壳寡糖对黄河鲤鱼幼鱼血液生化指标的影响

为了研究在饲料中添加不同含量壳寡糖(COS)对黄河鲤鱼幼鱼血液生化指标的影响,试验将270尾体重为(35±2)g、体长为(11.2±0.5)cm的健康黄河鲤鱼随机分为6组(1个对照组和5个添加组),每组3个重复,每个重复15尾,不含壳寡糖的饲料对照组饲喂,添加组分别饲喂含0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%壳寡糖的饲料,饲喂8周后取血液,分离血清测定各项生化指标。结果表明：在饲料中添加壳寡糖提高了黄河鲤鱼幼鱼总蛋白(TP)、球蛋白(GLB)、白蛋白(ALB)含量,降低了丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)活性和总胆固醇(TCHO)含量。各添加组TP含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),0.6%组最高,0.6%组和0.8%组显著高于0.2%组和0.4%组(P<0.05);GLB含量仅1.0%组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余各添加组间差异不显著(P>0.05);ALB含量0.6%组最高,除0.2%组外其他各添加组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但各添加组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。ALT活性0.6%组最低,且显著低于对照组(P<0.05...     

饲料中添加肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽对海鲈生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标及肝脏与血清免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽对海鲈生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标及肝脏与血清免疫指标的影响。以初始均重为(9.05±0.05)g的海鲈幼鱼为试验动物,暂养1周后,挑选规格一致的健康试验鱼480尾,随机分为4组,每组4个重复(水族箱),每个重复放养30尾鱼。4组试验鱼分别投喂肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽添加水平为0(对照)、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%的试验饲料135 d。结果显示:1)0.50%组的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和成活率(SR)均显著高于对照组(P0.05),各添加组的饲料系数(FCR)均显著低于对照组(P0.05),且以0.50%组的FCR最低;2)各添加组的背肌粗脂肪含量均显著低于对照组(P0.05),0.50%组的背肌粗蛋白质含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),全鱼的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分和背肌的水分、粗灰分含量在各组之间没有显著差异(P0.05);3)0.25%组的血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)和总胆固醇(TC)含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),血清甘油三酯(TG)含量各组间不存在显著差异(P0.05);4)0.50%和0.75%组的血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),0.25%和0.50%组的肝脏溶菌酶(LZM)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),肝脏与血清的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性各组间不存在显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,在饲料中添加肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽能够促进海鲈的生长并提高免疫能力,本试验条件下最适添加水平为0.50%。     

补充蛋氨酸对星斑川碟生长、血液指标、代谢酶以及体组成的影响

在含有30%的大豆浓缩蛋白及其酶解物饲料中分别添加晶体蛋氨酸形成4种等氮等能的饲料,分别为大豆浓缩蛋白饲料(SD)、酶解大豆蛋白饲料(ED)、大豆浓缩蛋白补充晶体蛋氨酸饲料(SD-CMET)以及酶解大豆蛋白补充晶体蛋氨酸饲料(ED-CMET),喂养初始体重为4.81±0.01g的星斑川鲽幼鱼56天,通过比较其生长、血液生化标、消化以及体组成等,来评价补充晶体蛋氨酸对星斑川鲽利用植物蛋白及其酶解物的效果。结果显示ED-CMET比ED分别提高幼鱼的末重4.7%、增重率7.9%和特定生长率4.6%,且显著提高星斑川鲽幼鱼的血细胞比容、血红蛋白含量、血清总蛋白水平以及高密度脂蛋白含量(P0.05),并且还增强了肝脏ATP酶活性,提高了全鱼的粗蛋白含量(P0.05)。而与SD饲料相比,在大豆浓缩蛋白饲料中添加蛋氨酸(SD-CMET)提高了高密度脂蛋白的含量,而对幼鱼其它指标无明显的影响(P0.05)。本实验结果说明在添加蛋氨酸无法改善星斑川鲽幼鱼利用大豆浓缩蛋白的效果,而酶解大豆蛋白中添加蛋氨酸能够提高星斑川鲽幼鱼的生长性能,且一定程度的提高机体的细胞免疫能力和肝脏代谢转运,调节血脂代谢,并可改善机体的营养组成。因此推荐在饲料中应用一定比例的酶解大豆蛋白,并在此基础上添加晶体蛋氨酸。     

小球藻醇提物对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分、消化酶活性及血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加不同水平的小球藻醇提物(EEFCV)对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分、消化酶活性及血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响。试验选用体质量约1.85 g的瓦氏黄颡鱼苗540尾,随机分为6个组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。各组分别投喂添加0(T0组)、0.25%(T1组)、0.50%(T2组)、1.00%(T3组)、1.50%(T4组)和2.50%(T5组)EEFCV的6种等氮等脂试验饲料,饲养周期为56 d。结果表明:1)T4和T5组的末均重、增重率和特定生长率均显著高于T0组(P<0.05),T4和T5组的饲料系数均显著低于T0组(P<0.05)。各组的存活率、肥满度、脏体比和肝体比无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)各组的粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。T5组的粗脂肪含量显著高于T0组(P<0.05),T5组的水分含量显著低于T0组(P<0.05)。3)各组的胃、肠和肝脏的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)各组的血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性及胆固醇、甘油三脂、尿素氮、葡萄糖和总蛋白含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。T1、T3和T4组的血清谷草转氨酶活性显著高于T0组(P<0.05)。5)T4组的血清丙二醛含量显著低于T0组(P<0.05),T3、T4和T5组的血清超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于T0组(P<0.05)。各组的血清总抗氧化能力无显著差异(P>0.05)。由此可见,饲料中添加EEFCV对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能和抗氧化能力有促进作用,以增重率、特定生长率和饲料系数作为主要评估指标,饲料中添加1.50%的EEFCV应用效果较佳。     

