中草药对乌骨鸡黑色素沉积的影响

本文对乌骨鸡黑色素的分类、理化性质、生物学功能、生成过程及其在体内的分布与沉积规律进行了综述,并概述了中草药对酪氨酸酶及黑色素形成的影响,提出通过使用中草药促进鸟骨鸡黑色素的沉积,从而达到提高其药用价值和营养价值的目的.     

乌骨鸡黑色素沉积机理及相关候选基因

乌骨鸡的乌色度与其营养特性和药用价值密切相关,是乌骨鸡重要的经济性状之一。乌骨鸡乌色度受机体黑色素沉积影响。本文对黑色素发生、沉积机理进行较为全面的综述,并讨论了影响乌骨鸡黑色素沉积的候选基因,旨在增进对乌骨鸡黑色素性状及相关分子选育的理解和研究。     

浅谈氨基酸对乌骨鸡黑色素沉积的影响

乌骨鸡是一种可食药两用的珍稀家禽品种。自古以来,乌骨鸡的药用价值就有所体现,一般用作药材或者补品。随着人们对乌骨鸡的深入研究,发现乌骨鸡黑色素有抗氧化,抗疲劳等多种活性,它的沉积受等多种因素影响。本文就氨基酸对乌骨鸡黑色素沉积的影响做简要概述。     

乌骨鸡黑色素合成、转运及分布机制的研究进展

黑色素是有机体内重要的复合物质,既是生物色彩多样的直接原因,也在抵抗紫外线、抗氧化以及动物群体间的信息交流等许多关键的生物过程中扮演重要角色。而在禽类中,由于黑色素的过度沉积形成一类特别的鸡种——乌骨鸡,乌骨鸡是一种药食两用而兼具美观的独特鸡种,因其独特外观与营养价值高深受消费者青睐。乌骨鸡间的乌度存在差异,这与它全身各组织器官的黑色素沉积程度相关,但是对于黑色素在乌骨鸡体内沉积存在差异的原因尚不清楚,多认为是环境因素与遗传因素共同作用所致。文章在分析近年来各类黑色素合成、转运及分布机制的相关研究基础上,尝试对乌骨鸡体内黑色素合成并在各组织器官沉积的整个过程进行综述,以期为今后解释乌骨鸡的成因提供参考。     

中草药饲料添加剂对乌骨鸡生产性能与黑色素含量的影响

本研究通过在基础饲料中添加三种不同中草药饲料添加剂来激活乌骨鸡酪氨酸酶的活力促进黑色素的合成,从而探讨利用中草药饲料添加剂来提高乌骨鸡药用价值和营养价值的可行性。选用1日龄泰和乌骨鸡180只,随机分成4个处理组,每组设三个重复,每个重复15只鸡,对照组饲喂基础日粮,其余3组分别饲喂添加0.5%以黑芝麻为主要成分的复方中草药添加剂(I中药Ⅰ组)0.5%以血余炭为主要成分的复方中草药添加剂Ⅱ(中药Ⅱ组)和0.5%以何首乌为主要成分的复方中草药添加剂Ⅲ(中药Ⅲ组)的日粮,饲养至12周龄,每4周测定各试验组乌骨鸡的生产性能、肌肉当中的黑色素含量与酪氨酸酶活力。试验结果表明,不同的中草药饲料添加剂(0.5%添加水平)可不同程度地提高泰和乌骨鸡肌肉中的酪氨酸酶活力从而促进其黑色素的合成。     

云南地区乌骨绵羊黑色素的初步研究

对7只兰坪乌骨绵羊、4只本地绵羊(非乌骨绵羊)和2羽乌骨鸡组织器官黑色素进行了测定,结果表明:乌骨绵羊黑色素与乌骨鸡黑色素的IR光谱基本一致,黑色物质主要是真黑色素;乌骨绵羊各组织器官中的黑色素含量高于本地绵羊;黑色素在乌骨绵羊组织器官中的沉积表现出明显的时(年龄)空(组织器官)差异,即随着年龄的增加,组织器官中的黑色素含量也随之增加;各组织器官中黑色素含量高低顺序为肝脏>气管、心脏、肾脏>脾脏、肺>舌、肌肉、皮肤>骨骼,与乌骨鸡的沉积模式有所不同;乌骨绵羊组织器官中黑色素含量与绵羊的毛色有关,黑毛绵羊组织器官黑色素含量高于花毛绵羊。     

乌骨鸡黑色素的研究进展

对乌骨鸡黑色素的分类、生物合成机制、分析方法、结构、理化性质和功能 ,黑色素的分布、沉积与选育的关系进行了详细的阐述。     

赤水乌骨鸡黑色素沉积规律研究

为了解赤水乌骨鸡黑色素沉积规律,试验选择同批出壳健康赤水乌骨鸡雏鸡300只,相同条件下饲养,每隔2周利用比色法按照0~9级标准肉眼观察皮肤、心脏、肺脏、骨膜等16个器官组织部位的黑度,同时利用酶提取黑色素,通过分光光度计测定其胸肌、腿肌、皮肤中黑色素的含量,采用比色法进行比较。结果表明:爪、喙、骨膜黑色素沉积最多,腿肌和皮肤次之,沉积量随年龄增长逐渐减少,气管、肺脏、嗉囊、腺胃、肌胃、睾丸、卵巢黑色素沉积较少,沉积量逐渐增加。皮肤中黑色素含量显著高于胸肌、腿肌(P0.05),且皮肤、胸肌、腿肌中黑色素含量随年龄增长呈递减趋势。     

乌质畜禽黑色素相关信号因子的研究进展

乌骨畜禽由于其高含量黑色素沉积,具有极高的研究价值和经济价值,然而黑色素的形成过程错综复杂,导致黑色素致黑基因的研究仍处于探究阶段。本文主要对黑色素在兰坪乌骨绵羊与乌骨鸡的研究、黑色素的合成和沉积以及传递机理进行综述,旨在为乌质资源的开发利用提供理论依据。     

乌鸡黑色素的提取和测定及黑色素过度沉积相关基因的研究进展

乌骨鸡具有极高的药用价值、营养价值和观赏价值,而这些价值的物质基础主要是黑色素。本文就乌鸡黑色素的提取、测定方法及其及过度沉积相关基因等方面的研究进展进行了阐述。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …