不同秸秆还田模式与氮肥施用量对土壤N2O排放的影响

以山东省桓台县为试验地点，分析在高产条件下，不同秸秆还田模式和氮肥施用量对农田N2O排放的影响。试验结果表明，氮肥施用量与秸秆还田模式都是影响土壤N2O排放的重要因素；小麦秸秆还田可以大大降低土壤N2O的排放，施用有机粪肥是影响N2O排放的另一重要因素。     

不同秸秆还田模式与氮肥施用量对土壤N2O排放的影响

以山东省桓台县为试验地点,分析在高产条件下,不同秸秆还田模式和氮肥施用量对农田N2O排放的影响.试验结果表明,氮肥施用量与秸秆还田模式都是影响土壤N2O排放的重要因素;小麦秸秆还田可以大大降低土壤N2O的排放,施用有机粪肥是影响N2O排放的另一重要因素.     

不同农作措施对棕壤玉米田N2O排放及碳足迹的影响*2

于2014年5-9月在辽河平原棕壤地区春玉米地设置不施氮肥（对照,CK）、常规施肥（F）、吡啶尿素包衣（FP）、常规施肥加生物黑炭（FC）以及常规施肥加秸秆半量还田（FS）5个试验处理,每处理3次重复,在玉米整个生育期观测N2O的排放情况,对比分析5种农作措施对农田土壤N2O排放及玉米生产过程中碳足迹的影响效果。结果表明：（1）施肥对N2O排放有明显影响,其排放通量主要受施肥时间和施肥量的影响,施肥后排放通量较高,其中基肥和追肥阶段排放的N2O分别占全生育期N2O累积排放量的24.3%～27.3%和32.0%～38.2%;（2）各施肥处理中 N2O 的排放量均高于 CK 处理,但与 F 处理（常规施肥）相比较,FP、FC和 FS处理N2O累积排放量分别降低了30.2%、22.7%和9.4%,其中FP的减排效果最好;（3）各施肥处理碳足迹均显著大于CK。除CK外,FP和FC处理的碳足迹较低,分别较F处理降低了19.5%和14.8%;FP 处理的碳强度最低、碳效率最高,与其它农作措施相比,是高产低排效果最优的措施;（4）施用氮肥的直接 N2O排放占玉米生产全周期中碳排放的最大份额,其占比为74.9%～89.0%,其次是化肥生产过程的碳排放,其占比为13.4%～17.8%。因此,适当减少氮肥用量,提高氮肥利用率是降低玉米生产过程碳足迹的关键,本研究中,吡啶尿素包衣处理（FP）是棕壤区春玉米生产过程碳足迹管理的最优措施。     

接种蚯蚓对施加秸秆的旱作稻田N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验研究了秸秆不同施用方式下接种蚯蚓(威廉腔环蚓,Metaphire guillelmi)对水稻旱作土壤N2O排放通量的影响。结果显示施加秸秆和接种蚯蚓增加了N2O的排放量。在秸秆表施的情况下,接种蚯蚓处理显著提高了N2O的排放量,从12.54 kg/hm2提高到14.94 kg/hm2 (P<0.05);但是在秸秆混施的情况下,接种蚯蚓处理未显著提高N2O的排放量。蚯蚓的存在使土壤NO3--N的含量显著提高,尤其是在混施秸秆的情况下。由于栽培期内NH4+-N变化幅度较小,不同处理NO3--N含量的变化决定了土壤矿质氮的分异。农田生态系统中蚯蚓对N2O排放的贡献主要体现在促进秸秆混入土壤,从而加快秸秆的分解和N2O的排放。     

