Composites reinforced in three dimensions by using low magnetic fields

The orientation and distribution of reinforcing particles in artificial composites are key to enable effective reinforcement of the material in mechanically loaded directions, but remain poor if compared to the distinctive architectures present in natural structural composites such as teeth, bone, and seashells. We show that micrometer-sized reinforcing particles coated with minimal concentrations of superparamagnetic nanoparticles (0.01 to 1 volume percent) can be controlled by using ultralow magnetic fields (1 to 10 milliteslas) to produce synthetic composites with tuned three-dimensional orientation and distribution of reinforcements. A variety of structures can be achieved with this simple method, leading to composites with tailored local reinforcement, wear resistance, and shape memory effects.     

Ordered mesoporous materials from metal nanoparticle-block copolymer self-assembly

The synthesis of ordered mesoporous metal composites and ordered mesoporous metals is a challenge because metals have high surface energies that favor low surface areas. We present results from the self-assembly of block copolymers with ligand-stabilized platinum nanoparticles, leading to lamellar CCM-Pt-4 and inverse hexagonal (CCM-Pt-6) hybrid mesostructures with high nanoparticle loadings. Pyrolysis of the CCM-Pt-6 hybrid produces an ordered mesoporous platinum-carbon nanocomposite with open and large pores (>/=10 nanometers). Removal of the carbon leads to ordered porous platinum mesostructures. The platinum-carbon nanocomposite has very high electrical conductivity (400 siemens per centimeter) for an ordered mesoporous material fabricated from block copolymer self-assembly.     

铁路轨枕复合材料组分的分析

经对铁路轨枕复合材料各组分功能、性质及要求等的分析研究,确定木质剩余物为复合材料的主要增强材料,玻璃纤维为辅助增强材料,酚醛树脂为基体材料,工业高炉灰渣为填充材料,以偶联剂作为界面改质助剂。该组分满足使用上的性能要求,减少对环境的污染,节约资源和能源,经济性能良好。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖/MgO纳米复合材料的制备与表征

[目的]研究纳米复合材料的制备及表征,以期制备一种新型食品包装材料。[方法]以魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)为基体,以纳米MgO为原料,采用共混法制得KGM/MgO纳米复合物。通过傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TG)、透射电镜(TEM)等手段对该复合物进行了表征。[结果]FTIR表明,纳米MgO粒子对KGM分子中某些特征官能团的波数影响比较大,纳米MgO和KGM之间存在较强的相互作用。E电镜表明,纳米MgO在复合材料中的分散性较好。制备的KGM/MgO纳米复合材料的热稳定性高于KGM薄膜。纳米MgO的加入对复合膜的力学性能有所提高。[结论]用共混法成功制得了KGM/MgO纳米复合材料,为制备新型食品包装材料提供技术支撑。     

磁性纳米颗粒在DNA分离纯化中的应用

为了解磁性纳米颗粒在DNA分离纯化中的应用,采用文献综述和归纳总结的方法,阐述了1997—2021年以铁氧化物为核心的磁性纳米材料的研究进展,同时比较了材料结构和表面相关活性官能团的修饰对DNA提取效率的影响。结果表明：1）应用磁性纳米颗粒的固相萃取有着安全无毒、操作简单、可重复使用、能够实现自动化与高通量操作等多种优势,提取DNA效率相比于商业化试剂盒也有优势。2）目前磁性纳米材料已有比较全面的研究。磁性纳米颗粒的尺寸、孔径大小、磁化强度及引入的活性官能团不同等性质均对DNA的提取效率有影响,改变这些性质研发新型且高效的功能化磁性纳米颗粒或改变磁性纳米材料的制备方法、所提取DNA的形态性质、溶液的pH或盐浓度等试验条件,以提高DNA与材料的解吸率,不断优化磁性分离过程,提高DNA分离效率和质量。3）发展高通量商业化的核酸提取程序,是磁性固相萃取可观的发展前景。4）磁性纳米颗粒除了在核酸提取中的应用,在其他生物医学应用中也有着广泛的研究。以上结果均表明磁性纳米材料有着极强的研究发展前景。     

