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性增强,使PPO和PAL的含量增加,说明Sr18代谢产物能够提高黄瓜的保护酶活性与含量,增强黄瓜对南方根结线虫的抗性。     

Plant-derived enzyme inhibitors and lectins for resistance against plant-parasitic nematodes in transgenic crops

Due to increasing restrictions on the use of toxic and expensive nematicides, there is now a greater than ever need for crop cultivars that are resistant to plant-parasitic nematodes. Genetically engineered nematode resistance is not as well developed as other engineered traits but, even so, the first genetically modified plants with enhanced nematode resistance have been produced and tested. Plant-derived enzyme inhibitor and lectin genes are being evaluated for their ability to confer broad-spectrum nematode resistance in transgenic crop plants. Early indications are that these are likely to be effective. Gene pyramiding has potential to increase field durability and to widen the spectrum of nematodes controlled by any one transgenic line. © 1998 SCI.     

杀线虫植物以及植物源杀线虫活性化合物研究与应用进展

植物寄生线虫现已成为危害农业生产的第二大类病害,其防治迫在眉睫。线虫的生物防治是一种新型的线虫防治策略,主要是利用动植物和微生物及其次级代谢产物对线虫进行防治。植物源次级代谢产物即植物源化合物,源于自然,是植物源农药的核心。相比于化学杀线虫剂,植物源杀线虫剂对环境影响较小、靶向性强且不易使线虫产生抗药性。因此,从植物中获得结构新颖且杀线虫活性好的小分子化合物并将其开发成绿色农药,对于线虫病的防治具有重要意义。本文对杀线虫植物、具有杀线虫活性的植物源化合物及其杀虫机理、植物源杀线虫农药的应用情况展开综述,并对该研究领域进行了展望,希望能为植物寄生线虫病的防治与植物源杀线虫农药的开发利用提供参考和帮助。     

Suggestions for Determination and Terminology of Pathotypes and Genes for Resistance in Cyst-forming Nematodes, especially Heterodera avenae1

A short review of differentiation into pathotypes is given. Use of the word ≪ pathotype ≫ is recommended when a very clear difference is established between virulence of nematode populations. Our present knowledge makes it possible to differentiate between 10 pathotypes of Heterodera avenae. It is suggested that the pathotypes are given numbers, and corresponding terms should be used for genes for resistance in plants, e.g. a gene Hal on the barley chromosome gives resistance to nematode pathotypes 11,21,31,41 etc. Some proposals for improvement of pathotype identification are given.     

The development of juveniles of Heterodera schachtii in roots of resistant and susceptible genotypes of Sinapis alba,Brassica napus,Raphanus sativus and hybrids

The development ofHeterodera schachtii Schm. (beet cyst nematode, BCN) juveniles in roots of resistant and susceptible genotypes belonging to cruciferous crop species and hybrids was studied from 4 to 28 days after inoculation. No difference in root penetration by larvae was observed between resistant and susceptible plants.The development of nematodes in roots from resistant plants ofRaphanus sativus L., resistant xBrassicoraphanus Sageret and a resistant hybrid xBrassicoraphanus x Brassica napus L. was similar. BCN resistance in these three sources of plant material appeared to be related to an increased male:female nematode ratio as compared to the ratio found in susceptibleR. sativus plants.Also in resistant plants ofSinapis alba L. and a resistant intergeneric hybridS. alba x B. napus the increase in male:female nematode ratio, as compared to the ratio found for susceptibleS. alba cultivars and a susceptible intergeneric hybridS. alba x B. napus, seemed to be related with the observed resistance. In roots of the resistantS. alba and of a resistant hybridS. alba x B. napus, however, BCN resistance might also be due to a slower development of larvae and increased necrosis of root cells at the site of larval penetration.