维生素A、E对肉鸡骨骼钙、磷代谢的影响

试验选用1日龄健康艾维茵肉鸡384只称重后随机分为16个处理组,每个处理组设3个重复,每个重复8只,试验期为6周,采用4×4(VA×VE)完全随机试验设计,研究了日粮中添加不同水平维生素A(1 500、3 000、15 000和45 000 IU/kg)和维生素E(5、15、150和1 500 IU/kg)对肉鸡骨骼钙磷代谢的影响。结果表明,随日粮维生素A水平的增加,肉鸡的胫骨钙浓度呈显著一次线性降低(P<0.05),血清AKP活性与胫骨磷浓度呈一次线性降低趋势(P<0.10),而且45 000 IU/kg维生素A组的肉鸡血清AKP活性、胫骨的灰分与钙含量均显著降低(P<0.05),胫骨矿化度趋于降低(P<0.10)1;5 000 IU/kg维生素A组的上述各项指标均呈不同程度地降低。随日粮维生素E水平增加,血清钙含量与胫骨矿化度呈显著一次线性增加(P<0.05),胫骨钙含量呈显著的一元二次增加(P<0.05);而且1 500 IU/kg维生素E组的肉鸡胫骨矿化度有显著的增加趋势(P<0.10)。日粮维生素A水平在1 500～45 000 IU/kg范围内,维生素E水平在5～1 500 IU/kg范围内,维生素A、E在肉鸡的钙、磷代谢方面均无明显的互作效应存在。过量的维生素A对肉鸡钙、磷代谢有显著的负面影响,日粮维生素A水平为45 000 IU/kg时,提示肉鸡维生素A过量;日粮维生素A水平为15 000 IU/kg时,提示肉鸡维生素A临界过量。日粮中添加较高剂量的维生素E(1 500 IU/kg),可引起肉鸡骨骼强度呈增加趋势,对肉鸡的钙、磷代谢有一定的促进效果。     

过量维生素A对肉仔鸡生长性能及组织维生素A、E代谢的影响

采用完全随机试验设计,将192只1日龄健康从雄性肉仔鸡称重后随机分为4个处理组,每处理组6个重复,每个重复8只.在基础日粮中分别添加1 500、3000、15000和45000 IU/kg的VA构成试验日粮,试验期6周.试验结果表明:日粮VA水平对肉鸡生长有显著的影响,日粮VA为15000～45000 IU/kg时,引起肉鸡生长后期的生长速度显著下降(P=0.010);日粮VA水平为15000 IU/kg以上时,引起肝脏、肾脏组织中VA含量显著上升(P=0.000;P=-0.000),而血清、肝脏与肾脏VE,含量均显著降低(P=0.000;P=0.000).从肉仔鸡生长性能以及VA、VE代谢角度综合考虑,日粮VA为15 000 IU/kg时,肉鸡VA临界过量;日粮VA为45 000 IU/kg时,肉鸡VA过量.     

维生素A、D对肉鸡钙、磷代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究维生素A、D对肉鸡钙、磷代谢的影响。采用4×4完全随机试验设计,将384只8日龄健康艾维茵雄性肉鸡称重后随机分为16个处理组,每个处理组设3个重复,每个重复8只。其中,VA设4个添加水平,分别为1500、3000、15000和45000IU/kg日粮;VD设4个添加水平,分别为500、1250、2500和5000IU/kg日粮,共构成16个处理组的试验日粮。结果表明:日粮VA水平对肉鸡钙、磷代谢有显著的影响,日粮VA为45000IU/kg时,肉鸡胫骨灰分含量、胫骨矿化度及血清AKP活性相对于1500、3000IU/kgVA组显著下降(P<0.01或P<0.05),胫骨磷含量显著增加(P<0.05),胫骨钙含量趋于增加(P>0.05);日粮VA水平为15000IU/kg时,胫骨钙含量、血清AKP活性有降低的趋势,胫骨磷含量趋升高。日粮VD水平在500～5000IU/kg范围内,对肉鸡的胫骨灰分含量、胫骨钙、磷含量、胫骨矿化度及血清AKP活性无显著影响(P>0.05),但随着VD添加剂量的增加,血清钙、磷含量呈一次线性增加,胫骨钙含量呈二次曲线上升趋势。日粮VA为15000IU/kg时,肉鸡VA临界过量;日粮VA为45000IU/kg时,肉鸡VA过量。日粮VD水平在500～5000IU/kg范围内,对肉鸡的钙、磷代谢无显著影响。     

