中国节节麦与中东节节麦的醇溶蛋白遗传多样性比较研究

用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＡＰＡＧＥ） ,对３６ 份不同来源的节节麦进行醇溶蛋白分析。结果表明,供试材料共有１９ 种带型,中国节节麦与中东节节麦带型数目显著不同。中国节节麦仅有两种类型,河南及陕西为Ａ类,新疆为Ｂ类;而中东则具有包括Ａ、Ｂ 在内的全部１９ 种类型,进一步支持了中东为节节麦的起源中心学说。     

冬小麦田恶性杂草节节麦的国内研究进展

为给节节麦的研究提供帮助,通过现有资料的分析整理,对我国冬小麦田节节麦的起源、分布、生物学特性、与作物的竞争关系及防除研究进展进行述评。结果表明,我国冬小麦田的节节麦与中东节节麦同源;主要分布于我国黄河流域冬小麦主产区的大、小麦田;可与作物竞争水分、光、养料和空间,还是小麦条锈病菌和吸浆虫的禾草寄主;植株分蘖能力强、靠种子传播;节节麦种子的发芽主要受温度、水分影响,光照、土壤pH值、盐分对其影响不大。目前,生产上对节节麦的防除主要通过阻止传播、人工拔除与甲基二磺隆喷雾防除,效果差、防除成本高,应加强新的防除手段和途径的研究。     

中国节节麦在中国特有小麦系统演化中的作用

六倍体普通小麦是由具有AABB染色体的四倍体小麦与二倍体节节麦天然杂交然后通过自然加倍形成的异源多倍体。这一起源过程是自然条件下天然发生的，它的发生需要具备一个条件即四倍体小麦与节节麦获得的天然杂交种子在自然条件（没有幼胚培养等）下能够正常发芽出苗。这一条件受节节麦FHSD基因所控制。本研究发现中国节节麦没有FHSD基因，这表明中国产节节麦没有参与中国特有普通小麦的起源与演化。     

小麦田节节麦的识别及防除

总结了节节麦的发生特点、特征特性及传播规律，介绍了节节麦的识别办法，并提出了防除措施。     

山西省临汾市冬小麦田恶性杂草节节麦的危害与防除技术

对冬小麦田恶性杂草节节麦的来源及形态特征的认识,剖析了节节麦在山西省临汾市发生的原因及对小麦生产带来的严重危害,明确了其有效防治措施,为防治节节麦恶性传播蔓延提供了科学依据。     

浅析麦田禾本科恶性杂草节节麦综合防治

简单介绍了当前小麦产区部分麦田禾本科恶性杂草节节麦的危害情况、生物特性、传播途径、发生原因。分析总结了麦田节节麦杂草综合防治技术,重点叙述了生产一线如何净化肥料、净化种子、净化机具、净化用水综合治理,中耕与化学除草,人工多次拔除等主要技术操作要点。     

永年县麦田节节麦的发生原因与防治措施

永年县麦田野麦子主要有节节麦、野燕麦、雀麦,以节节麦为主,占95％以上。1993年节节麦在永年县始见,之后逐年增多,严重地块节节麦达到500株／m^2,在重发麦区已成为优势杂草。该杂草多发生在高水肥麦田,由于适应性强、繁殖量大,防治不力,加之对种子管理不当,致使节节麦发生面积不断扩大,危害逐渐加重,严重影响小麦生产安全。必须采取有力措施防止节节麦的传播危害。     

基于相对迁移率的节节麦醇溶蛋白组成分析

为准确揭示节节麦醇溶蛋白的组成情况,对不同地理分布的212份节节麦的种子蛋白进行酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)分析。由于麦醇溶蛋白现有的"数字字母命名"系统并不具备广泛的普适性,将普通小麦——‘中国春’(对照)第1条谱带的迁移率作为标准,其他供试材料的谱带与它的比值作为相对迁移率来确定每条醇溶蛋白条带的位置。结果显示,212份节节麦材料中共存在422种不同迁移率的谱带。所有条带可分为ω、γ、β和α4个区,α区的多态性条带最多,达34.70%。多态性条带品种间遗传相似系数(GS)的变幅为0～0.58,遗传变异较大。聚类分析结果表明,节节麦可能是以伊朗为中心向四周各地扩散传播。中国境内的节节麦至少存在3种类型。基于相对迁移率的表示方法,无需除‘中国春’以外的其他对照材料,即可有效区分A-PAGE胶上距离较近的蛋白条带,为不同麦类作物醇溶蛋白的研究提供统一标准。     

云南铁壳麦D染色体组的研究

进行了中东节节麦、中国河南节节麦同云南铁壳麦间杂交,对它们间的杂种F_1进行了染色体组分析。中东节节麦×云南铁壳麦的染色体构型为:14.14Ⅰ+5.32Ⅱ环+1.52Ⅱ棒,87.04％的细胞具14Ⅰ+7Ⅱ;中国河南节节麦×云南铁壳麦的染色体构型为:14.06Ⅰ+5.29Ⅱ环+1.69Ⅱ棒,97.05％的细胞具14Ⅰ+7Ⅱ。结果表明,云南铁壳麦的D染色体组较原始。     