Shape and temperature memory of nanocomposites with broadened glass transition

Shape-memory polymers can revert to their original shape when they are reheated. The stress generated by shape recovery is a growing function of the energy absorbed during deformation at a high temperature; thus, high energy to failure is a necessary condition for strong shape-memory materials. We report on the properties of composite nanotube fibers that exhibit this particular feature. We observed that these composites can generate a stress upon shape recovery up to two orders of magnitude greater than that generated by conventional polymers. In addition, the nanoparticles induce a broadening of the glass transition and a temperature memory with a peak of recovery stress at the temperature of their initial deformation.     

Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Colloidal Platinum Nanoparticles

The shapes and sizes of platinum nanoparticles were controlled by changes in the ratio of the concentration of the capping polymer material to the concentration of the platinum cations used in the reductive synthesis of colloidal particles in solution at room temperature. Tetrahedral, cubic, irregular-prismatic, icosahedral, and cubo-octahedral particle shapes were observed, whose distribution was dependent on the concentration ratio of the capping polymer material to the platinum cation. Controlling the shape of platinum nanoparticles is potentially important in the field of catalysis.     

Ultrastrong and stiff layered polymer nanocomposites

Nanoscale building blocks are individually exceptionally strong because they are close to ideal, defect-free materials. It is, however, difficult to retain the ideal properties in macroscale composites. Bottom-up assembly of a clay/polymer nanocomposite allowed for the preparation of a homogeneous, optically transparent material with planar orientation of the alumosilicate nanosheets. The stiffness and tensile strength of these multilayer composites are one order of magnitude greater than those of analogous nanocomposites at a processing temperature that is much lower than those of ceramic or polymer materials with similar characteristics. A high level of ordering of the nanoscale building blocks, combined with dense covalent and hydrogen bonding and stiffening of the polymer chains, leads to highly effective load transfer between nanosheets and the polymer.     

木基金属复合材料的研究进展

鉴于木材资源的有限性，限制对林木资源的砍伐迫在眉睫，因而，提高木材资源的高效利用显得尤为关键。基于木材固有的孔道结构和金属固有特性，木基金属复合材料可实现高效利用木材资源。本研究概述了木材和金属复合的发展进程、制备方法，以及其在抗静电、储能和疏水方面的最新研究成果及木基金属复合材料在L和X波段的电磁屏蔽性能。最后分析了木基金属复合材料的不足，展望了磁性木材在电磁屏蔽性能与棒状中空材料降解重金属离子的发展前景。     