维生素A、D及其相互作用对肉仔鸡生长性能及组织维生素A、E浓度的影响

本试验旨在研究维生素A、D及其相互作用对肉仔鸡生长及组织维生素A、E浓度的影响。试验采用4×4完全随机试验设计,将384只8日龄健康艾维茵雄性肉仔鸡称重后随机分为16个处理组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复8只。其中,VA设4个添加水平,分别为1500、3000、15000和45000 IU/kg日粮;VD设4个添加水平,分别为500、1 250、2500和5000 IU/kg日粮,共构成16个处理组。结果表明,日粮VA水平为3000 IU/kg时,血清VA浓度趋于稳定,生长速度最快;日粮VA水平为45000 IU/kg时,肝脏、肾脏VA浓度显著升高,VE浓度显著下降,生长速度有明显下降的趋势;日粮VA水平为15000 IU/kg时,肝脏、肾脏VA浓度显著上升,同时对VE产生明显的拮抗作用,引起血清、肾脏的VE浓度显著下降;日粮VA水平为1 500 IU/kg时,血清、肝脏、肾脏VA浓度及生长速度均呈明显的降低趋势。日粮VD水平在500~5000 IU/kg内增加,对肉仔鸡生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。日粮VA为15000 IU/kg时,肉仔鸡VA有过量的可能;日粮VA为45000 IU/kg时,肉仔鸡VA过量;日粮VA为1500 IU/kg时,肉仔鸡VA有临界缺乏的可能。日粮VA与VD在对血清、肝脏VA浓度的影响方面存在一定互作效应,主要表现在高剂量VD对过量VA有一定拮抗作用。     

维生素A对肉鸡生长性能、免疫及抗氧化功能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平维生素A对肉鸡生长性能、免疫及抗氧化功能的影响。采用单因子完全随机试验设计,选用1日龄健康爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡240只(公母各占1/2),随机分为5个组(在玉米-豆粕型饲粮中分别添加3 000、6 000、15 000、30 000和45 000 IU/kg维生素A),每个组6个重复,每个重复8只鸡,试验期42 d。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加不同水平维生素A对22~42日龄肉鸡的平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)及1~42日龄肉鸡的ADFI均有显著影响(P<0.05),对22~42日龄肉鸡的料重比(F/G)的影响有显著的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10),且22~42日龄和1~42日龄肉鸡的ADFI以及1~42日龄肉鸡的F/G随饲粮维生素A添加水平的增加均呈线性升高(P<0.05或0.05≤P<0.10),3 000 IU/kg组肉鸡增重效果较差,6 000和15 000 IU/kg组肉鸡增重高且F/G低,30 000和45 000 IU/kg组肉鸡ADFI较高、F/G不同程度升高。2)饲粮添加不同水平维生素A对21日龄血清白细胞介素-1(IL-1)和42日龄血清IL-1、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量有显著影响(P<0.05),对42日龄血清白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量的影响有显著的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10),其中3 000、6 000和45 000 IU/kg组血清免疫因子含量较低,15 000 IU/kg组较高。3)饲粮添加不同水平维生素A对21日龄血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和42日龄血清GSH-Px、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性有显著影响(P<0.05),且21日龄血清丙二醛(M DA)含量随饲粮维生素A添加水平的增加呈线性升高趋势(0.05≤P<0.10),42日龄血清MDA含量、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性随饲粮维生素A添加水平的增加分别呈显著的一次线性和二次曲线升高(P<0.05),其中45 000 IU/kg组血清MDA含量较高且T-SOD活性较低。综上,本试验条件下添加6 000和15 000 IU/kg的维生素A可使肉鸡获得较好的生长性能,且15 000 IU/kg维生素A可满足肉鸡免疫和抗氧化需要,而添加水平增至30 000和45 000 IU/kg时肉鸡生长性能和免疫抗氧化机能均有降低趋势。     