河北省南部小麦田节节麦发生特点及综合防除措施研究

观察和总结了节节麦在冬小麦田发生的特点, 描述了节节麦的生物学特征, 并针对节节麦发生的主要原因提出了小麦田节节麦的综合防除措施。     

人工合成多倍体小麦及其供体种的高分子量 谷蛋白亚基组成研究

采用十二烷基磺酸钠—聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE),分析了4份节节麦及其在此基础上形成的人工合成多倍体高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(high-molecular-weightgluteninsubunit,HMW-GS)的组成。研究结果表明,4份节节麦AS60-1、AS60-2、AS77和AS2383在Glu-D1位点上出现了4种不同的亚基类型,分别为2 10、5 12、5 10和2.1 10;2份节节麦人工加倍形成四倍体AS2390、AS2410的HMW-GS分别为2.1 10、5 10;3份节节麦—圆锥麦人工合成双二倍体RSP、SHW-L1及SHW-L2的HWM-GS分别为2*、17 18、5 10;2*、17 18、2 10和2 10。谷蛋白亚基呈现了共显性遗传,表明了节节麦高分子量谷蛋白基因能在人工多倍体情况下得到正常表达。此外,还对利用节节麦优良基因的方式作了讨论。     

Evaluation of Aegilops tauschiifor Heading Date and Its Gene Location in a Re-synthesized Hexaploid Wheat

The successful worldwide cultivation of hexaploid wheat in a diverse range of environments is because of, in part, breeding and selection for appropriate heading date. To adjust and fine-tune the heading time of hexaploid wheat to particular geographical regions and specific environment within these, there is an urgent need to evaluate and use alternative alleles for heading time. Aegilops tauschii, the donor species of D-genome of hexaploid wheat, has a wide geographic distribution. The present study revealed a wide variation for heading time among 56 Ae. tauschii accessions. All the accessions with short heading dates belonged to the ssp. tauschii, whereas most of ssp. strangulata accessions showed very long heading date. The heading date was also related to distribution of this species. The monotelosomic and monosomic analysis of a synthetic hexaploid wheat showed that chromosome 2D derived from ssp. tauschii accession AS60 had a major effect on promoting heading time with a reduction of more than 5 days. It is postulated that this Ae. tauschii genotype possess the allele Ppd-D^t1 responsible for the insensitivity to photoperiod. This allele is probably different from Ppd-D1 existing in hexaploid wheat. The new allele Ppd-D^t1 derived from Ae. tauschii might be used as a source for hexaploid wheat breeding on photoperiod response.     

STUDY ON D GENOME OF TRITICUMAESTIVUM SSP. YUNNANENSE KING

<正> Two accessions of Aegilops tauschii Cosson. one collected from the Middle East and the other from Henan Province of China. were crossed with Triticum aestivum ssp. yunnanense King. Chromosome pairings were analysed at metaphase Ⅰ. Meiotic configurations of the hybrids were 14.14Ⅰ+5.32 ring Ⅱ+1.52 rod Ⅱ for the Middle East Ae. tauschii x T. aestivum ssp. yunanense; 14.06Ⅰ+5.29 ring Ⅱ+1.69 rod Ⅱ for Henan Ae. tauschii x T. aestivum ssp. yunnanense. The frequencies of cells which had 7Ⅱ+14Ⅰconfiguration were 87.04％ and 97.05％ for the Middle East Ae. tanschii x T. aestivum ssp. yunnanense and Henan Ae. tauschii x T. asetivum ssp. yunnanense. respectively. The results indicated that D genome of T. aestivum ssp. yunnanense is unchanged compared with the D genome donor.     

Association analysis of grain traits with SSR markers between Aegilops tauschii and hexaploid wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Seven important grain traits, including grain length(GL), grain width(GW), grain perimeter(GP), grain area(GA), grain length/width ratio(GLW), roundness(GR), and thousand-grain weight(TGW), were analyzed using a set of 139 simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers in 130 hexaploid wheat varieties and 193 Aegilops tauschii accessions worldwide. In total, 1 612 alleles in Ae. tauschii and 1 360 alleles in hexaploid wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) were detected throughout the D genome. 197 marker-trait associations in Ae. tauschii were identified with 58 different SSR loci in 3 environments, and the average phenotypic variation value(R2) ranged from 0.68 to 15.12%. In contrast, 208 marker-trait associations were identified in wheat with 66 different SSR markers in 4 environments and the average phenotypic R2 ranged from 0.90 to 19.92%. Further analysis indicated that there are 6 common SSR loci present in both Ae. tauschii and hexaploid wheat, which are significantly associated with the 5 investigated grain traits(i.e., GA, GP, GR, GL, and TGW) and in total, 16 alleles derived from the 6 aforementioned SSR loci were shared by Ae. tauschii and hexaploid wheat. These preliminary data suggest the existence of common alleles may explain the evolutionary process and the selection between Ae. tauschii and hexaploid wheat. Furthermore, the genetic differentiation of grain shape and thousand-grain weight were observed in the evolutionary developmental process from Ae. tauschii to hexaploid wheat.     