聚合物/纳米TiO2复合材料研究进展

简述聚合物/纳米TiO2复合材料的作用机理,综述国内外对环氧树脂、聚酰亚胺、聚氯乙烯等聚合物/纳米TiO2复合材料的研究进展。     

桦木单板/玻璃纤维复合材料声学振动性能的研究

目的面对我国乐器音板用材资源的严重不足,寻找新材料替代传统乐器木质音板用材是非常有必要的。方法本试验以玻璃纤维为增强材料,桦木单板为基体,按照单板层积材结构设计制备桦木单板/玻璃纤维复合材料。通过对玻璃纤维复合材料声学振动性能检测分析,探究玻璃纤维布的不同铺放位置和铺放层数对复合材料声学振动性能的影响。结果用1层玻璃纤维布铺放在表层单板下的复合材料A的比动弹性模量和E/G值分别为22.20GPa和16.55,比用1层玻璃纤维布铺放在芯层单板单侧的复合材料B分别高了8.7%、17.8%。用2层玻璃纤维布分别铺放在上下表层单板内的复合材料C的比动弹性模量和E/G值分别为25.04GPa和17.04,比用玻璃纤维布铺放在芯层单板两侧的复合材料D高了7.5%和18.0%。纤维铺放位置对声辐射品质常数和声阻抗的影响较小。玻璃纤维布的层数与复合材料的声学振动性能不成线性关系,铺放2层玻璃纤维布的复合材料具有较高的比动弹性模量和E/G值。玻璃纤维布铺放3层和4层的复合材料的比动弹性模量和E/G比铺放2层的都小。随着玻璃纤维布层数的增加,声辐射品质常数呈减小的趋势。通过综合评分法分析发现:玻璃纤维布铺放在表层单板下的复合材料综合评分值都高于铺放在靠近芯层单板的复合材料,铺放2层玻璃纤维布的复合材料的综合评分值达到最大。结论玻璃纤维布铺放在表层单板下的复合材料声学振动性能优于纤维布铺放在靠近芯层单板的复合材料。铺放2层玻璃纤维布的复合材料C的声学振动性能达到最好。尽管复合材料C的E/G值约为西加云杉的80%,但比动弹性模量和西加云杉的相接近,说明桦木单板/玻璃纤维复合材料具有替代传统木质音板用材的可能性。      

生物炭对玉米醇溶蛋白/聚丙烯复合材料力学性能的影响

为实现玉米醇溶蛋白（Zein）的材料化利用,以生物炭、聚丙烯（polypropylene,PP）、Zein为原料制备复合材料（Zein/PP）,探究生物炭对Zein/PP复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,生物炭与Zein均没有改变PP的晶面结构,生物炭降低了Zein/PP复合材料的相对结晶度;生物炭的多孔结构与PP形成了一种稳定的界面结构,进而改善了Zein/PP复合材料的弯曲性能、拉伸性能、冲击强度、刚性、弹性、尺寸稳定性。当生物炭的含量为15%时,复合材料的综合力学性能最佳,其弯曲强度、弯曲模量、拉伸强度、拉伸模量、断裂伸长率、冲击强度分别为44.68 MPa、2.66 GPa、24.27 MPa、0.29 GPa、7.07%、6.10 kJ·m^-2。试验结果可为Zein/PP复合材料性能的改善提供依据。     

Locally resonant sonic materials

We have fabricated sonic crystals, based on the idea of localized resonant structures, that exhibit spectral gaps with a lattice constant two orders of magnitude smaller than the relevant wavelength. Disordered composites made from such localized resonant structures behave as a material with effective negative elastic constants and a total wave reflector within certain tunable sonic frequency ranges. A 2-centimeter slab of this composite material is shown to break the conventional mass-density law of sound transmission by one or more orders of magnitude at 400 hertz.     

玉米秸秆纤维/聚乳酸复合材料的力学及降解性能研究

利用热压工艺制备得到了玉米秸秆纤维/聚乳酸复合材料,研究了玉米秸秆纤维的含量对复合材料力学及降解性能的影响。研究表明：随着玉米秸秆纤维含量的增加,复合材料的力学性能（拉伸强度、断裂伸长率）出现先增大后减小的变化趋势,在玉米秸秆纤维含量为10%时复合材料的断裂伸长率达到20.3%,复合材料的拉伸强度在玉米秸秆纤维含量13%时达到最大值24.38MPa;在降解120 d后,玉米秸秆纤维/聚乳酸复合材料的质量损失率变大,同时随着玉米秸秆纤维含量的增加,复合材料的质量损失逐渐变大,聚乳酸分子量的降低速度加快。     

聚乙烯亚胺交联法修饰磁性壳聚糖去除水中六价铬

利用一锅热溶剂法合成磁性壳聚糖纳米颗粒(MCTS),再用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)修饰,成功合成了一种新型磁性生物吸附材料PEI-MCTS,并将其用于吸附去除Cr(VI),系统研究了溶液初始pH值、 PEI负载量、吸附剂用量、离子强度及吸附时间等对Cr(VI)吸附去除的影响.结果表明,酸性条件有利于Cr(VI)的吸附, PEI-MCTS吸附Cr(VI)符合Langmuir模型和准二级动力学模型,最大吸附量为193.57 mg/g. PEI-MCTS纳米复合材料稳定、重复使用性好,可用于Cr(VI)的吸附去除.     

