Spending money on others promotes happiness

Although much research has examined the effect of income on happiness, we suggest that how people spend their money may be at least as important as how much money they earn. Specifically, we hypothesized that spending money on other people may have a more positive impact on happiness than spending money on oneself. Providing converging evidence for this hypothesis, we found that spending more of one's income on others predicted greater happiness both cross-sectionally (in a nationally representative survey study) and longitudinally (in a field study of windfall spending). Finally, participants who were randomly assigned to spend money on others experienced greater happiness than those assigned to spend money on themselves.     

金钱对集体—单独活动选择的影响：一项ERP研究

通过事件相关电位(ERP)技术,探讨了金钱启动影响被试选择活动类型的脑内时程动态变化,结果发现:金钱启动组的被试更倾向于选择集体活动;相对于非金钱启动组,金钱启动条件下的被试在500～650ms的时窗内,选择集体活动比选择单独活动诱发了一个正的ERP波形;差异波的地形图显示,该成分在脑的左前部有更强的激活;进一步的偶极子溯源分析发现,该成分主要起源于左额上回,这可能表明金钱启动与自我的激活有关.     

洗钱行为的现状及其法律应对

目前,洗钱行为呈上游犯罪高发、可疑交易规模扩大、金融体系被利用的风险增强等趋势。洗钱行为的治理,资金监管是关键,刑法应对是保障。司法认定中,应恪守以下原则：一是洗钱罪的主体不包括上游犯罪人;二是上游犯罪分子将违法所得及其产生的收益赠与他人,接受人应认定为窝藏毒赃罪;三是洗钱罪与其他犯罪的界限应从犯罪的构成要件上去把握。     

金钱对外显自尊的影响:一项ERP研究

通过事件相关电位(ERP)技术,让被试分别在金钱启动和中性启动条件下,用"触及自尊符合词"和"触及自尊不符合词"对"自我"和"正性他人"进行符合与否的评价,以此来探讨金钱启动对被试外显自尊影响的脑内时程动态变化.结果发现:在中性启动条件下,触及自尊不符词的自我评价比触及自尊不符词的他人评价诱发了更大的P300成分,这与前人的研究一致;相反,在金钱启动条件下,自我评价与他人评价之间的差异消失了.认为金钱启动增强了个体的自尊水平,对自尊产生了一种补偿作用,并且,这种补偿作用有可能与情绪有关.     

采收和调制方法对晾制白肋烟中一些重要物质的影响

 通过6种不同的采收和调制方法对烟草特有的N-亚硝胺(TSNA)、烟草生物碱、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的影响,研究得出与对照整株采收晾制相比,逐叶采收、整株采收叶片划主脉、逐叶采收划主脉、逐叶采收叶肉主脉分离晾制能显着降低叶肉及主脉中烟草特有的N-亚硝胺含量,亦能降低硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐含量。整株采收划主茎晾制不能降低烟草特有的N-亚硝胺及硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐。各处理都能显着降低主脉和叶肉中的去甲基烟碱,但对其它烟草生物碱没有影响。     

引发激活对烟草种子发芽特性和幼苗抗冷性的效应研究

为明确引发处理对种子发芽特性及抗冷性的作用效果和机制,进行了引发种和普通种的发芽特性和抗冷性对比研究,结果表明:烟草种子经引发激活处理后,常温下和低温下种子活力指数较普通种分别提高122.2%和162.5%;常温下引发种萌发势、发芽势分别比普通种提高58.5、28.5个百分点,发芽速度和整齐度得到根本改善;引发种经过1～2a的贮存,发芽势和发芽率基本不受影响;低温胁迫期间,引发种幼苗游离氨基酸含量比普通种平均提高了22.0%,脯氨酸含量平均提高了50.4%,MDA含量平均降低了22.7%。由此可见,烟草种子经引发激活后,细胞膜自身修复能力和烟苗抗冷性明显增强。     

农户接受农业生态补偿方式的偏好及影响因素——基于海南省16个自然村的调查

农户对农业生态补偿方式的认同度,对补偿实施效果及补偿政策制度的持续性有直接影响。以海南省16个自然村为案例的调查结果显示:技术、政策、实物、现金、项目等多要素结合的补偿是农户接受农业生态补偿方式的主要偏好。以偏好该方式的农户为对象,最优尺度回归方法分析表明:家庭规模、家庭收入来源、农业生态系统及其功能认知度等变量对农户该选择倾向有显著正向影响;而年龄、对农业生态补偿的认知度则有显著负向影响。从获取综合化补偿绩效的角度出发,加强政策、技术、知识、项目等的投入运用,利于实现农业生态补偿由单一"输血型"向"造血型"转变。此外,纠正农户对农业生态补偿认知偏差问题也值得关注。     

