兽用非甾体抗炎药的应用现状

动物疼痛和炎症可影响其健康状况、养殖场经济效益等,预防和治疗动物疼痛、炎症具有重要意义。非甾体抗炎药可以减少动物疼痛和炎症的发生。近几年对非甾体抗炎药在动物中的应用研究越来越多,同时非甾体抗炎药的一些新功能被发现。论文对兽医常用非甾体抗炎药物的应用研究进展做一综述,以期为非甾体抗炎药在动物中的合理使用以及进一步研究提供参考。     

吲哚美辛研究概况及其在动物上的应用

吲哚美辛作为评价非甾体抗炎药的标准药物,广泛用于人医临床,但在兽医临床上应用较少。本文从吲哚美辛的药理作用、临床应用和制剂研究进展等方面进行阐述,并结合本课题组的研究探究了吲哚美辛在兽医临床上的应用前景。     

非甾体抗炎药物研究进展

非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)包括传统的非甾体类抗炎药(COX-1抑制剂)和非传统的非甾体类抗炎药(COX-2抑制剂).论文分析了国内外市场状况,并指出临床应用所存在的问题.介绍了常用非甾体抗炎药的作用机制,总结了常用抗炎药不良反应,提出了应用时应注意的事项.     

非甾体抗炎药的研究进展

传统非甾体抗炎药对环氧化酶的选择性较差,副作用明显,临床应用受限.近年来,一些疗效好、副作用低的新型非甾体抗炎药相继问世,应用于临床.本文主要综述了选择性COX-2抑制剂、一氧化氮释放型非甾体抗炎药以及选择性5-LOX/COX-2双重抑制剂三类非甾体抗炎药中的代表药物的研究进展.     

非甾体类抗炎药前处理及检测方法研究进展

非甾体类抗炎药是目前兽医临床中使用最为广泛的一类药物，但此类药物在动物源性食品中的残留对人类的健康造成严重威胁。通过综述国内外非甾体类抗炎药在动物源性食品中的前处理方法和检测方法的研究现状，总结不同前处理方法的优缺点以及多种检测方法的灵敏度和准确性，对非甾体类药物的残留检测发展趋势进行展望，旨在为今后的检测方法开发提供参考。     

宠物犬、猫的疼痛问题与疼痛管理

疼痛是宠物犬、猫的一个常见多发的问题,许多原因都可以引起疼痛,给宠物犬、猫造成很大的痛苦。近几年来,宠物犬、猫的疼痛问题与疼痛管理日益受到国内外兽医界的重视,已经成为兽医必须面对的一个重要课题,而我国对宠物犬、猫疼痛问题的研究还很不够。本文主要根据国外最近发表的一些相关资料编译,可供我国兽医和宠物饲养者参考。     

氟尼辛葡甲铵——动物专用的解热镇痛消炎药

介绍了动物专用非甾体类抗炎药———氟尼辛葡甲铵的研究应用现状,包括其结构性状、药效学、药动学、毒副作用、临床应用及与其他非甾体类抗炎药比较等内容。     

难产对奶牛的危害及产后疼痛的识别和缓解

分娩对奶牛来说是一个强烈的应激原,而强烈的疼痛是分娩应激的核心原因。难产会加重奶牛在产犊过程中的疼痛,并可能会导致产后持续和慢性疼痛。本文总结了难产对奶牛福利和生产性能的影响,奶牛疼痛的识别和评估指标以及非甾体抗炎药在缓解奶牛分娩疼痛中的应用和研究进展,以期为制定并实施及时有效缓解奶牛产后疼痛的措施提供参考。     

抗炎药物及作用机理最新研究进展

抗炎药主要包括非甾体类抗炎药、甾体类抗炎药和中药。由于传统的抗炎药选择性较差,副作用明显,临床应用受到很大限制。近年来,随着人们对炎症机制认识的不断深入及分子生物学技术的广泛应用,一些疗效好、副作用小的新型抗炎药相继问世,应用于临床。作者主要对上述3种抗炎药物及其作用机理在近几年来的研究进展作一探讨分析。     

解热镇痛药的发展概况

解热镇痛类药物包括传统的非甾体类抗炎药(COX-1抑制剂)、非传统的非甾体类抗炎药(COX-2抑制剂和一氧化氮释放型NSAIDs)。文章分析其国内外市场状况,并指出临床应用所存在的问题。总结了常用解热镇痛药的不良反应,提出了应用时应注意的事项。预计在今后的一段时期内,研究COX-2选择性抑制剂,发现新结构类型的高活性化合物仍是主攻方向,而且开发NO-NSAIDs也会成为降低NSAIDs的不良反应,增加其疗效的途径之一。     

Current British veterinary attitudes to perioperative analgesia for dogs.