耕作措施对华北地区冬小麦田N2O排放的影响

为研究不同耕作措施对冬小麦田N2O排放的影响以及探明N2O排放季节性波动的原因,该研究选取河北栾城县中国科学院农业生态系统试验站不同耕作处理下冬小麦田为研究对象,利用静态箱法测定翻耕秸秆还田（CT）、旋耕秸秆还田（RT）和免耕秸秆还田（NT）下冬小麦田N2O的排放。结果表明,耕作初期72 h翻耕、旋耕及免耕处理N2O排放总量分别为3.83、10.27、10.55 mg/m2。秸秆还田条件下,不同耕作措施冬小麦田N2O季节排放总量为：CT＞RT＞NT。CT、NT处理下N2O排放通量与0～20 cm各层次土壤温度呈极显著正相关。CT、NT处理表层0～5 cm土壤N2O排放通量与土壤充气孔隙度显著性负相关。NT处理土壤具有较高的C/N比,可能有利于减少N2O的排放。因此,华北冬小麦田采用NT能有效减少N2O排放。     

不同耕作措施对旱作农田土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性的影响

为了探明陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤水稳性团聚体崩解机制,以连续进行15年的不同耕作措施长期定位试验为研究对象,利用LB湿筛法(快速湿润法、慢速湿润法和预湿润后扰动法)和传统湿筛法探索了传统耕作(T)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、免耕(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作措施对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性的影响及其破坏机制。结果表明:不同耕作措施下,4种湿筛法处理后,0.25 mm非水稳性团聚体含量排序为:传统湿筛法快速湿润法预湿润后扰动法慢速湿润法;4种湿筛法处理后,团聚体平均重量直径排序为:慢速湿润法预湿润后扰动法快速湿润法传统湿筛法;不同耕作措施下,土壤团聚体相对崩解指数高于相对机械破坏指数。不同湿筛法处理后,在0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层均以NTS的水稳性团聚体含量和平均重量直径最高,且NTS处理的平均重量直径显著(P≤5%)高于NT和T处理;而10~30 cm土层,TS处理的水稳性团聚体含量和平均重量直径最高,且显著高于T处理的平均重量直径,但与NTS处理的平均重量直径无显著差异。不同耕作措施下的团聚体崩解指数和机械破坏指数均以T处理最高,NT次之,NTS处理最低。秸秆对0~5cm、5~10 cm、10~30 cm土层的团聚体崩解指数和机械破坏指数的降低均具有显著效应,而免耕仅在0~5 cm土层具有显著效应。因此,该区水稳性团聚体分散主要是由于水分入渗而引起的,且快速湿润时的破坏最大;同时,NTS处理可有效提升土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性,更有利于该区农田水土保持。     

不同耕作措施下土壤N2O排放及其农学效率

为评价不同耕作措施下华北平原农田土壤N2O排放及其农学效率,通过设置常规耕作秸秆还田(CT+)、常规耕作无秸秆还田(CT?)、免耕秸秆还田(NT+)、免耕无秸秆还田(NT?)4个处理田间定位试验,采用静态箱?气相色谱法测定分析了连续3个小麦生长期的表层土壤N2O排放及其主要相关因子,同时测定了小麦产量与氮吸收量等相关指标。结果表明:在4个处理下,小麦生长期内表层土壤N2O排放动态基本一致,而土壤N2O累积排放量却存在显著差异,而且耕作方式与秸秆还田存在显著的互作效应。在常规耕作和免耕措施下,单位面积土壤N2O累积排放量均表现为秸秆还田土壤显著高于无秸秆还田土壤,CT+和NT+分别比CT?和NT?高26.2%和74.6%;在无秸秆还田条件下,土壤N2O排放量表现为常规耕作比免耕高42.4%。相关分析表明,土壤N2O排放通量与地下5 cm土壤温度、土壤孔隙充水率(WFPS)之间呈显著正相关关系,与土壤溶解性有机氮(DON)含量之间呈显著负相关关系。利用农学效率指标度量N2O排放量时可知,虽然小麦籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力在各处理间没有达到显著性差异,但每生产1 kg小麦籽粒表层土壤N2O排放量为0.18~0.73 g N2O-N,每投入1 kg氮素表层土壤N2O排放量为5.1~18.0 g N2O-N,处理间存在显著差异;与单位面积土壤N2O排放量表现一致,单位籽粒产量N2O排放量和单位氮素投入N2O排放量均表现为无论是常规耕作还是免耕措施,秸秆还田土壤均显著高于秸秆不还田土壤,在秸秆不还田条件下,常规耕作土壤均显著高于免耕土壤。总之,免耕是有效减少土壤N2O排放的一种耕作措施。     

