冷型小麦的表现特征及其和代谢功能的关联

冷型小麦是一种冠层温度持续偏低的小麦，于８０年代后期发现，此种类型小麦的叶片功能期较长，时间距较短，麦芒转黄速度较慢，上述表现特征和内部代谢功能有密不可分的关系，表明在蛋白质氮含量，气孔传导，蒸腾速率，过氧化氢酶活性，丙二醛含量和净光合率等方面均较优越，根据冠层温度和表现特征可较准确地识别具有良好代谢功能的冷型小麦材料。     

冷型小麦研究进展

通过多年来对小麦冠层温度和生物性状观测，结果发现自然界存在小麦温度分异现象，可将不同基因型小麦按冠层温度划分为冷型小麦、暖型小麦和中间型小麦等不同类群。这些类群的生物学性状有明显的差异，尤其在叶片输出功能、根系活力、叶绿素含量、蛋白质氮含量、丙二醛含量、蒸腾速率和净光合速率等方面有明显差异。冷型小麦在上述诸方面表现较优，即使在严重干旱和连绵阴雨等灾害性天气下也是如此。通过杂交试验表明，这些性状具有遗传性。     

高产稳产小麦株型的研究

以不同株型小麦品种及其杂交后代为材料，研究了小麦株型性状与高产稳产性能的关系以及高产稳产株型的生理基础，发现，穗幅（植株生长展开度），穗数、叶片生长开度（夹角及开张角）和穗长等株型性状与小麦品种生产能力呈正相关；这几个性状对品种的产量效应具有互补性和累加性；冠层展开型品种的高产稳产性能优于冠层紧挺型；冠层展开型品种具有前期生长快，后期衰退缓慢，全生育期光合势强及生物量大等特点。提出了半矮展开型作为     

小麦灌浆期绿叶数与冠层温度关系初探

通过对不同小麦品种灌浆期绿叶数和冠层温度的连续观测发现:小麦品种间冠层温度差异显著,可分成3种类型:即温度偏低型、中间型、温度偏高型;绿叶数和冠层温度之间关系密切,温度偏低型小麦的绿叶数无论是在乳熟前期还是在乳熟后期均多于暖温型小麦。     

基于冠层反射光谱的小麦白粉病严重度估测

明确小麦白粉病冠层光谱敏感波段并估算病情严重度,是大面积高空遥感监测小麦白粉病、实现精确防控的基础。采用人工诱发的大田、盆栽和病圃试验,测量不同生育时期对不同发病等级的小麦白粉病冠层光谱,并同步调查发病严重度。结果表明,可见光350~710 nm光谱反射率随病情加重呈上升趋势,580~710 nm为遥感监测白粉病的敏感波段,近红外波段光谱反射率在病害处理间变幅较大,且与病情严重度相关性较差。修正型病情指数较常规病情指数与对应光谱反射率的相关性显著提高。利用高光谱特征参数与白粉病严重度间的相关回归分析,红边宽度最适宜指示白粉病发生及发展态势,拟合精度(R²)为0.811,检验相对误差(RE)为17.7%,而mND705、SIPI、CTR2和TSAVI在相关分析中也表现相对较好(r>0.6),但由于试验间兼容性差, 不宜建立统一回归方程。以相对光谱指数ΔMSAVI和ΔmND705与白粉病严重度建立的模型决定系数较高(R²>0.76),RE分别为18.4%和19.4%,可较好反演冠层尺度病情严重度。可见,小麦白粉病冠层光谱特征明显,建立的病害反演模型精度高,对精确防控具有应用价值。     

冷型小麦及其生物学特征

通过多年来对小麦冠层温度和生物学性状的观测,结果发现：自然界存在小麦温度分异现象,即不同基因型小麦具有各不相同的体温并被划分为若干类群,这些类群的生物学性状有明显差异,尤其在叶片输出功能期、根系、叶绿素含量、蛋白质氮含量、丙二醛含量、蒸腾速率和净光合速率等方面。冷型小麦在上述诸方面表现较优。因而,冠     

不同新型肥料对小麦光合特性、冠层结构及产量的影响

为明确不同新型肥料的使用效果,为生产中合理选择肥料提供依据。以小麦品种烟农19为材料,在安徽省怀远县龙亢农场设置普通化肥、保持肥、活性增效肥、活性炭肥、活性素肥、土壤改良剂+习惯施肥和习惯施肥共7个不同肥料处理,研究对小麦冠层结构、光能截获率、旗叶光合特性和产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,新型肥料处理较习惯施肥处理产量提高了4.4%~10.2%,其中活性增效肥处理产量最高。与习惯施肥处理相比,不同新型肥料处理均提高了小麦生育后期旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率、冠层叶面积指数及光能截获率。综上,新型肥料具有增产增效的优势,尤其活性增效肥可作为小麦科学施肥的优选方案。     

抗旱小麦的冷温特征及其生理特性分析

选择抗旱与旱敏感两种类型的小麦品种,通过测定群体冠层温度、功能叶片净光合速率、叶片功能持续期以及超氧化物歧化酶活性、丙二醛含量等参数,研究了小麦品种的冷温特性及其与各参数间的关系。结果表明,在籽粒灌浆期间,抗旱小麦品种群体冠层温度持续偏低,它的叶片功能期、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、超氧化物歧化酶活性等性     

小麦冷源功能叶片的显微结构和气体交换特性

小麦冷源具有明显降低小麦体温的作用,是培育冷型小麦的优质种质资源。论文通过常规石蜡切片的方法观察比较了冷源、冷型小麦小偃6号和暖型小麦9430功能叶片的显微结构,并在灌浆结实期测定了功能叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,旨在揭示冷源功能叶片的结构和生理特性。结果表明,冷源旗叶叶片厚度分别比冷型小麦和暖型小麦高出19.3%和9.0%,倒二叶分别高出19.7%和5.7%,倒三叶分别高出37.2%和2.7%;冷源旗叶叶脉横截面积分别比冷型小麦和暖型小麦高出25.2%和37.7%,倒二叶分别高出5.9%和12.6%,倒三叶分别高出13.1%和33.3%;冷源旗叶、倒二叶和倒三叶中的叶脉间距分别比冷型小麦小偃6号同叶位功能叶片高出17.7%,2.0%和9.2%,分别比暖型小麦9430同叶位功能叶片低3.7%、6.8%和8.3%。随着籽粒灌浆的进行,冷源、冷型小麦和暖型小麦功能叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均呈下降趋势,但冷源和冷型小麦在灌浆前、中、后期均较暖型小麦高,功能叶片衰老缓慢,功能期较长。     

油桃‘沪油018’不同冠层部位结果情况的调查与相关性分析

对3年生油桃‘沪油018’开心形树冠的果实着生情况、着色情况、裂果情况和发病情况等进行调查,把冠层分为向阳面和背阴面各12个区域进行统计分析。结果表明：油桃冠层向阳面果实数和产量比背阴面多74.9%和68.2%,冠层垂直方向以上、中部结果为主,冠层水平方向以中部结果为主。背阴面的发病率较高,裂果指数和病情指数比向阳面分别增加24.7%和80.1%。冠层垂直方向着色指数、裂果率和裂果指数均以树冠顶部最高,冠层水平方向着色指数、裂果率、裂果指数和发病率均以外部最高。果实离地高度与病害度呈显著负相关,距中距离与裂果度呈显著正相关;单果重与着色度、裂果度均呈极显著正相关,裂果度与病害度也呈极显著正相关。在浙东沿海地区种植油桃‘沪油018’应注意改良树体结构、合理疏花疏果、加强夏季修剪和及时防治疮痂病等病虫害。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.