In March 1996, a questionnaire was sent to 2000 veterinary surgeons, primarily involved in small animal practice, to assess their attitudes to perioperative analgesic therapy in dogs, cats and other small mammals. This paper is concerned only with the data relating to dogs. The veterinary surgeons considered that pain was a consequence of all the surgical procedures specified, but there were differences in their treatment of pain. Some veterinarians considered that a degree of pain was necessary postoperatively to prevent excessive activity. In general, women and more recent graduates assigned higher pain scores to the procedures and were more likely to treat the pain with analgesics. A significant number of veterinarians consider the use of opiates or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs before surgical procedures, but relatively few appear to use combinations of different classes of analgesics either before or after operations.     

Clinical pain management techniques for cats

Although pain management is an emerging and popular topic in veterinary medicine, use of analgesics in cats has received little attention relative to their canine counterparts. Some of the difficulty lies in assessment of whether or not a cat is in pain. Simple observation of a cat in a cage relies upon overt expression of pain, and is often inaccurate. Pain scales have been developed that allow a semiquantitative evaluation of the degree of pain an animal may be experiencing. However, treating pain based upon observation of the painful state is less effective than anticipating and preemptively treating pain. This article reviews specific methods for preemptively treating and alleviating pain in the cat. The traditional approach to pain management involves drug administration. Specific categories of agents used in cats include opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, or alpha-2 agonists. Other modalities of pain management, which are also reviewed, include use of local anesthetic drugs for local and regional analgesia, as well as acupuncture.     

Current attitudes to,and use of,peri-operative analgesia in dogs and cats by veterinarians in New Zealand

AIM: To investigate the attitudes of veterinary practitioners in New Zealand to pain and analgesia, and their use of analgesic drugs, in dogs and cats.

METHODS: A questionnaire posted to 1,200 practising veterinarians was used to gather information about the use of analgesia in dogs and cats, assessment of pain, attitudes to pain relief, analgesic drugs and procedures used, factors affecting choice of analgesic agent, and veterinary demographics, continuing education and staffing.

RESULTS: Three hundred and twenty questionnaires with useable data were returned, a response rate of 28%. Male and female veterinarians were evenly represented. The analgesic agents most commonly used were morphine (opioids) and carprofen (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; NSAID). Use of peri-operative pain relief ranged from 50% for castration of cats to 91% for fracture repair in dogs. For most procedures, female veterinarians scored pain at a significantly higher level than their male colleagues. Fifty-eight percent of respondents considered their knowledge in the area of assessment and treatment of pain was adequate.

CONCLUSIONS: This survey was considered representative of veterinarians working in companion animal practice in New Zealand. Results indicated a relatively high use of peri-operative analgesia, including both pre-emptive and multi-modal analge- sia, in cats and dogs, although there was still some disparity between the perception of how painful a procedure was and the consequent use of pain relief.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The establishment of current attitudes and practices indicates to practising veterinarians how their own use of analgesics compares with that of their colleagues. It also provides information to educators on potential areas of focus, given that 42% of respondents felt their knowledge in the area of assessment and treatment of pain was inadequate.     

Current attitudes to, and use of, peri-operative analgesia in dogs and cats by veterinarians in New Zealand

AIM: To investigate the attitudes of veterinary practitioners in New Zealand to pain and analgesia, and their use of analgesic drugs, in dogs and cats. METHODS: A questionnaire posted to 1,200 practising veterinarians was used to gather information about the use of analgesia in dogs and cats, assessment of pain, attitudes to pain relief, analgesic drugs and procedures used, factors affecting choice of analgesic agent, and veterinary demographics, continuing education and staffing. RESULTS: Three hundred and twenty questionnaires with useable data were returned, a response rate of 28%. Male and female veterinarians were evenly represented. The analgesic agents most commonly used were morphine (opioids) and carprofen (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; NSAID). Use of peri-operative pain relief ranged from 50% for castration of cats to 91% for fracture repair in dogs. For most procedures, female veterinarians scored pain at a significantly higher level than their male colleagues. Fifty-eight percent of respondents considered their knowledge in the area of assessment and treatment of pain was adequate. CONCLUSIONS: This survey was considered representative of veterinarians working in companion animal practice in New Zealand. Results indicated a relatively high use of peri-operative analgesia, including both pre-emptive and multi-modal analgesia, in cats and dogs, although there was still some disparity between the perception of how painful a procedure was and the consequent use of pain relief. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The establishment of current attitudes and practices indicates to practising veterinarians how their own use of analgesics compares with that of their colleagues. It also provides information to educators on potential areas of focus, given that 42% of respondents felt their knowledge in the area of assessment and treatment of pain was inadequate.     