保护性耕作对山地结球甘蓝生长和土壤CO_2含量的影响

为了解耕作措施对山地蔬菜种植的影响,改善山地土壤的生态环境,笔者通过田间小区试验研究了免耕及秸秆还田方式对山地土壤CO2含量及结球甘蓝的生长、发育和产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖和免耕相结合即有利于山地土壤呼吸产生CO2,又有利于山地蔬菜生长和产量、产值提高;免耕对土壤呼吸产生CO2影响不明显,但有利于蔬菜生长;深耕条件下增施秸秆,有利于土壤呼吸产生CO2,但对当季蔬菜的生长有一定的负面影响。     

不同玉米秸秆还田量对土壤肥力及冬小麦产量的影响

通过田间随机区组设计试验,研究了不同玉米秸秆还田量对接茬麦田土壤碳、氮肥力及冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田可以增加土壤有机质和缓解土壤氮流失,提高土壤微生物碳、氮的固持和供给效果,增加土壤微生物量C/N,提高土壤供肥水平。从不同玉米秸秆还田量的效应对比与回归分析,进一步明确在黄土高原有灌溉条件的地区,施N 138 kg/hm2,玉米秸秆还田量9000 kg/hm2,能有效提高土壤肥力,可使接茬冬小麦显著增产7.47%。     

保护性耕作条件下小麦田N2O排放及影响因素研究

采用静态箱—气相色谱法对保护性耕作和常规耕作小麦田的N_2O排放进行了原位测量,测量了土壤温度、水分、无机氮等相关影响因子。结果表明:(1)保护性耕作及常规耕作麦田N_2O的排放具有明显的季节性变化规律,各处理变化趋势较为一致。(2)N_2O的平均排放通量和季节排放量,除免耕秸秆还田外,保护性耕作与常规耕作差异显著。(3)在小麦生长季内,保护性耕作农田均表现为N_2O的排放源。(4)各处理N_2O季节排放量大小顺序为:耙耕秸秆还田(1.64 kg/hm~2)>旋耕秸秆还田(1.59 kg/hm~2)>常规耕作秸秆还田(1.48 kg/hm~2)>深松秸秆还田(1.42 kg/hm~2)>常规耕作无秸秆还田(1.34 kg/hm~2)>免耕秸秆还田(1.33 kg/hm~2),即,与常规耕作相比,保护性耕作(除免还)N_2O排放量增加。(5)温度是制约N_2O排放的关键因素,随着温度的升高N_2O表现出增加的趋势。(6)N_2O排放与水分、土壤无机氮含量无相关性。     

黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦生长期N2O排放特征与基于优化施氮的减排方法研究

为了解陕西黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦季N2O排放规律,探索旱地N2O减排方法,采用密闭式静态箱法,以不同施氮处理[CK:对照,不施氮;CON:当地农民习惯施氮,施氮量220 kg·hm-2;OPT:优化施氮加秸秆还田,施氮量150 kg·hm-2;OPT+DCD:优化施氮加秸秆还田,同时施用施氮量5%的硝化抑制剂DCD;OPT(SR):优化施氮(所用肥料为包膜型缓控释肥)加秸秆还田]为基础,研究黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦农田N2O季节排放特征和减排措施。结果表明:黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦季N2O排放具有首月持续、大量排放,末月雨后瞬间排放,中期低排放的特点。各处理中,OPT+DCD和OPT(SR)在播种—返青期能显著减少N2O排放水平,而返青—成熟期,各优化处理差异不显著。从整个小麦季N2O排放总量来看,各优化处理能够减少N2O排放量,提高作物产量,降低单位产量N2O排放量。具体表现为:1与CON处理的N2O排放量相比,OPT、OPT+DCD和OPT(SR)处理分别减排29.2%(P0.01)、38.7%(P0.01)和39.3%(P0.01),但3个优化处理间差异不显著;2与CON处理的产量相比,OPT、OPT+DCD和OPT(SR)处理分别增产3.8%(P0.05)、15.2%(P0.05)和9.5%(P0.05);3与CON处理的单位产量N2O排放量相比,OPT处理单位产量N2O排放量减少31.7%(P0.05);而相对于OPT处理,OPT+DCD处理和OPT(SR)处理分别减少了单位产量排放量的22.1%(P0.05)和18.9%(P0.05)。本研究表明,减少施氮量至150 kg·hm-2,并施用秸秆是减少N2O排放的重要手段,而施用缓控释肥或一定量的DCD可提升作物产量。     

不同利用方式红壤反硝化势和气态产物排放特征

采用厌氧培养-乙炔抑制法测定了4种不同利用方式红壤的反硝化势和气态产物N₂O和N₂的排放速率。结果表明,不同利用方式红壤反硝化势和N₂O和N₂的排放速率差异明显,土壤反硝化势强弱顺序依次为：竹林>茶园>林地>旱地。反硝化势与土壤有机碳(P<0.05)、厌氧培养期间土壤CO₂累积排放量(P<0.01)、nirS基因丰度( P<0.05)和nirK基因丰度(P<0.05) 呈显著正相关关系。逐步回归分析结果表明,CO₂累积排放量表征的易矿化碳是造成不同利用方式红壤反硝化势差异的主要原因,可以解释反硝化势变化的66%(P<0.01)。不同利用方式红壤N₂O和N₂排放速率差异明显,旱地红壤N₂O和N₂排放速率均最低,表明土壤pH的提升并没有增加旱地红壤的反硝化损失风险和N₂O排放速率。土壤易矿化有机碳含量也是影响不同利用方式红壤N₂O和N₂排放速率的主要因素。反硝化功能基因nirS、nirK和nosZ的丰度均与CO₂累积排放量呈显著正相关关系,进一步支持了土壤易矿化有机碳含量是影响不同利用方式红壤反硝化势和气态产物排放的主要因子。土壤pH是影响不同利用方式红壤反硝化气态产物N₂/N₂O的主要因素,但是pH影响红壤N₂/N₂O的微生物机制仍需要进一步研究。     

Dinitrogen emissions and the N2:N2O emission ratio of a Rendzic Leptosol as influenced by pH and forest thinning

