博格达生物圈保护区逆序组织模式与空间扩张性

生物圈保护区通常从内向外划分为核心区、缓冲区和过渡区 (或者外向空间扩张过渡区 ) ;核心区与缓冲区必须明确划定边界 ;过渡区不必划定外围边界 ,被赋予外向空间扩张性。博格达生物圈保护区从内向外划分为过渡区、缓冲区和核心区 ,定义为逆序组织模式。缓冲区边界为内部过渡区设置了空间边界 ,使常规组织模式外围过渡区的外向空间连续扩张性失去意义 ,内部过渡区的空间发展只能采取向内的内部加密方式和向外的跨越空间方式。研究表明 ,内部过渡区跨越外围缓冲区限制的新途径是建立岛国经济外向发展模式 ;经营过渡区要遵循生态 -生产优化原则。阐述的博格达生物圈保护区空间发展战略 ,对天山北麓其他绿洲发展同样有参考价值。     

日本北海道农村生态系统中N循环研究

This study of Mikasa City in 2001, which analyzed N flow between N production and N load in seven agricultural and settlement subsystems, i.e., paddy, onion, wheat, vegetable, dairy, chicken, and citizen subsystems, aimed to compare N flow in each subsystem, to determine the main sources of the N load, and to evaluate the influence of agricultural production and food consumption on N cycling in a rural area. The results showed that in Mikasa city, 38.5% of the N load came from point sources and the remainder from non-point sources with intensive vegetable farming imparting a serious N load. Because of the internal N cycling in the dairy subsystem, chemical fertilizer application was reduced by 70.2%, and 23.72 Mg manure N was recycled to the field; therefore, the N utilization efficiency was raised from 18.1% to 35.1%. If all the manure N in the chicken subsystem was recycled, chemical fertilizer application would be reduced by 8.1% from the present level, and the point sources of N pollution would be reduced by 20.8%.     

新疆山盆系统绿洲经济生物圈保护区模式探讨

研究指出新疆“三山夹两盆”山盆系统景观带谱决定其荒漠绿洲生物圈保护区的逆序组织模式 ,人工绿洲必须实施岛国经济外向发展模式 ,其发展途径为内部生态经济优化和发展外向型经济。并提出建立阿尔泰山、天山与昆仑山水源和生物多样性保护区 ,古尔班通古特沙漠和塔克拉玛干沙漠自然保护区以及退耕还牧、发展高效生态农业模式的建议。     

世界的粮食与肥料问题

近４０年来，由于现代农业技术的广泛推广和应用，农业生产获得了很大的发展。廉价的和大量的化学肥料的使用是本世纪农业上最大成就之一，世界人口将继续增长，粮食生产而临严峻的任务，要生产足够的食物，使得能够跟上人口增长的步伐，并减轻贫困人口的饥饿。唯一途径是增加农业生产的强度，运用已有的和将有所发展的先进农业技术，来提高单位面积产量。在过去的３０年，世界肥料的消耗量有了显著的增长，特别是发展中国家增加得多     

城市生态建设应遵循的原则

“生态城市”是在联合国教科文组织发起的“人与生物圈”计划研究过程中提出的一个概念。所谓生态城市化,简单地说就是实现城市社会——经济——自然复合生态系统的整体协调,从而达到一种稳定有序状态的演进过程。这里的“生态化”已不再是单纯生物学的含义,而是综合、整体的概念,蕴含着社会、经济、自然复合生态的内容。     

气候变化与生物过程的相互影响：美国全球变化研究计划概况

气候变化与生物过程的相互影响──美国全球变化研究计划概况林而达（中国农业科学院农业气象研究所）１美国的全球变化研究计划（ＵＳＧＣＲＰ）在８０年代着重于一些基础性的研究问题上，如气候变化、臭氧层耗损，陆地和海洋生产力的变化，全球水和能量循环、海平面变化...     

中国化肥使用带来的环境问题

The current status of chemical fertilizers production and consumption in China as well as their important roles in Chinese modern agriculture are discussed with special concerns to the environmental issues related to chemical fertilizer use.On the one hand.the total amount of chemical fertilizer produced is insufficient to meet the agricultural needs.On the other hand.the production and consumption of chemical fertilizers in China are obviously not balanced.In some areas over application of nitrogen fertilizers and loss of phosphate fertilizer due to soil erosion have resulted in some undesirable environmental problems such as increase of nitrate in water and eutrophication of water bodies.Maximum scientific uses of organic manures in combination with reasonable use of chemical fertilizers are part of good practices not only in increasuing soil productivity and keeping sustainable agriculture development but also in minimizing their detrimental effects on the environment.     