不同蛋白质源部分替代鱼粉对褐点石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成以及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同蛋白质源部分替代鱼粉对褐点石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成以及血清生化指标的影响。配制5组等氮等能饲料,对照组饲料(D1)含68%的鱼粉,试验组饲料(D2～D5)是在对照组饲料的基础上分别用豆粕替代10%的鱼粉、豆粕替代20%的鱼粉、啤酒酵母替代10%的鱼粉、玉米蛋白粉替代10%的鱼粉。选取体重在15 g左右的褐点石斑鱼幼鱼180尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复12尾。试验期为8周。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,D2、D3组的增重率、摄食率、特定生长率、粗蛋白质表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05),而D4、D5组的上述指标均显著降低(P<0.05)。与D2、D3组相比,D4组的特定生长率显著降低(P<0.05),肝体指数显著升高(P<0.05);D5组的摄食率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率和粗蛋白质表观消化率显著降低(P<0.05),饲料系数、肝体指数显著升高(P<0.05)。在体组成方面,D5组全鱼和肌肉中粗蛋白质含量显著低于对照组和D2、D3组(P<0.05);D4组肌肉中粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组和D2组(P<0.05)。在血清生化指标方面,D3组血清总蛋白、球蛋白、葡萄糖含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而白球比显著高于对照组(P<0.05);对照组、D4组血清甘油三酯含量显著高于D3、D5组(P<0.05);各组间血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性没有显著差异(P>0.05)。由此得出,作为鱼粉的替代品,豆粕比啤酒酵母和玉米蛋白粉能更好地满足褐点石斑鱼幼鱼的营养需求;从主要生长指标不受影响的角度考虑,褐点石斑鱼幼鱼饲料中可以用豆粕替代20%的鱼粉。     

摄食促进物对凡纳滨对虾生长及血清生化组成的影响

通过6周的饲养试验,研究了饲料中分别添加3%蔗糖、0.46%香味剂、0.5%酵母膏、0.4%鱼溶浆等4种摄食促进物对初始体重约0.4g凡纳滨对虾生长性能和血清生化组成的影响。结果发现,0.5%酵母膏组增重率、特定生长率最高,但与其它处理组无显著差异(P>0.05);饲料系数0.4%鱼溶浆组最低(P>0.05),日摄食率在0.4%鱼溶浆组达到最高,与其它处理组(除0.46%香味剂组)差异显著(P<0.05);成活率对照组最高,但与其它处理组(除0.5%酵母膏)相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。全虾粗蛋白无显著差异(P>0.05);粗脂肪含量以对照组最低,显著低于其它处理组(P<0.05);3%蔗糖组、0.4%鱼溶浆组灰分含量最低,显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。血清总蛋白含量对照组最高,其次是0.5%酵母膏组,两组间差异不显著(P>0.05);对照组胆固醇含量最低,低于0.46%香味剂组,两组间差异不显著(P>0.05),与其它3组相比差异显著(P<0.05);甘油三酯和血糖含量对照组最低。本试验结果表明,添加摄食促进物对凡纳滨对虾生长影响不显著,但添加0.4%鱼溶浆显著影响了对虾的日摄食率,促进对虾摄食。添加摄食促进物能提高脂肪的蓄积,明显降低虾体灰分含量,同时使对虾血清胆固醇和甘油三酯含量显著升高。     

饲料中添加发酵桑叶对草鱼生长性能、血清生化指标的影响

文章旨在研究不同发酵桑叶添加量对草鱼幼鱼生长性能、机体营养成分、血清生化指标的影响,试验分别采用添加发酵桑叶0%(对照组)、2.5%、5.0%、7.5%、10.0%的5组等氮等能试验饲料(粗蛋白质32.14%,粗脂肪4.95%),投喂初始重量(15.01±0.12)g的草鱼幼鱼50 d。试验结果显示,与对照组相比,添加发酵桑叶提高了草鱼幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率,饲料效率。其中,发酵桑叶添加量为7.5%时草鱼幼鱼的特定生长率和增重率最大,饲料效率最高,并显著高于对照组(P <0.05);添加不同计量发酵桑叶对试验鱼的全鱼水分、粗蛋白质以及肌肉粗脂肪含量无显著影响(P> 0.05),添加量为10%时,全鱼粗灰分含量最大,全鱼和肝脏的粗脂肪含量最小(P <0.05);添加发酵桑叶对血清葡萄糖无显著影响(P> 0.05),但显著降低了血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、低密度脂蛋白含量(P <0.05)。结合本试验结果,饲料添加不超过7.5%发酵桑叶不会影响草鱼的生长和饲料利用效率,添加发酵桑叶后有助于草鱼脂类代谢和肝脏健康。     