维生素A、D对肉鸡钙磷代谢相关激素水平的影响

试验旨在研究维生素A、D对肉鸡钙磷代谢相关激素水平的影响。采用4×4完全随机试验设计,将8日龄健康艾维茵雄性肉鸡384只称重后随机分为16个处理组。每个处理组设3个重复,每个重复8只鸡,试验期5周。其中,维生素A设4个添加水平,分别为1 500、3 000、15 000和45 000 IU/kg日粮。维生素D设4个添加水平,分别为500、1 250、2 500和5 000 IU/kg日粮。结果表明,45 000 IU/kg维生素A组的肉鸡血清BGP含量相对于1 500 IU/kg维生素A组有显著的降低趋势(P=0.08);随着日粮维生素A水平的增加(1 500～45 000 IU/kg),血清CaBP浓度呈趋于显著的一次线性降低趋势(P=0.092),血清维生素D3与CT含量也呈现降低趋势(P=0.12,P=0.18),其中,以15 000、45 000 IU/kg维生素A组较低,尤以45 000 IU/kg维生素A组最低;血清PTH含量呈显著的一次线性增加(P=0.029)。随着日粮维生素D水平的增加,血清维生素D3含量呈趋于显著的一次线性增加趋势(P=0.093),血清BGP浓度也呈一次线性增加趋势(P=0.14);其中,以2 500和5 000 IU/kg时较高,5 000 IU/kg时最高。由此可知,日粮维生素A过量引起肉鸡骨骼钙磷代谢发生障碍与血清CaBP浓度的降低及PTH浓度的增加有关,也与过量维生素A对维生素D的拮抗作用有关。     

日粮添加不同水平维生素A对2～3月龄肉兔生长发育、组织沉积及脂质过氧化反应的影响

选用2月龄新西兰肉兔50只,随机分成5个处理,在基础日粮中添加不同水平的维生素A(3000、6000、12000、24000IU/kg),试验期23d。结果表明,日粮维生素A添加水平对生长肉兔料重比影响显著(P<0.05),对平均日增重(ADG)和平均日采食量(ADI)无显著影响(P>0.05);维生素A添加水平达6000IU/kg时,ADG和料重比最佳。维生素A添加水平对试验兔胸腺指数和脾脏指数影响不显著(P>0.05)。肝脏维生素A含量随着日粮维生素A添加水平的提高显著升高。日粮添加维生素A能极显著提高血清抗氧化酶活性。2～3月龄生长肉兔日粮维生素A添加水平以6000IU/kg为宜,过量可使生产性能下降,增加机体的氧化损伤。     

维生素A、D对肉鸡血清钙结合蛋白浓度与胫骨和十二指肠组织中钙结合蛋白mRNA表达的影响

本试验主要研究不同的维生素A、D水平及其相互作用对肉鸡血清钙结合蛋白(CaBP)浓度与十二指肠和胫骨组织中caBP mRNA表达的影响.采用4×4完全随机试验设计,选择8日龄健康AA雄性肉鸡384只按体重一致的原则分为16个日粮组,每组3个重复,每个重复8只鸡,试验期5周.维生素A设4个添加水平分别为1500、3 000、15 000和45 000 IU/kg,维生素D设4个添加水平分别为500、1 250、2 500和5 000 IU/kg.结果表明:1)随着日粮维生素A添加水平的增加,肉鸡血清CaBP含量、十二指肠和胫骨组织中CaBP mRNA表达量均呈现一次线性降低趋势(P=0.091.P=0.012,P:0.110),其中以45 000 IU/kg维生素A组最低;2)随着日粮维生素D添加水平的增加,肉鸡血清CaBP含量和十二指肠组织中CaBP mRNA的表达呈现一次线性增加趋势(P=0.310,P:0.140),其中以5 000 Iu/kg维生素D组最高;3)维生素A、D相互作用对肉鸡血清CaBP浓度与十二指肠和胫骨组织中CaBP mRNA的表达均无显著的影响(P>0.05).试验结果提示,过量维生素A引起肉鸡骨骼代谢异常的机理是过量维生素A抑制了肉鸡组织的CaBP mRNA表达,尤其对十二指肠组织的caBP mRNA的表达有显著的抑制作用,引起血清CaBP浓度的降低,进而引起钙磷代谢发生紊乱.过量维生素A对肉鸡组织CaBP mRNA表达的抑制作用可能与过量维生素A对维生素D的拮抗作用有关.     

