文登奶山羊的品种特征与管理要点

文登奶山羊是1979年从原西北农业大学引进的莎能奶山羊品种与本地奶山羊杂交,定向培育而成的山东省畜禽新品种,在生物学特性、生态学特点、产奶性能诸多方面都有独特生态进化优势,但在教科书中没有专题论证.本文全面介绍了其引种、定向培育方案及文登奶山羊的品种特征、特性和生产性能.     

浅析文登奶山羊产业发展存在问题及建议

文登奶山羊是山东省威海市文登区地方培育品种,获全国农产品地理标志保护。本文从威海市文登区奶山羊实际养殖情况出发,分析目前文登奶山羊产业发展存在的问题,提出促进文登奶山羊产业发展的意见建议。     

基于线粒体DNA D-loop区序列分析中国及新西兰奶山羊遗传进化关系

[目的]分析我国地方培育奶山羊品种与国外引进品种的遗传进化关系。[方法]以4个国内奶山羊品种（文登奶山羊、关中奶山羊、崂山奶山羊、雅安奶山羊）和3个新西兰引进奶山羊品种（阿尔卑斯奶山羊、吐根堡奶山羊、萨能奶山羊）为研究对象,采集33只个体的外周血样本,提取血液基因组DNA,利用PCR法扩增线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA）D-loop区全长序列,对测序获得的序列进行生物信息学分析,探究不同奶山羊品种的遗传多样性及进化关系。[结果]7个品种奶山羊的mtDNA D-loop区中A、T碱基含量高于G、C碱基含量。共检测到82个多态位点,25个单一多态位点,55个简约信息位点。各品种单倍型多样度（Hd）范围为0.905~1.000,核苷酸多样度（Pi）范围为0.001 51~0.013 32;共存在26种单倍型,文登奶山羊和萨能奶山羊各有5个单倍型,阿尔卑斯奶山羊有4个单倍型,崂山奶山羊、吐根堡奶山羊、关中奶山羊、雅安奶山羊各有3个单倍型;各品种核苷酸平均差异数（K_XY）范围为6.400 00~38.450 00,核苷酸歧异度（D_XY）范围为0.005 79~0.034 76,遗传分化系数（G_ST）范围为0.000 00~0.186 05,遗传分化指数（F_ST）范围为0.231 56~0.971 52。品种间系统发育树表明,文登奶山羊和崂山奶山羊聚为一支;关中奶山羊与3种新西兰奶山羊遗传距离较近,从遗传学角度证实了关中奶山羊由国外奶山羊与地方品种经杂交选育而成;雅安奶山羊与其他品种遗传距离最远。[结论]中国奶山羊存在2个支系起源且未发现群体扩张;中国培育奶山羊品种含有较多的国外奶山羊血统;文登奶山羊与崂山奶山羊亲缘关系较近,雅安奶山羊在遗传进化中可能存在地域隔离。     

奶山羊品种介绍

全世界有奶山羊品种和品种群５０多个，其中以瑞士的萨能、吐根堡，法国的阿尔卑等品种比较著名。我国自己培育的关中奶山羊、崂山奶山羊、唐山奶山羊、延边奶山羊等品种均是以萨能奶山羊为父本、当地土种奶山羊为母本进行级杂交而培育成功的。１萨能奶山羊我国的萨能奶山羊上个世纪三十年代初自美国输入，先饲养在河北定县，１９３７年秋引入西北农学院（现为西北农林科技大学）向全舍饲型奶山羊方向选育，经过西北农林科技大学６０多年严格地近亲选育和风土驯化，已形成体格高大、产奶量高、适应性广、遗传性强、改良地方品种效果十分显著…     

文登奶山羊的饲养管理

世界上奶山羊品种很多,其中以莎能羊较著名,文登奶山羊大多是莎能羊的杂交品种。以纯种莎能羊为父本,通过改良、选育等技术措施,进一步选优去劣,提纯复壮,育成了莎能羊文登高产群6万多只。1文登奶山羊的生理特点及生活习性奶山羊是反刍动物,具有4个胃,约占腹腔容积的3/4。其主要作用是能将饲料粗纤维分解成挥发性     

文登奶山羊的品种选育

文登奶山羊,是以萨能奶山羊为父本、文登市本地奶山羊为母本,采用级进杂交方法,应用横交固定、选种选配、开放式核心群选育等技术措施,经过20多年、5～6个世代培育而成的畜禽新品种.2009年8月14日,文登奶山羊通过了国家畜禽遗传资源委员会的审定.     