生长猪饲粮中添加发酵桑叶粉对生长性能和血清生化及抗氧化性能的影响

为研究发酵桑叶粉作为饲料来源，其不同添加水平对生长猪生长性能和血清生化及抗氧化性能的影响，选取体质量30 kg左右的三元杂交生长猪48头，随机分成4组，对照组饲喂基础饲粮，试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组分别在基础饲粮中添加2%、4%、6%的发酵桑叶粉进行饲喂试验。结果表明：饲料中添加发酵桑叶粉，试验组生长猪平均日采食量低于对照组(P<0.05),各试验组之间采食量差异不显著(P>0.05)。添加发酵桑叶粉使生长猪血清中的甘油三酯、总胆固醇、尿素氮含量显著降低(P<0.05);试验Ⅲ组尿酸含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05);发酵桑叶粉的添加对血清中的葡萄糖含量有下降趋势作用，试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清中的葡萄糖含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。抗氧化能力随着发酵桑叶粉添加水平的提高，血清中的丙二醛含量极显著降低(P<0.01);过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶含量，试验组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),说明生长猪饲粮中添加4%～6%发酵桑叶粉不影响其生长性能，有利于增强机体抗氧化能力。     

饲料中添加丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺二肽对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫应答能力及抗逆能力的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺二肽(AGD)对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫应答能力及抗逆能力的影响。以平均体重为(1.98±0.01)g的黄颡鱼幼鱼为研究对象,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别投喂添加0(对照)、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%和1.00%AGD的5种试验饲料,5种试验饲料中AGD含量的实测值依次为0.08%、0.23%、0.56%、0.69%和1.09%。摄食生长试验持续56 d。结果表明:随着饲料中AGD添加量的增加,试验鱼的增重、特定生长率以及血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、补体3和补体4含量与超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽、溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均先增加后降低,0.50%和0.75%AGD组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。饲料中添加不同水平的AGD均显著提高了试验鱼血清总抗氧化能力(P<0.05),显著降低了丙二醛含量(P<0.05)。氨氮胁迫96h后,对照组试验鱼大脑中氨和谷氨酰胺含量显著高于各AGD添加组(P<0.05),同时累积死亡率也显著高于各AGD添加组(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲料中添加适宜水平的AGD能够提高黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫应答能力及抗逆能力;基于特定生长率的二次回归模型拟合,获得黄颡鱼幼鱼饲料中AGD的最适添加量为0.56%;综合考虑生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫应答能力及抗逆能力,推荐黄颡鱼幼鱼饲料中AGD的添加量为0.50%~0.75%。     

饲料脂肪水平对白甲鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料脂肪水平对白甲鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成及血清生化指标的影响。选用初始体质量为(0.78±0.05)g的白甲鱼幼鱼900尾,随机分成6组(每组3个重复,每个重复50尾),分别饲喂豆油添加水平为0(对照组)、2%、4%、6%、8%和10%(实测脂肪水平为2.83%、4.52%、6.68%、9.14%、11.35%和14.07%)的试验饲料,养殖期为60 d。结果表明:随饲料脂肪水平的升高,白甲鱼幼鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,饲料系数(FCR)呈现先下降后上升的趋势。饲料脂肪水平为11.35%时WGR、SGR达到最大(分别为362.98%和3.06%/d),显著高于除6.68%和9.14%组之外的其他各组(P<0.05);饲料脂肪水平为9.14%时PER达到最大(3.70%),而FCR达到最小(1.34),显著高于/低于除11.35%组之外的其他各组(P<0.05)。白甲鱼幼鱼的肝体比则随饲料脂肪水平的升高而上升,6.68%、9.14%、11.35%和14.07%组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各组白甲鱼幼鱼的脏体比无显著差异(P>0.05)。通过二次回归分析可知,白甲鱼幼鱼WGR、SGR、FCR及PER最优时,饲料脂肪水平分别为10.12%、9.56%、9.42%和10.18%。随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,白甲鱼幼鱼全鱼及肌肉粗脂肪含量逐渐升高,而全鱼及肌肉粗蛋白质含量则呈先升后降的变化趋势。饲料脂肪水平对白甲鱼幼鱼全鱼及肌肉水分和粗灰分含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,白甲鱼幼鱼的血清胆固醇(CHO)和甘油三酯(TG)含量先升高后降低,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和胆汁酸(TBA)含量以及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性逐渐升高,而低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量则逐渐降低。饲料脂肪水平为9.14%时,血清CHO含量达到最高,且与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05);饲料脂肪水平为11.35%时,血清TG含量达到最高,且与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05)。由此得出,适宜的饲料脂肪水平可促进白甲鱼幼鱼的生长,提高其饲料转化率和免疫能力;饲料脂肪水平过高则可引起其肝损伤或组织病变。在本试验条件下,综合考虑生长性能、体组成及血清生化指标,白甲鱼幼鱼饲料中适宜的脂肪水平为9.42%～10.18%。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.