饲粮中锌与维生素A水平对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

选用1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡480只为试验动物,随机分为16组,以玉米和大豆粕为主要原料配制基础日粮,采用二因子(Zn×VA)5×3试验设计,通过饲粮中添加不同水平锌和维生素A来初步探讨肉仔鸡体内锌与维生素A代谢的相互关系及其对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响。结果表明:基础日粮中维生素A水平在3000～12000IU/kg范围内,对肉仔鸡生产性能无明显影响。锌水平为22.61mg/kg、维生素A水平为3000IU/kg的对照组在试验期内无缺乏症状,死亡率低,采食量、体重和饲料效率均与锌正常组相似。锌水平在47.61～87.61mg/kg、维生素A水平在3000～12000IU/kg范围内,肉仔鸡各项生产指标较好,尤以锌47.61mg/kg、维生素A3000～6000IU/kg时的效果最佳。锌水平在167.61mg/kg时生产性能下降,在327.61mg/kg以上时各项生产指标均较差,且有典型症状。     

维生素A对0～3周龄北京鸭生产性能和肠道发育的影响

本研究旨在评价日粮中添加维生素A对0～3周龄肉鸭生产性能、血清中维生素A含量和肠道发育的影响.选择1日龄健康北京鸭360只,随机分为5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸭,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0.2500、5000、10000、15000 IU/kg维生素A的试验日粮,试验期为3周.结果表明:日粮中维生素A水平为2 500 IU/kg即能满足北京鸭基本需要;维生素A添加水平在0～10000 IU/kg时,血清中维生素A含量随着日粮中维生素A添加水平的增加而极显著提高(P<0.01),10 000和15 000 IU/kg添加组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);2500 IU/kg组的绒毛长度、十二指肠隐窝深度和肠壁厚度均显著或极显著高于0 IU/kg组(P<0.05或P<0.01),但与其他组差异不显著(P>0.05).由此可见,饲料中适量增加维生素A的添加水平可提高北京鸭生产性能,增加肠道的绒毛长度;肠道绒毛的发育状况和血清中维生素A均可以作为评价肉鸭维生素A营养状况的指标.     

Intratesticular Morphometric, Cellular and Endocrine Changes Around the Pubertal Period in Dromedary Camels

We obtained the paired testes from 66 clinically healthy camels during two consecutive breeding seasons. Testicular tissues were examined for peripubertal changes in histological structure as well as spermatogenic and steroidogenic activities. Cellular sizes (length microm x width microm) increased linearly (P< 0.05) throughout the first three years of the animal's life for Leydig cells and between two and a half and five years of age for Sertoli cells. A clear increase in the percentage of tubules demonstrating primary and secondary spermatocytes occurred between less than one and five years and a cohort of elongated spermatids was produced in 3.5 +/- 0.2% tubules in males of two and a half years old; the appearance of spermatozoa in 3.1 +/- 0.3% tubules was evident six months later. The basal values for intratesticular and plasma concentrations of oestradiol-17 beta and testosterone respectively, were measured in all animals up to one and a half years for oestradiol-17 beta and three years for testosterone. Thereafter, both steroids increased markedly (P< 0.01) peaking to 269.5 +/-27.1 pg/g and 83.4 +/- 8.3 pg/mL at three years for oestradiol-17 beta and to 164.7 +/- 16.8 ng/g and 6.8 +/- 0.7 ng/mL at five years for testosterone. The results suggested that a steroid hormonal shift around four and a half to five years of age could demarcate the beginning of pubertal period which culminates with the production of the first ejaculum containing higher concentrations of spermatozoa by dromedary camels of six years old.     