绥棱吐根堡奶山羊泌乳规律的探讨

绥棱县吐根堡奶山羊是我国优良品种。经过本品种的严格选育，已具有适应性强，产乳性能高，鲜乳营养成分丰富，乳质好，无膻味。在实施《吐根堡奶山羊品种选育及提高》的课题攻关项目中，对该羊的泌乳性能及规律进行探索，现报告如下：     

关中奶山羊部分繁殖性能的观测

关中奶山羊是陕西关中地区正在培育的奶山羊品种,现存栏70多万只,1978年以来已向全国28个省市推广30多万只。但关中奶山羊繁殖性能研究报道尚少。我们于1985—1986年,对关中奶山羊的部分繁殖性能进行了观测。现报告如下: 一、项目及方法     

奶山羊饲养管理几要点

1选择优良品种饲养奶山羊,品种选择很关键,只有选择一个好的品种,才可能产生好的经济效益。目前,奶山羊的饲养品种和种群有50多个,世界上比较著名的品种有瑞士的萨能奶山羊、吐根堡奶山羊,法国的阿尔卑奶山羊、德国的改森奶山羊及我国的西农萨能奶山羊、关中奶山羊、崂山奶山羊     

萨能奶山羊风土驯化观察

本文就1986年由甘肃农业大学引入贵州牧草种籽繁殖场的53只英国萨能奶山羊的生理指标、生长发育、泌乳性能、抗病力等指标进行观察测定,从而掌握了萨能奶山羊在贵州放牧饲养条件下的一系列性能数据指标.并与甘农大舍饲的萨能奶山羊进行同期比较分析,证明奶山羊能适应贵州自然生态条件的,并能发挥较好的生产性能,同时还发现在我省饲养的奶山羊具有明显的早熟特性。     

奶山羊的繁育与管理技术要点

奶山羊养殖是农村最广泛的一项养殖项目。我国现养殖的奶山羊品种主要是莎能奶山羊与本地山羊杂交培育的后代。种羊选择要根据当地的品种资源、区域性优势及价格,灵活实施。根据养殖需要合理饲养种公羊、母羊和羔羊。母羊要选择有明显乳用家畜的楔形体型,发育状况良好、体格强健、健康无病、外貌匀称,且乳房容积大、外形好看、产奶量高的优良个体。种公羊要选择品种优良、体质健壮、发育良好、反应灵敏、精力充沛、食欲旺盛、健康无病、雄性特征明显的优良个体。加强奶山羊的繁育管理,注意观察母羊的发情表现,做好发情鉴定,及时配种。注意做好母羊的妊娠管理、分娩接产和护理工作。     

自贡黑山羊品种选育报告

通过对自贡黑山羊4年的品种选育,建立了核心群、基础群和扩繁群三级繁育体系。选育结果表明自贡黑山羊外貌特征一致,具有优良的生产性能,早期生长快、产肉力高、性成熟早、繁殖力高;性能测定表明自贡黑山羊能将典型的优良性状稳定地遗传给后代。通过PCR—RELP技术对自贡黑山羊GOLA—DRB3基因(山羊主要组织相容性复合体)多态性的研究,表明自贡黑山羊GOLA—DRB3基因第二外显子具有独特的遗传特性,与金堂黑山羊、乐至黑山羊、成都麻羊的亲缘关系远．是一个独立的品种类群。     

沂蒙黑山羊种质资源现状及保护开发对策

沂蒙黑山羊是优良的肉皮绒兼用地方山羊品种,以其耐粗饲、抗病力强、适应性好和肉鲜味美而著称。论文对沂蒙黑山羊品种来源、品种特征、养殖现状、发展不利因素进行了剖析,在此基础上提出了促进沂蒙黑山羊保护和开发利用的对策。     

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 戴云山羊是福建省优良的地方品种,由于近年来忽视了选育保种工作,群体数量逐渐减少,有濒临灭绝的危险。通过建立戴云山羊品种保护区,建立保种群和选育核心群,培育戴云山羊肉用新品系,加强高新技术在保种工作中的应用,组织开展商品肉羊生产,提高肉羊开发利用水平,树立戴云山黑羊品牌等措施进行戴云山羊的资源保护和开发利用。     

Perceptions of households on purpose of keeping,trait preference,and production constraints for selected goat types in Ethiopia

A study was carried out to understand the needs and perception of goat keepers in selected areas of Ethiopia in order to identify the breeding objectives, traits of preference, and production constraints that may be required in designing improvement programs. The study was conducted in three districts (Bati, Meta, and Kebri-Beyah) representing the lowland crop–livestock (LLCL), highland cereal–livestock (HLCL), and pastoral/agropastoral (P/AP) systems, respectively. The study targeted the three goat types (Bati, Hararghe Highland, and Short-eared Somali) found in Ethiopia. Households in all systems considered meat production, milk production, and income generation as major purpose of keeping goats. However, those in the low rainfall and arid environments of P/AP systems gave high ranking to adaptability to harsh environments and also to building social and religious values. In LLCL and HLCL systems, goat skin and manure were more valued than in P/AP systems. Principally, in P/AP systems, the awareness of households to skin utilization and marketing was very low. Despite diverse multiple breeding objectives identified, household breeding practices were affected by constraints related to disease prevalence, feed shortage and water scarcity, and lack of awareness on skin management, utilization, and marketing. Thus, designing and implementing of sustainable goat improvement programs is an overriding priority and should take into account the breeding objectives and knowledge of goat keepers in all production systems. Along with the breed improvement, a strategy should also be devised to enhance the utilization and marketing of goat skin at all levels of production.     