种子引发对盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以A060233×D123-42（T,耐盐性较强）和D168-83XA06148（S,耐盐性较弱）两个玉米杂交组合为实验材料,利用80mmol·L^-1NaCl溶液对种子进行引发处理。采用营养液砂培实验,设4个NaCl浓度（0、120、200和250mmol·L^-1）模拟盐胁迫,研究种子引发处理对NaCI胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：随着NaCl浓度的增加,无论经引发处理,还是未经引发处理,两个玉米杂交组合的出苗率均下降,幼苗生长均受到抑制,干物质积累量均减少。同等NaCl浓度胁迫下,引发处理与未引发处理相比,种子出苗率增加,促进了苗高和根的生长,叶面积、苗干重、根干重和耐盐指数增加,叶绿素和脯氨酸含量升高,地上部和地下部的K^＋／Na^＋值增加。     

云南南亚热带地区农业种植模式研究

 1997～1999年在蒙自县草坝镇对水田、旱地的多种种植模式进行比较研究,指出在云南南亚热带气候类型地区种植模式安排的基本原则：水田大春雨养种植为主,着重粮食生产,小春灌溉种植为主,种植经济作物,着重于经济效益;旱地大春雨养种植,以获取经济效益为主,小春采用节水栽培,着重生产粮食。中稻—大棚辣椒、中稻—冬玉米间黄豆、中稻—秋洋芋—冬玉米(鲜食)是水田的较好模式,而旱地以烤烟—秋小麦模式较好。     

SA和PEG引发处理对NaCl胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以冀植五号玉米种子为试验材料,用不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)溶液及聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液对种子进行引发处理。采用标准发芽试验和砂培试验,设3个NaCl浓度(0、100、200 mmol.L-1)模拟盐胁迫,研究SA和PEG引发处理对NaCl胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:随着NaCl浓度的增加,玉米的发芽率及发芽势下降,幼苗生长受到抑制,干物质积累量减少。同等NaCl浓度胁迫下,用0.25 mmol.L-1SA和15%PEG引发处理玉米种子,和对照相比,提高了种子的发芽势及发芽率,苗高、根长、地上部和根部干重显著增加,最终提高了玉米芽苗期的耐盐性。     

马鹿粪便样品保存方法对DNA提取质量的影响

采用冷冻法采集、保存马鹿粪便DNA样品,并将冷冻保存、乙醇浸泡保存和干燥后保存的样品进行DNA提取测试、比较分析。结果表明,采用冷冻保存法保存的马鹿粪便样品DNA提取的质量明显优于酒精浸泡和干燥保存方法,此方法采集和保存简单,试验省时、经济,可应用于寒冷地区冬季各种动物的粪便取样。     

结合闸坝工程修建地下水库探讨

当在河道上进行的闸坝工程处于可研阶段时,可根据地质资料和当地具体情况,因地制宜地修建地下水库,比单项修建地下水库节省大量资金,同时也使水资源得到了更合理的开发利用。该文就工程实践介绍了这方面的经验,具有较高的参考价值。     

Astrobiology. Ames's proposal for lab triggers battle at NASA

Officials at NASA's Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, would like to trade the use of part of their land for a new building largely dedicated to NASA's nascent astrobiology program, the core of which is a 2-year-old virtual institute based at Ames. Although some scientists applaud the idea, others say that it undermines the idea of a virtual institute and that operating costs would take money away from higher priorities. Two panels have offered conflicting opinions, which may be aired at a meeting next week.     

Interpersonal and economic resources

High population density and increased institutional specialization, which are relatively novel features of human society. have provided conditions for a more efficient exchange of universalistic resources, while decreasing the opportunity for exchanging particularistic ones. The parallel with physical environment is striking: in both cases technology has created new problems in the process of solving old ones. Whether it is natural resources or interpersonal resources, physical ecology or social ecology, recognizing and defining the new problem is the first step toward its solution. The importance of particularistic resources in solving problems of modern society has scarcely been recognized. Welfare institutions, for example, often require clients to lose status for the money they receive. This form of exchange deprives the client of a resource which is already scarce for him, thus further reducing his chances of autonomous performance as a resource exchanger in society. By ignoring the significance of particularistic resources for social functioning, we tend to see the solution of social problems exclusively in terms of a better distribution of economic resources. Improvement of education, for instance, is considered almost equivalent to allocating more money for schools. Truly money is one of the neighbors of information in the order, but the other one is status. Evidence to suggest that higher status improves educational achievement has, indeed, been repeatedly reported (26). The very mention of particularistic resources in social planning causes uneasiness and bafflement. The economist Levitan (27), for example, in reviewing the activities of VISTA (a program of the Office of Economic Opportunity), wonders how to evaluate goals such as dedication, involvement, and good feeling. The reluctance to include particularistic resources in social engineering will hopefully decrease as we improve techniques for their observation and measurement and as we begin to understand their rules of exchange and their relationship to other resources. The work described here may constitute a step in such a direction. The opportunity to progress more decisively toward a comprehensive picture of the state of resources in society is provided by the proposal to institute social indicators (28). Properly constructed they could supply much needed information about resource deficiencies that affect the health of society and could suggest. measures to overcome them. The purpose of this article has been to summarize some of the knowledge we already possess about interpersonal resources and to outline its application to certain problems of modern society. It has been shown that when resources are classified into six categories and plotted on a two-coordinate space a definite structural pattern emerges. The position of each resource class in the structure appears related to certain properties which in turn affect differentially the exchange of resources in an urban environment. The structural charateristics of resources provide a theoretical basis for the understanding and solution of social problems in modern culture.     