QTL Mapping for Important Agronomic Traits in Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Derived from Aegiliops tauschii ssp. tauschii

Aegiliops tauschii is classified into two subspecies: Ae. tauschii ssp. tauschii and Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata. Novel genetic variations exist in Ae. tauschii ssp. tauschii that can be utilized in wheat improvement. We synthesized a hexaploid wheat genotype (SHW-L1) by crossing an Ae. tauschii ssp. tauschii accession (AS60) with a tetraploid wheat genotype (AS2255). A population consisting of 171 F8 recombinant inbred lines was developed from SHW-L1 and Chuanmai 32 to identify QTLs associated with agronomic traits. A new genetic map with high density was constructed and used to detect the QTLs for heading date, kernel width, spike length, spikelet number, and thousand kernel weight. A total of 30 putative QTLs were identified for five investigated traits. Thirteen QTLs were located on D genomes of SHW-L1, six of them showed positive effect on agronomic traits. Chromosome region flanked by wPt-6133–wPt-8134 on 2D carried five environment-independent QTLs. Each QTL accounted for more than 10% phenotypic variance. These QTLs were highly consistent across environments and should be used in wheat breeding.     

粗山羊草间杂交的育性表现及抗病性鉴定

[目的]为了探讨粗山羊草间杂交的育性表现及其后代的抗病性。[方法]利用13份不同产地的粗山羊草进行杂交,在田间用京双16作诱发行,接种北京地区流行的白粉病混合菌株,进行苗期、成株期抗病性鉴定。[结果]从杂交结果看,亚种内杂交率较高,为14.15%～83.33%,而亚种间杂交率较低,为0～8.33%,因此可以判断粗山羊草亚种之间存在着生殖隔离。通过对抗病粗山羊草Y192与感病Y2272的杂交后代进行小麦白粉病抗病性鉴定,发现抗病基因是由显性单基因控制的。[结论]该结果为进一步研究小麦白粉病抗病基因奠定了基础。     

山羊草及普通小麦遗传多样性的研究

使用微卫星荧光标记-全自动基因分析仪(3700 DNA Analyzer)，用43对D染色体组引物标记76份普通小麦、粗山羊草、拟斯卑尔脱山羊草和尾状山羊草品种和材料，将其结果进行聚类分析，共聚成四类：普通小麦被聚成一类，粗山羊草被聚成两类，拟斯卑尔脱山羊草、尾状山羊草和部分来自巴基斯坦的粗山羊草聚成一类。聚类结果与现有的植物学分类的结果相一致。     

利用人工合成小麦自发产生的非整倍体进行基因定位

人工合成小麦可以同时将四倍体小麦和节节麦的优良基因转移到六倍体遗传背景。人工合成小麦可通过两种途径自发产生非整倍体:一是通过减数分裂核再组形成的非整倍配子结合,在合成小麦的第一代就产生非整倍体,另一种是通过新形成人工合成小麦的细胞学不稳定,产生非整倍体。人工合成小麦自发产生的非整倍体,可以专门用于四倍体小麦或节节麦质量性状基因的染色体定位。该细胞学定位方法主要包括以下几个步骤:①筛选出具有目标性状基因的四倍体小麦或节节麦材料;②创制人工合成小麦;③筛选目标性状存在差异的植株;④鉴定缺失染色体。该方法对四倍体小麦或节节麦目标基因转移的同时,实现对目标基因的染色体定位。     

醇溶蛋白电泳在小麦种质资源遗传分析中的应用

 用酸性聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳（A-PAGE）对我国评选出的18个优质小麦品种种子醇溶蛋白进行电泳分析，结果表明：（1）醇溶蛋白带谱严格受基因型控制，不同品种之间存在着显著差异，姊妹系之间也有明显差异；（2）在18个优质品种中，共有17种不同带谱，6个品种在血缘上可能密切相关，但各有自己的特征带，有两个品种即PH82-2-2和小偃6号，带谱完全相同。另外，对38份本室收集的有明确收集地点的节节麦分析表明：（1）节节麦醇溶蛋白的多态性与收集地密切相关，中东国家材料的多态性明显高于前苏联材料，而后者的多态性又明显高于新疆及中原收集的材料；（2）河南和陕西不同地区（县）收集的7份Ae.tauschii实际为同一材料，它们的带谱完全相同；（3）在前苏联的材料中找到了与我国中原材料带谱相似的材料，而在中东收集的材料中找到了前苏联材料的带谱。这些结果与物种起源中心学说是完全相符的。因此，麦醇溶蛋白酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术，作为资源鉴定的 有效手段，有可能用于解决收集资源材料的重复问题，提高小麦种质资源保存和利用的效率；同时，可以用它来研究一些物种的起源和演化。