内蒙古三河牛培育历程及进展

内蒙古三河牛是我国自主培育的乳肉兼用型品种,它是呼伦贝尔各族人民一百多年来辛勤劳动的结晶。从1986年育成以来,三河牛以核心家系选育的方式延续严格的保种制度,在呼伦贝尔草原严酷环境中保持良好的生产性能和繁殖力。虽然在近20年不断受到荷斯坦牛等高产品种的挑战,但对当地气候的高度适应性和良好的兼用性让三河牛始终立于不败之地。"十一五"以来,三河牛选育进一步得到国家重视,在原有品种登记和性能测定系统的基础上,修定并发布了新的三河牛品种国家标准,建立了三河牛育种信息数据库,引入奶牛DHI测定体系,强调兼用性的育种目标,吸收国外兼用型品种高水平遗传种质,采用开放式核心群育种体系,不断取得各方面进展。现简述三河牛培育历程,并总结目前的各项进展,与业界同仁分享。     

Smallholder goat breeding and flock management practices in the central rift valley of Ethiopia

The study was conducted in the central rift valley of Ethiopia to define Arsi-Bale goat keepers’ breeding objectives and breeding practices and to describe flock management practices and rate of inbreeding in Arsi-Bale goat population. Two-stage sampling techniques were employed to select study sites and 202 respondents. Semistructured questionnaire and group discussion were used to collect the required information. Data were analyzed using statistical package for social science. Rate of inbreeding in the population and indices were also calculated. On average, each respondent holds around 12 goats in which 30.7, 66.6 and 2.7% were males, females and castrates, respectively. The most important purpose of goat production in the study area was for milk utilization. Farmers have multiple breeding objectives and they considered both subjective and objective selection criteria with slightly more emphasis on morphological characteristics for buck selection than replacement doe selection. Only 39.1% (n = 79) of respondents have their own breeding bucks. None of the respondents practiced controlled mating. Average rate of inbreeding in the population was around 0.20. Arsi-Bale goats are found to be adaptive to the prevailing condition. Therefore, any breed improvement strategy to be designed or implemented in the study area and other similar areas should consider important traditional breeding practices.     

Genetic characterization of a small closed island population of Norwegian coastal goat

ABSTRACT

The Norwegian coastal goat is a national and endangered breed. Coastal goat populations are mainly divided with a large mainland and two small island populations. The objective of this study is to describe genetic diversity in the feral Skorpa island population and its relationship to the mainland coastal goat population (Selje) using the Norwegian milk goat population as a reference. Analyses were based on 96 samples genotyped by the CaprineSNP50 Beadchip from three populations; 7 Skorpa (SK), 37 Selje (SE) and 52 Norwegian milk goats (MG). The SK population had significantly less genetic variation and higher levels of inbreeding than the two other populations. It was more distant from the two mainland populations than they were from each other. The marginal contribution of the SK population to genetic diversity was small. Means of introducing genetic diversity into the SK population should be considered if the population is prioritized for conservation.     

绵、山羊生产科技支撑现状与未来需求技术研究分析

发展绵、山羊生产是畜牧业生产结构调整的重点环节，是节粮型畜牧业发展的主要方向之一，有很大的发展潜力。作者简要介绍了中国养羊生产中主要的绵、山羊品种资源、选育技术和饲养方式等科技支撑现状，并对目前养羊生产的限制因素作了简要分析，阐述了今后绵、山羊生产的进一步发展对育种、繁殖、饲料加工与调制、疫病防治等技术的需求。     

奶山羊产奶性状相关基因的筛选与功能研究进展

奶山羊作为乳用品种的山羊,因其具有奶质优良、产奶性能稳定、乳汁营养丰富等特点,逐渐成为畜牧业发展的一大亮点。经过多年的选种选育,我国现已拥有了多个地方奶山羊品种。随着分子育种技术的发展,对于奶山羊产奶性状相关基因的研究越来越多。对奶山羊产奶性状相关基因的研究进展进行综述,以期为奶山羊优秀基因资源的研究、保护和利用提供理论依据。