刺糖等对小鼠血液成分的影响试验

选取昆明系小鼠20只(雌雄各半),随机分为5组,每组4只,分别为空白对照组、刺糖组、艾叶组、芹菜组和酸奶组,按0.1 m L/10 g剂量进行灌胃,每日1次,连续15 d,并分别在给药前、给药7 d后、给药15 d后断尾采血测定白细胞总数(WBC)、淋巴细胞比率(LY)、红细胞总数(RBC)、血红蛋白(HB)、平均血红蛋白含量(MCH)、平均血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、血小板总数(PLT)等血液生理指标。结果表明,艾叶、刺糖、芹菜、酸奶均可使小鼠血红蛋白浓度升高;芹菜还可使淋巴细胞比率下降,血小板总数增加。     

不同硒源对家兔消化性能和血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨日粮不同硒源对新西兰肉兔消化性能和血液生化指标的影响。选用35日龄的断奶仔兔60只,公母各半,随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复4只。在基础日粮中分别添加相同水平(0.15 mg/kg)的硒代蛋氨酸与亚硒酸钠,预试期7 d,正试期35 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,硒能显著提高粗蛋白质和粗纤维表观消化率(P<0.05),硒代蛋氨酸组显著高于亚硒酸钠组(P<0.05);硒对血清总蛋白(TP)水平有显著提高,但不同硒源之间差异不显著(P>0.05);硒能显著降低血清尿酸(UA)水平,且硒代蛋氨酸组显著低于亚硒酸钠组(P<0.05);对照组血糖(GLU)水平显著低于加硒组,但不同硒源之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合本试验结果,生长兔饲料中添加硒对其消化性能有增效作用,且有机硒的作用明显大于无机硒。     

Evaluation of a combined rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vaccine in cattle

A vaccine of rotavirus and K99 antigen from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was emulsified in oil adjuvant and administered intramuscularly to pregnant cows. Calves born to and reared on vaccinated dams were protected against experimental rotavirus infection at five days old when compared with calves from unvaccinated control cows. Field trials of the vaccine were carried out in 40 commercial herds, in which half the cows in each herd were selected at random for vaccination and half were left unvaccinated. In 31 herds (2641 cows) there was no significant diarrhoea problem (less than 10 per cent morbidity); these herds were excluded from further analysis. The nine remaining herds did experience a calf diarrhoea problem of greater than 10 per cent morbidity, but on four farms the disease was associated with cryptosporidiosis and on a fifth no enteropathogens were detected; these five farms (461 cows) were also excluded from further analysis. Of the remaining four herds, two beef suckler herds (105 cows) had concurrent rotavirus and cryptosporidial infections, and vaccination was associated with a decreased excretion of rotavirus but not with a decreased incidence of diarrhoea. In the other two dairy herds (68 cows) with prevaccination rotavirus problems, there was a significantly decreased incidence of diarrhoea in calves born to vaccinated cows. No natural field challenge of enterotoxigenic E coli was encountered on any of the trial farms.     

高能混合粒子场处理龙牧803紫花苜蓿的诱变效果研究

为了验证高能混合粒子场作为诱变源应用在紫花苜蓿品种改良上的效果和价值,试验将5 000粒龙牧803紫花苜蓿干种子平均分为两份,一份用5个剂量(109,145,195,284,560 Gy)的高能混合粒子场辐照处理,另一份用与高能粒子场相同剂量的60Coγ射线辐照处理作为对照,通过发芽试验和RAPD分子标记对2种诱变源在紫花苜蓿上的作用效果进行比较。结果表明:使用高能混合粒子场处理紫花苜蓿对苜蓿种子的损伤较小,与传统60Coγ射线造成的损伤效果有明显区别,说明高能混合粒子场有作为新的诱变源应用的价值。     

Repeated oestrus synchronisation of beef cows with progesterone implants and the effects of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist at implant insertion

