A concept in adaptive ecosystem management—An engineering perspective

Uncertainty how ecosystems will behave and look like in the future has been increasing. Several concepts, such as sustainable, adaptive, or risk-based management, were proposed to cope with uncertain, incomplete knowledge, and with changing environmental conditions. However, there is a lack of agreement what those concepts mean and how they differ from traditional forest management approaches. The paper aims at (1) exploring general systems theory, control theory, and risk management theory for general principles that may be guiding the future development of ecosystem management, and that (2) developing a concept in adaptive ecosystem management that may act as a shared mental model for both scholars and practitioners.     

红树林生态系统及其生态价值

论述了红树林生态系统的特点和功能 ,认为它是极其独特的生态系统。其生态价值包括有机物生产、造陆护堤、净化水体、多样性保护和生态旅游等 ,具有重要的生态保护意义     

城市生态与绿地规划专题研究

绿地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分。随着城市化进程的加快，城市生态系统结构和整体功能受到了影响。从系统论和生态学方面，对城市生态进行系统化分析，指出绿地子系统的恢复功能，并依据规划原则，探讨了未来绿地规划的发展方向。     

盆北山地退化生态系统"一坡三带"治理模式的研究

退化生态系统的恢复和重建在很大程度上依赖于人为促进,本文以广元碗厂沟流域为研究单元,根据盆边山地的区域特点,在坡面退化生态系统“一坡三带”防护林空间配置基础上,以实验法为基础,提出了退化生态系统的恢复措施。     

Native vegetation and its ecosystem current situation in Brazil

GeographyandclimateBrazilIiesinsouthernhemisphere.withanareaof8.511.965km',9OpercentofthecountryiswithinthetropicalzoneTherearefiveclimaticregionsinBrazilfequatorial.tropicaI.semi-arid,highlandtropical,andSubtroplcaIThereisneitherbIisteringheatnorse-verecoldTheannuaIaveragetemperatureintheAmazonregionisintherangeof22-26"C.almostnoseasonalvariation,temperaturesofabove32"CarerarelyhappenedthereNortheastisthehottestpartwithtemperaturesofmorethan38'Cindryseasons.AlongtheAtlanticcoast,annuaI…     

森林生态系统健康及其内涵理解

本文粗略地介绍了生态系统健康的研究历史,并主要从管理目标途径、生态系统途径和综合途径三种思路对森林生态系统健康的定义、概念理解及森林生态系统健康的内涵理解进行了详细的探讨。为推动我国目前的森林生态系统健康研究,我们应该更多关注生态系统的特性。参16。     

矿区森林生态恢复生物技术工程系统分析

简要阐述我国矿区森林生态环境的破坏现状,介绍废弃矿区森林生态环境修复中生物技术的类型、特点及应用情况;并以植物修复、微生物修复为例,结合林业系统工程和恢复生态学,对生物技术在森林生态恢复全过程中的应用做系统分析。     

Benefit measurement of the soil and water conservation for ecological forestry engineering

IntroductionThelossofwaterandsoilhasbeentheglobatprobIem.Itstotalareais25millionkm'.or16.8%ofgIobalIandarea.ThefertileSurfacesoilof6obiIIiontflowsintoriverseachyeaIBecauseofsoiIcorrosionthelandof21obillionhm2hasIostfertiIityand...,otbeusedasagricuIturalIand.HumanrecognizestheseverityofIossofwaterandsoilwhileheusesjandresources.Thediff6rentmeasuresarebeingtakeninordertoincreasesoilandwaterconservation.Sev-eralecoIogicaIforestryengineeringshavebeencar-riedoutInChinaforenvironmentconserva…     

湿地生态系统服务功能及其恢复与保护对策

湿地是地球上一种重要的生态系统,具有多种生态服务功能。本文在介绍湿地生态系统各项服务功能、湿地退化原因及恢复理论的前提下,提出湿地恢复与保护相应对策,对湿地资源可持续利用和湿地恢复与重建具有重要意义。     

城市绿色空间建设的内涵与存在的问题

现代城市绿色空间的概念与内涵包括城市森林、园林绿地、都市农业、绿色廊道、滨水绿地以及立体空间绿化等在内的复合生态系统中的绿色空间。其生态服务功能的强弱取决于生态规划的合理性和管理的适宜性。本文从研究角度、研究尺度、服务功能、评价指标、规划方法和建设方式等方面分析总结了当前城市绿色空间建设中存在问题,并从复合生态系统角度提出了调控策略和整合能力建设措施。       

林业生态工程效益补偿问题研究初探

生态效益补偿对于促进林业生态工程建设、保护森林生产者和经营者的切身利益具有重要的作用.本文在分析国内外生态效益补偿现状的基础上,通过对建立森林生态效益补偿机制的必要性、原则、途径以及补偿标准等问题进行深入探讨,为进一步完善我国森林生态效益补偿机制提供科学依据.森林生态效益补偿资金的建立,不仅为森林资源管护提供稳定的资金来源,更是对森林生态效益价值的认可,从根本上解决了林业生态工程建设的动力和机制问题,将对中国林业和生态建设产生广泛而深远的影响.     