Assessment and management of acute pain in cats

Abstract: Cats are popular pets, but until recently, their peri-operative and traumatic pain had been seriously underestimated and under-treated. The lack of treatment stems from difficulty in recognizing pain, lack of licensed analgesic drugs, fear of toxic side effects, and lack of information specific to cats. Fortunately, in the last decade, many advances have been made in feline analgesia. It is now obvious that because of the cat's unique metabolism, species-specific studies are essential. Opioids are the mainstay of any analgesic protocol for acute pain and can be used with few side effects. Other drugs that can be utilized include the α₂-agonists, local anesthetics, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain assessment in cats is challenging and developing, and validating pain scoring systems remains an important goal. The information in this article will help the critical care and emergency clinician formulate a safe and effective analgesic plan for feline patients.     

Attitudes and concerns of French veterinarians towards pain and analgesia in dogs and cats

OBJECTIVE: To compare the attitudes of French veterinarians to pain, and their provision of analgesia to animals, with that reported from other countries. STUDY DESIGN: Epidemiological study. METHODS: In June 1999, 379 French veterinarians were surveyed to ascertain their views on pain evaluation and control in dogs and cats, and their use of analgesics in daily practice. Survey results are expressed as a percentage of responses. RESULTS: The questionnaire was returned by 189 veterinarians (49.9%). The response rate was influenced by age (younger veterinarians were more likely to respond) but not gender. A majority (99.5%) expressed moderate to extreme concern over pain in their patients. Pain evaluation was based on the animal's attitude (88.3% dogs, 82.5% cats), interaction with the caregiver, response to palpation of the painful area (66.5% dogs, 62.7% cats) and inappetence (29.3% dogs, 46.3% cats, p < 0.001). Only 14.3% of respondents considered their knowledge of pain recognition to be inadequate. Many (58.8%) considered their methods of pain quantification and control (47% dogs, 59% cats) to be inadequate. Difficulties in recognizing pain (58.3%), a lack of knowledge in the appropriate use of analgesics (41.7%) and fear of drug side effects (30%) were used to explain inadequate provision of analgesia. Only 16.1 and 8.1% used opioids in dogs and cats, respectively. This low level of use resulted from the imposition of French narcotic legislation (79.9%) and lack of knowledge of opioid pharmacology (73.7%). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and glucocorticoids were the most commonly used analgesics in both species (100% (dogs) and 96.7% (cats)). The most popular NSAID used in France was tolfenamic acid, followed by meloxicam (dogs), ketoprofen, nimesulide (cats) and carprofen (dogs). The type of surgery performed influenced the use of analgesics, from 17.2% for castration to 83.7% for orthopaedic procedures. Nonsurgical conditions believed to warrant analgesia included osteoarthritis (97.8%), trauma (97.3%) and bone neoplasia (93.4%). Female veterinarians were more likely than males to evaluate pain and provide analgesia. CONCLUSION: French practitioners demonstrate a level of interest in analgesia, which appears to be at least equivalent to that reported from English-speaking countries. The signs used to indicate the presence of pain do not, in general, appear to differ. Excessive confidence in their ability to recognize pain (despite a general ignorance of the subject), the minor role of animal health technicians in pain management and misconceptions about analgesics (mainly opioids) are French pecularities.     

Osteoarthritis in the cat: 2. how should it be managed and treated?

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Osteoarthritis (OA) is very common in the cat and in many cases is associated with significant long-term pain, which limits mobility and activity, and severely compromises the animal's quality of life. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: The treatment of chronic arthritic pain is a major challenge and many analgesic drugs used in other species are not licensed, not available or not tested for use in the cat. Many older cats with painful OA have some degree of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and many clinicians are reluctant to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in these animals because of the potential for nephrotoxicity. EVIDENCE BASE: There are several publications that show that meloxicam is an effective NSAID for the cat and can be used long-term. It is easy to administer and there is published evidence that meloxicam can actually slow the progression of CKD in this species. Many other drugs are used to treat chronic pain in the cat but there is no documented evidence of their efficacy in OA. Unlike the dog, there is limited evidence for the effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acid-rich diets in managing feline OA and further work is required. There is no published data as yet for the usefulness or otherwise of nutraceuticals (glucosamine and chondroitin) in managing feline OA; studies in the authors' clinic suggest some pain-relieving effect. Research into environmental enrichment as a way of improving quality of life in cats with painful OA is lacking, but it is an approach worth using where possible. Modifications to the environment (eg, provision of comfortable bedding and ramps) are also important.