以壳聚糖分子为稳定剂的银纳米颗粒的水热法合成研究

[目的]研究一种以壳聚糖作为还原剂及稳定剂、通过一步水热合成法制备纳米银颗粒的新方法.[方法]用水热法合成以壳聚糖为稳定剂的银纳米颗粒,利用水热法产生的较高温度和较高压力的条件来制备稳定的银纳米颗粒,并考察颗粒的稳定性.[结果]制备的纳米银溶胶具有较好的稳定性,可在室温下长期保存.通过改变反应初始pH值,可调控其大小和形貌.在酸性条件下,测得纳米银颗粒带正电,这非常有利于将其应用在抗菌研究中.[结论]该方法具有环保、简便、产量高等特点,有望应用到以壳聚糖分子为稳定剂的其他金属纳米材料的合成研究中.     

紫外线光固化竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料的性能

为提高木塑复合材料制备效率、节约能源,丰富和完善木塑复合材料的制备技术,通过紫外线光(UV)固化技术制备竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料,并研究了竹粉含量对竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料动态力学性能、弯曲性能、吸水率的影响。结果表明,竹粉与丙烯酸酯能较好地生成交联网络结构,改善竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料的物理性能,其弯曲性能随着竹粉含量增加而增强,并在竹粉含量20%时达到最大值,之后逐渐变弱。竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料的储能模量随竹粉含量增加而增加,但竹粉含量超过20%时其储能模量开始下降;竹粉的加入导致竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)从84℃提高到105℃。竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料具有良好的耐水性,经沸水浸泡后,其吸水率变化不大。当竹粉含量为20%时,竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料具有较佳的物理性能:弯曲强度39.4 MPa,弯曲模量2 800 MPa,吸水率5.95%。     

木纤维/岩棉纤维复合材料的研究

该文探讨了制造木纤维/岩棉纤维复合材料时,纤维长度、岩棉纤维用量、密度、施胶量、热压温度、热压时间等因素对复合材料力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:将岩棉纤维和木纤维混合,制造木纤维/岩棉纤维复合材料是可行的;木纤维长度、产品密度、岩棉纤维用量是影响复合板材力学性能和阻燃性能的主要因素;随着木纤维长度的增大,产品的静曲强度提高、内结合强度降低;随着密度的提高,产品的力学性能呈线性比例增大;随着岩棉纤维用量的加大,产品的力学性能呈线性比例降低、阻燃性能呈线性比例增大;在实验选定的参数范围内,施胶量、热压温度、热压时间对产品力学性能和阻燃性能的影响不明显.      

Nanoparticles: strained and stiff

Nanoparticles may contain unusual forms of structural disorder that can substantially modify materials properties and thus cannot solely be considered as small pieces of bulk material. We have developed a method to quantify intermediate-range order in 3.4-nanometer-diameter zinc sulfide nanoparticles and show that structural coherence is lost over distances beyond 2 nanometers. The zinc-sulfur Einstein vibration frequency in the nanoparticles is substantially higher than that in the bulk zinc sulfide, implying structural stiffening. This cannot be explained by the observed 1% radial compression and must be primarily due to inhomogeneous internal strain caused by competing relaxations from an irregular surface. The methods developed here are generally applicable to the characterization of nanoscale solids, many of which may exhibit complex disorder and strain.     

木材-热塑性塑料复合材料的进展

回顾了木材－塑料复合材料（简称WPC）的发展历史，介绍了WPC的生产工艺方法，总结了木塑复合材产品性能中的不足和生产中存在的问题，展望了其未来的发展趋势和前景。