The use of historical range and variability (HRV) in landscape management

This paper examines the past, present, and future use of the concept of historical range and variability (HRV) in land management. The history, central concepts, benefits, and limitations of HRV are presented along with a discussion on the value of HRV in a changing world with rapid climate warming, exotic species invasions, and increased land development. This paper is meant as a reference on the strengths and limitations of applying HRV in land management. Applications of the HRV concept have specific contexts, constraints, and conditions that are relevant to any application and are influential to the extent to which the concept is applied. These conditions notwithstanding, we suggest that the HRV concept offers an objective reference for many applications, and it still offers a comprehensive reference for the short-term and possible long-term management of our nation's landscapes until advances in technology and ecological research provide more suitable and viable approaches in theory and application.     

城市森林生态服务功能价值评估研究进展

城市森林是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,城市森林生态系统服务功能价值评估是当前城市林业的研究热点,对城市的可持续发展具有重要的指导意义。回顾了城市森林的概念及其发展历程,详细讨论了城市森林生态系统服务功能的内涵、框架体系及其价值评估研究进展,并比较分析了各项服务功能的不同价值评估方法及相关研究情况,最后提出了城市森林生态系统服务功能价值评估研究的未来方向。     

东莞市“绿韵”生态园区生物物种变化情况调查

东莞市“绿韵”生态园区经过近4年的建设，植物种类从原来的175种上升到263种，各类品种资源丰富，布局合理；鸟类、蛙类、蜘蛛、蛇类等野生动物日渐增多，有害昆虫种类数从原来的41种降到36种，主要害虫的种群密度在下降。有益昆虫种类数从原来的8种上升到14种，大多数有益昆虫的种群密度在上升；作物病害的种类数从原来的55种下降到34种，一些主要作物病害发病率在下降。     

福建毛竹林生态培育与生态系统管理

针对福建毛竹林经营中存在的生态经济问题,提出毛竹林生态培育和生态系统管理的经营理念,旨在改变不合理的管理措施,因山因林制宜,切忌推广一种固定的经营模式.重建竹林生态系统的优化结构与功能体系,增加物种多样性,增强系统的自我调控能力,促进生物良性循环,提高竹林的抗逆性,确保毛竹林丰产、稳产,提高生态经济效益.     

Trends in North American and European regeneration research under the ecosystem management paradigm

Forest management on many ownerships in North America and Europe has shifted toward the ecosystem management paradigm. The associated shift toward multiple management objectives and focus on natural development patterns should also be reflected in regeneration research efforts. As new information needs arise, research questions and approaches should be evaluated whether they are still appropriate. Specifically, spatial and temporal scales of research studies need to be expanded to accommodate complex sets of management objectives and constraints, rather than being focused on optimal tree regeneration. At the same time, silviculturists are asked to utilize natural trends as a guide for management, but most natural disturbance studies have focused on stand structures and not the regeneration processes. Criteria commonly used to describe disturbance regimes need to be modified to better guide regeneration research efforts under the ecosystem management paradigm.     

Decadal trends in net ecosystem production and net ecosystem carbon balance for a regional socioecological system

Carbon sequestration is increasingly recognized as an ecosystem service, and forest management has a large potential to alter regional carbon fluxes − notably by way of harvest removals and related impacts on net ecosystem production (NEP). In the Pacific Northwest region of the US, the implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) in 1993 established a regional socioecological system focused on forest management. The NWFP resulted in a large (82%) decrease in the rate of harvest removals on public forest land, thus significantly impacting the regional carbon balance. Here we use a combination of remote sensing and ecosystem modeling to examine the trends in NEP and net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) in this region over the 1985-2007 period, with particular attention to land ownership since management now differs widely between public and private forestland. In the late 1980s, forestland in both ownership classes was subject to high rates of harvesting, and consequently the land was a carbon source (i.e. had a negative NECB). After the policy driven reduction in the harvest level, public forestland became a large carbon sink − driven in part by increasing NEP − whereas private forestland was close to carbon neutral. In the 2003-2007 period, the trend towards carbon accumulation on public lands continued despite a moderate increase in the extent of wildfire. The NWFP was originally implemented in the context of biodiversity conservation, but its consequences in terms of carbon sequestration are also of societal interest. Ultimately, management within the NWFP socioecological system will have to consider trade-offs among these and other ecosystem services.     

Non-market forest ecosystem services and decision support in Nordic countries

The need to integrate non-market ecosystem services into decision-making is widely acknowledged. Despite the exponentially growing body of literature, trade-offs between services are still poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review of published literature in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland) on the integration of non-market forest ecosystem services into decision-making. The aim of the review was two-fold: (1) to provide an overview of coverage of biophysical and socio-economic assessments of non-market ecosystem services in relation to forest management; (2) to determine the extent of the integration of biophysical and socio-economic models of these services into decision support models. Our findings reveal the need for wider coverage of non-market ecosystem services and evidence-based modelling of how forest management regimes affect ecosystem services. Furthermore, temporal and spatial modelling of ecosystem impacts remains a challenge. We observed a few examples of multiple non-market services assessments. Integration of non-market services into decision support was performed with either biophysical or socio-economic models, often using proxies and composite indicators. The review reveals that there is scope for more comprehensive and integrated model development, including multiple ecosystem services and appropriate handling of forest management impacts.     

防止建筑工程中的渗漏及解决办法

本文论述了建筑工程中地下室防水和屋面防水的构造措施及不同部位出现渗漏的原因及解决办法,对建筑工程的设计和施工具有一定的指导意义。     

浅谈现代建筑装饰工程的预算成本和工程总造价

随着装饰行业的正规化和专业化的发展,以往直接套用建筑工程预算编制预算成本和工程造价来编制装饰工程的预算已是不科学的。如何准确地编制装饰工程的预算,作者以实践为基础,提出了几方面的相应观点。