A group of 97 spring-calving beef cows were initially oestrus synchronised with controlled internal drug release (CIDR) intravaginal progesterone implants inserted for nine days and a prostaglandin injection on day 7. Approximately half the cows were given 10 microg buserelin when the implants were inserted, and they all received a single fixed-time artificial insemination (AI) 56 hours after the withdrawal of the implants. The overall pregnancy rate to the first synchronised AI was 55 per cent, the buserelin-treated cows having a pregnancy rate of 63 per cent compared with 47 per cent in the untreated cows (P>0.05). Sixteen days after the first synchronised AI all the cows were re-implanted with used CIDR implants which were removed five days later, and the cows received a second synchronised AI on days 23 to 24. Cows which received the second AI were implanted with new CIDR devices 16 days later and these were removed after five days and the non-pregnant cows received a third synchronised AI. The pregnancy rates to the second and third synchronised services were 74 per cent and 75 per cent, respectively.     

Canine cryptococcosis associated with prolonged corticosteroid therapy

A case of cryptococcosis in a five and one half year old female Irish Setter has been described. The source of the infection was not determined. This is the first documented case of canine cryptococcosis in Alberta. A review of the records of the Alberta Veterinary Services Division for the years 1961-1980 indicates this is the only laboratory case of cryptococcosis encountered in that period.     

Comparison of the effects of fan-assisted and natural ventilation of vehicles on the welfare of pigs being transported to slaughter

A total of 417 pigs with an estimated average liveweight of 91 kg were transported to slaughter in three journeys, carried out in late June, each consisting of a three-hour drive followed by a one-hour holding period at the slaughter plant before they were unloaded. The pigs were accommodated on the lower two decks of a three-deck articulated lorry, each deck having five equal-sized pens; half were kept in naturally ventilated pens and half in pens with fan-assisted ventilation. The pigs' body temperature was recorded as the temperature of the blood lost at exsanguination, and as the temperature of the inner surface of the ear measured by thermal imaging. The pigs carried on the upper deck were hotter than those carried on the lower deck, and the pigs carried at the front of the vehicle were hotter than those at the back. There were small differences between the temperatures of the pigs in the different pens, but overall the temperatures of the pigs kept in pens with fan-assisted ventilation were no lower than those of the pigs kept in pens with natural ventilation. The higher temperature of the pigs transported in the front of the vehicle was associated with significantly higher serum concentrations of cortisol and activities of creatine kinase, and a tendency to higher albumin concentrations and osmolality, suggesting that they may have been exposed to more physical and psychological stress, and were possibly slightly more dehydrated, than the pigs in the rearmost pens. The type of ventilation had no effect on the blood composition of the pigs.     

红茂草水提取物腹腔注射对小鼠半数致死量的测定

用寇氏法测定了红茂草水提取物腹腔注射小鼠的半数致死量(LD50)。取70只昆明系小白鼠,雌雄各半,体重(20±2)g,按序贯法测出红茂草水提取物腹腔注射小鼠100%致死率的最小剂量和0%致死率的最大剂量,染毒测定其LD50。结果红茂草水提取物腹腔注射小鼠的LD50为1777.5 mg/kg,95%可信限为1585.7mg/kg~1992.5 mg/kg。     

Short-term individual housing temporarily reduces the libido of bulls

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of short-term (6 wk) individual housing on the sexual interest (libido) of sexually experienced bulls. Twenty-two Hereford bulls reared with both males and females (BMF) or in all-male groups (BM) and approximately 21 mo of age were given free access for 40 min to five restrained females in hormonally-induced estrus and restricted access for 30 min to a single enclosed estrous female on two separate occasions. Free-access tests were administered to bulls in groups of five or six individuals, whereas bulls were tested individually in restricted-access tests. After testing, half the animals were housed individually (physically isolated from conspecifics) and half remained in group housing for a 6-wk period. Libido tests were administered again at the end of the treatment period and 2 wk after reinstatement of group housing for the experimental subjects. Individually housed bulls exhibited fewer mounts (P less than .001) and spent less time with females (P less than .01) in tests administered during physical isolation than before or after treatment. Individual housing did not affect BMF and BM bulls differentially. In conclusion, short-term individual housing temporarily reduced libido of beef bulls.