高配合力抗稻瘟病水稻不育系嘉陵1A的选育与应用

嘉陵1A是南充市农业科学院利用四川农业大学水稻研究所培育的D702B与中国水稻研究所培育的中9B杂交,后代与D62A测交、回交育成的籼型三系不育系,具有异交习性好、抗稻瘟病、高配合力等特点。2015年通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会技术鉴定,并配组育成了嘉优968和嘉优727分别于2015年和2016年通过省级审定。     

中籼型水稻三系不育系华297A的选育与利用

华297A是湖南哑华种业科学研究院以优质三系不育系新香A为母本,"金23 B//黄金3号/II-32B"的稳定优良单株为父本测交,经多代择优回交转育而成的中籼型三系不育系.该不育系具有不育性稳定、农艺性状优良、米质较优、配合力强等特点,2006年1月通过湖南省农作物品种审定委员会审定.所配组合华优75于2007年5月通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定,亚华优451和哑华优624分别于2007年和2008年通过湖南省农作物品种审定委员会审定.     

D优3232

D优3232是重庆三峡农科所用自选系3232与D297A组配而成的中迟熟、优质、高产、抗病杂交水稻新组合,1997年通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定,1998年获四川省后补助,2000年已列入国家科技部下达的“三峡库区优质稻产业化综合技术开发“项目的主推品种.2004年通过湖北省农作物品种审定委员会审定.……     

D优3232

D优3232是重庆三峡农科所用自选系3232与D297A组配而成的中迟熟、优质、高产、抗病杂交水稻新组合,1997年通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定,1998年获四川省后补助,2000年已列入国家科技部下达的"三峡库区优质稻产业化综合技术开发"项目的主推品种.2004年通过湖北省农作物品种审定委员会审定.     

优质抗稻瘟病水稻不育系蓉18A的选育与应用

蓉18A是成都市农林科学院作物研究所以绵5B为母本,D香lB为父本进行杂交,经多代自交后与绵5A测交、回交育成的籼稻三系不育系,具有穗大、配合力好、米质优、抗稻瘟病性强等特点,2006年通过四川省技术鉴定.利用该不育系配组育成的蓉稻415、蓉18优447、蓉18优188 3个杂交稻组合已通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定.     

大穗型高产稳产杂交水稻新组合京福1优527的选育及利用

京福1A系由福建省农业科学院水稻研究所以V20B为母本、D297B为父本杂交育成的新不育系.用它与恢复系蜀恢527配制而成的杂交稻组合京福1优527,具有大穗、高产、稳产等特性,2006年分别通过福建省品种审定委员会审定和国家品种审定委员会审定,具有较好的推广应用前景.     

高配合力水稻新恢复系南恢511的选育

南恢511是四川省南充市农科所用2个籼粳亚种间重穗型恢复系蜀恢881和蜀恢527杂交育成的水稻新恢复系,具有恢复谱广、恢复力强、配合力高、米质较好和综合性状优良等特点.2004年8月通过省级技术鉴定.所配组合阳鑫优1号(D702A/南恢511)、D优6511(D62A/南恢511)均于2005年4月通过四川省农作物品种审定.     

杂交中籼新组合阳鑫优1号高产制种技术

阳鑫优1号(D702A/南恢511)具有高产、适应性广等特点,2005年通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定。介绍了该组合亲本特征特性及其高产制种技术。     

抗稻瘟病水稻三系不育系蓉3A的选育与应用

蓉3A是成都市农林科学院作物研究所以金23B为母本、蓉18B为父本进行杂交,F3代选株与蓉18A测交,并经多代回交育成的籼稻三系不育系,具有不育性稳定、异交结实率高、配合力好、米质较优、抗稻瘟病等特点,2012年通过四川省技术鉴定。利用该不育系已育成蓉3优918、蓉3优533通过国家(长江上游)品种审定,育成蓉优3324、蓉3优304、蓉3优907通过四川省品种审定。     

抗稻瘟病水稻三系不育系千乡654A的选育及应用

千乡654A是四川省内江市农业科学院利用以地谷B为主体抗源所创制的中间材料04120B作父本与优质中间材料04073B杂交,F_2代选优良单株与珍汕97A测交并多代连续回交转育而成的籼稻三系不育系,具有高抗稻瘟病、米质较优、配合力强、繁殖产量高等特点。2015年通过四川省技术鉴定。所配组合千乡优677于2017年通过四川省品种审定;千乡优616、千优531分别于2017和2018年通过国家审定,米质达国标优质标准。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).