The rupture and repair of cooperation in borderline personality disorder

To sustain or repair cooperation during a social exchange, adaptive creatures must understand social gestures and the consequences when shared expectations about fair exchange are violated by accident or intent. We recruited 55 individuals afflicted with borderline personality disorder (BPD) to play a multiround economic exchange game with healthy partners. Behaviorally, individuals with BPD showed a profound incapacity to maintain cooperation, and were impaired in their ability to repair broken cooperation on the basis of a quantitative measure of coaxing. Neurally, activity in the anterior insula, a region known to respond to norm violations across affective, interoceptive, economic, and social dimensions, strongly differentiated healthy participants from individuals with BPD. Healthy subjects showed a strong linear relation between anterior insula response and both magnitude of monetary offer received from their partner (input) and the amount of money repaid to their partner (output). In stark contrast, activity in the anterior insula of BPD participants was related only to the magnitude of repayment sent back to their partner (output), not to the magnitude of offers received (input). These neural and behavioral data suggest that norms used in perception of social gestures are pathologically perturbed or missing altogether among individuals with BPD. This game-theoretic approach to psychopathology may open doors to new ways of characterizing and studying a range of mental illnesses.     

Goals and Trends of Research in Geology and Geography

Summarizing in a few words the essence of the preceding analysis of goals and trends in research in Geology and Geography, we may say that the goal in Geology is a knowledge and understanding of the earth and of its history. In Geography it is a knowledge and understanding of the natural and human environments, to the end that they may best be utilized toward better living in the broadest sense. Trends in research in these sciences that seem not altogether desirable are those toward overorganization of research and overdirection from others than the ones who are to do the work; toward indiscriminate fact-gathering; toward lessening of critical analysis of, and discussion of, papers given at meetings and of the published results; and toward premature publication and excessive volume of publications resulting from the prevailing practice of soliciting papers for scientific meetings. Changes in methods of financing of research resulting from a great decrease in endowment incomes are noted, together with a strong tendency to look toward the Federal Government for the financing of university research, in spite of the obvious dangers to university freedom which such financing involves.     

Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees

Human beings routinely help others to achieve their goals, even when the helper receives no immediate benefit and the person helped is a stranger. Such altruistic behaviors (toward non-kin) are extremely rare evolutionarily, with some theorists even proposing that they are uniquely human. Here we show that human children as young as 18 months of age (prelinguistic or just-linguistic) quite readily help others to achieve their goals in a variety of different situations. This requires both an understanding of others' goals and an altruistic motivation to help. In addition, we demonstrate similar though less robust skills and motivations in three young chimpanzees.     

Fusion energy in context: its fitness for the long term

Long-term limits to growth in energy will be imposed not by inability to expand supply, but by the rising environmental and social costs of doing so. These costs will therefore be central issues in choosing long-term options. Fusion, like solar energy, is not one possibility but many, some with very attractive environmental characteristics and others perhaps little better in these regards than fission. None of the fusion options will be cheap, and none is likely to be widely available before the year 2010. The most attractive forms of fusion may require greater investments of time and money to achieve, but they are the real reason for wanting fusion at all.     

居民对城市森林生态效益经济补偿支付意愿实证分析

城市森林生态功能价值的最大受益者是其周边地区的居民,实行城市森林生态效益经济补偿政策首先应从城市森林周边地区开始,为此,需要调查周边地区居民对城市森林生态功能价值的支付意愿(WTP).该文是在对哈尔滨城市森林周边的四个居民区进行调查的基础上,应用假设市场价值评估法(CVM)对城市森林周边地区居民进行城市森林生态效益经济补偿支付意愿(WTP)调查.对调查数据的分析表明,66%的居民认为空气质量有好转,96%的居民认为需要加强城市森林投入,70·6%的居民愿意出资(人均33·2元/a),80·3%以上的居民愿意出力(5·5h/a);影响支付意愿的方式及支付大小主要有文化程度、人均收入两种因素;进行的Logistic回归分析能够预测不同收入居民的出资概率.综上,建议对城市森林生态效益实行经济补偿的方式应包括出资和出力两种形式,支付额度要符合居民的支付意愿.