长期施用化肥之效果

在玉米轮作田进行的长期肥料试验结果表明，（１）连续１２年施Ｎ１２０Ｐ１２０Ｐ９０者，开始６年，粮食产量比对照平均提高２４．５％，以后６年，比对照平均提高５．２％，肥效明显下降。（２）长期施用ＮＰＫ，造成土壤中磷锌比例不平衡，影响玉米茎，叶中硝酸盐的转化。（３）在长期施用ＮＰＫ化肥的玉米轮作田中，施用锌肥可以显著增产。     

南亚热带三种典型植被土壤动物对模拟N沉降增加的早期响应

A field-scale experiment arranged in a complete randomized block design with three N addition treatments including a control （no addition of N）, a low N （5 g m^-2 year^-1）, and a medium N （10 g m^-2 year^-1） was performed in each of the three typical forests, a pine （Pinus massoniana Lamb.） forest （PF）, a pine-broadleaf mixed forest （MF） and a mature monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest （MEBF）, of the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in subtropical China to study the response of soil fauna community to additions of N. Higher NH4^＋ and NO3^- concentrations and a lower soil pH occurred in the medium N treatment of MEBF, whereas the NO3^- concentration was the lowest in PF after the additions of N. The response of the density, group abundance and diversity index of soil fauna to addition of N varied with the forest type, and all these variables decreased with increasing N under MEBF but the trend was opposite under PF. The N treatments had no significant effects on these variables under MF. Compared with the control plots, the medium N treatment had significant negative effect on soil fauna under MEBF. The group abundance of soil fauna increased significantly with additions of higher N rates under PF. These results suggested that the response of soil fauna to N deposition varied with the forest type and N deposition rate, and soil N status is one of the important factors affecting the response of soil fauna to N deposition.     

不同有机物料与化肥配施对黑土重金属各形态的影响

通过盆栽试验研究牛粪、鸡粪、树叶、秸秆与化肥配施及单施化肥对土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb各形态的影响.结果表明:(1)有机物料与化肥配施及单施化肥均能使土壤中残余态Cu向弱酸溶解态及其他形态转化,并且牛粪与化肥配施转化效果最明显,施肥处理对其他2种形态Cu影响不明显;(2)鸡粪与化肥配施能有效地使土壤中其他形态Zn向残余态转化,而牛粪与化肥配施则会使残余态Zn向弱酸溶解态转化,其他处理的这种转化不明显;(3)有机物料与化肥配施均能有效增加土壤中残余态Cd含量,使Cd的有效性降低,并且牛粪与化肥配施的效果最为明显;(4)树叶与化肥配施能有效降低土壤中残余态Pb含量,使其向可还原态及可氧化态转化,而其他施肥处理则均能增加土壤中残余态Pb的含量,使其活性降低,并且秸秆与化肥配施及单施化肥效果较为显著.     

生态系统健康理论与评价方法探析

阐述了生态系统健康理论的形成与发展以及评价生态系统健康的方法和指标 ,并简介了我国生态系统健康理论在温室生态系统的应用。     

中国化学肥料发展及其对农业的作用

回顾了中国化学肥料生产、应用的发展历程,探讨了由于化肥施用所引起的土壤养分平衡的变化;着重对稳定型肥料、复合肥和包膜肥三项新型肥料技术的研究进展进行了较为翔实的综述;基于我国化肥产业的现状,指出了我国化肥存在着品种结构不合理、投入量低、化肥资源配置不合理、养分投入比例不平衡、新型高效肥料发展缓慢等一系列问题,并对这些问题进行了分析;最后展望了我国肥料发展的趋势。     

化学肥料的合理施用和经济用肥

在批林批孔运动推动下,我国农业战线在连续十二年丰收基础上,今年夏熟又获得好收成。在肥料工业战线上,特别是文化大革命以来,有了很大发展,不仅数量不断增加,而且品种也不断增多。     

汞及其化合物在生物圈中的分布

很早以前医学上就已知道,汞及其化合物既有治疗作用,也有毒性。历史上有过不少用汞毒夺取政权的例子。文献中偶尔也报导过由于对汞及汞制剂处理不当或疏忽大意而引起中毒的事例。但是广泛引起人们对汞的     

农家肥加入添加剂效果大

农家肥与化学肥料相比，虽有多种优点，但其有效成分含量低，肥效迟缓。如果用“添加剂”与之混合，不仅能防止肥分挥发流失，还能成、倍地提高肥效。主要做法为：