Reduction of nitrous oxide (N₂O) to dinitrogen (N₂) by denitrification in soils is of outstanding ecological significance since it is the prevailing natural process converting reactive nitrogen back into inert molecular dinitrogen. Furthermore, the extent to which N₂O is reduced to N₂ via denitrification is a major regulating factor affecting the magnitude of N₂O emission from soils. However, due to methodological problems in the past, extremely little information is available on N₂ emission and the N₂:N₂O emission ratio for soils of terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we simultaneously determined N₂ and N₂O emissions from intact soil cores taken from a mountainous beech forest ecosystem. The soil cores were taken from plots with distinct differences in microclimate (warm-dry versus cool-moist) and silvicultural treatment (untreated control versus heavy thinning). Due to different microclimates, the plots showed pronounced differences in pH values (range: 6.3–7.3). N₂O emission from the soil cores was generally very low (2.0 ± 0.5–6.3 ± 3.8 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ at the warm-dry site and 7.1 ± 3.1–57.4 ± 28.5 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ at the cool-moist site), thus confirming results from field measurements. However, N₂ emission exceeded N₂O emission by a factor of 21 ± 6–220 ± 122 at the investigated plots. This illustrates that the dominant end product of denitrification at our plots and under the given environmental conditions is N₂ rather than N₂O. N₂ emission showed a huge variability (range: 161 ± 64–1070 ± 499 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹), so that potential effects of microclimate or silvicultural treatment on N₂ emission could not be identified with certainty. However, there was a significant effect of microclimate on the magnitude of N₂O emission as well as on the mean N₂:N₂O emission ratio. N₂:N₂O emission ratios were higher and N₂O emissions were lower for soil cores taken from the plots with warm-dry microclimate as compared to soil cores taken from the cool-moist microclimate plots. We hypothesize that the increase in the N₂:N₂O emission ratio at the warm-dry site was due to higher N₂O reductase activity provoked by the higher soil pH value of this site. Overall, the results of this study show that the N₂:N₂O emission ratio is crucial for understanding the regulation of N₂O fluxes of the investigated soil and that reliable estimates of N₂ emissions are an indispensable prerequisite for accurately calculating total N gas budgets for the investigated ecosystem and very likely for many other terrestrial upland ecosystems as well.     

液面上部气体的置换对土壤厌氧培养下的N2O和CO2排放的影响

To study effect of C2H2 and change of headspace gas on N2O emission,denitrification,as well as CO2 emission,slurries of an agricultural soil were anaerobically incubated for 7 days at 25℃.Both N2O reduction and CO2 emissions were inhibited by the addition of 100 mL L^-1 of C2H2.However,the inhibition to CO2 emission was alleviated by the replacement of headspace gas,and the N2O emission was enhanced by the replacement.Acetylene disappeared evidently from the soil slurries during the incubation.Consequently results obtained from the traditional C2H2 blocking technique for determination of denitrifcation rate,especially in a long-time incubation,should be explained with care because of its side effect exsting in the incubation environments without change of headspace gas.To reduce the possible side effect on the processes other than denitrification ,it is suggested that headspace gas should be replaced several times during a long-time incubation.     

Background level of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere in relation to flux from soil

According to Broadbent and Clark (3), there are numerous data indicating that denitrification leads to the emission of N₂O together with N₂, whereby loss of N is developed from soils. Nitrous oxide is also released from soils to the atmosphere during the nitrification of ammonium and ammonium-producing fertilizers under aerobic conditions (1). Relatively few attempts have been made to directly measure N₂O evolution under field conditions (6, 7, 10–12), although a number of laboratory studies have been reported. These studies are essential for determining the N balance between additions and losses of soil N.     

Methods for measuring N2O flux from water surface and N2O dissolved in water from agricultural land

A new chamber method and a stripping method were developed for field measurements of the rate of N₂O emission from the water surface and for determinations of dissolved N₂O in water from agricultural land.

These methods were used for the measurement of drainage canal water and flooded water of rice fields during the period of June 1982 to January 1983. The results demonstrate that aquatic systems of agricultural land may provide both source and sink for atmospheric N₂O.     

同位素异位体溯源土壤N2O的方法、技术和展望

土壤是N₂O的重要排放来源之一。土壤中N₂O产生途径众多、受多种因素调控,深入分析土壤N₂O产生途径才能采取针对性的减排策略。稳定同位素技术已广泛用于研究土壤N₂O排放,N₂O同位素异位体法是近年来新兴的研究方法。该研究方法通过测定土壤N₂O的同位素组成(δ¹⁵NSPN₂O、δ¹⁸ON₂O和δ¹⁵N^bulkN₂O)分析N₂O排放贡献,因无需添加标记物、对土壤系统干扰小、成本低,适合在野外田间研究N₂O排放,是15N标记方法的有力补充。本文详细介绍了N₂O同位素异位体法的原理、质谱测定方法、定量分析方法、影响该方法的因素及其应用前景。