不同秸秆还田模式与氮肥施用量对土壤N2O排放的影响

以山东省桓台县为试验地点，分析在高产条件下，不同秸秆还田模式和氮肥施用量对农田N2O排放的影响。试验结果表明，氮肥施用量与秸秆还田模式都是影响土壤N2O排放的重要因素；小麦秸秆还田可以大大降低土壤N2O的排放，施用有机粪肥是影响N2O排放的另一重要因素。     

不同秸秆还田模式与氮肥施用量对土壤N2O排放的影响

以山东省桓台县为试验地点,分析在高产条件下,不同秸秆还田模式和氮肥施用量对农田N2O排放的影响.试验结果表明,氮肥施用量与秸秆还田模式都是影响土壤N2O排放的重要因素;小麦秸秆还田可以大大降低土壤N2O的排放,施用有机粪肥是影响N2O排放的另一重要因素.     

不同农作措施对棕壤玉米田N2O排放及碳足迹的影响*2

于2014年5-9月在辽河平原棕壤地区春玉米地设置不施氮肥（对照,CK）、常规施肥（F）、吡啶尿素包衣（FP）、常规施肥加生物黑炭（FC）以及常规施肥加秸秆半量还田（FS）5个试验处理,每处理3次重复,在玉米整个生育期观测N2O的排放情况,对比分析5种农作措施对农田土壤N2O排放及玉米生产过程中碳足迹的影响效果。结果表明：（1）施肥对N2O排放有明显影响,其排放通量主要受施肥时间和施肥量的影响,施肥后排放通量较高,其中基肥和追肥阶段排放的N2O分别占全生育期N2O累积排放量的24.3%～27.3%和32.0%～38.2%;（2）各施肥处理中 N2O 的排放量均高于 CK 处理,但与 F 处理（常规施肥）相比较,FP、FC和 FS处理N2O累积排放量分别降低了30.2%、22.7%和9.4%,其中FP的减排效果最好;（3）各施肥处理碳足迹均显著大于CK。除CK外,FP和FC处理的碳足迹较低,分别较F处理降低了19.5%和14.8%;FP 处理的碳强度最低、碳效率最高,与其它农作措施相比,是高产低排效果最优的措施;（4）施用氮肥的直接 N2O排放占玉米生产全周期中碳排放的最大份额,其占比为74.9%～89.0%,其次是化肥生产过程的碳排放,其占比为13.4%～17.8%。因此,适当减少氮肥用量,提高氮肥利用率是降低玉米生产过程碳足迹的关键,本研究中,吡啶尿素包衣处理（FP）是棕壤区春玉米生产过程碳足迹管理的最优措施。     

接种蚯蚓对施加秸秆的旱作稻田N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验研究了秸秆不同施用方式下接种蚯蚓(威廉腔环蚓,Metaphire guillelmi)对水稻旱作土壤N2O排放通量的影响。结果显示施加秸秆和接种蚯蚓增加了N2O的排放量。在秸秆表施的情况下,接种蚯蚓处理显著提高了N2O的排放量,从12.54 kg/hm2提高到14.94 kg/hm2 (P<0.05);但是在秸秆混施的情况下,接种蚯蚓处理未显著提高N2O的排放量。蚯蚓的存在使土壤NO3--N的含量显著提高,尤其是在混施秸秆的情况下。由于栽培期内NH4+-N变化幅度较小,不同处理NO3--N含量的变化决定了土壤矿质氮的分异。农田生态系统中蚯蚓对N2O排放的贡献主要体现在促进秸秆混入土壤,从而加快秸秆的分解和N2O的排放。     

耕作措施对华北地区冬小麦田N2O排放的影响

为研究不同耕作措施对冬小麦田N2O排放的影响以及探明N2O排放季节性波动的原因,该研究选取河北栾城县中国科学院农业生态系统试验站不同耕作处理下冬小麦田为研究对象,利用静态箱法测定翻耕秸秆还田（CT）、旋耕秸秆还田（RT）和免耕秸秆还田（NT）下冬小麦田N2O的排放。结果表明,耕作初期72 h翻耕、旋耕及免耕处理N2O排放总量分别为3.83、10.27、10.55 mg/m2。秸秆还田条件下,不同耕作措施冬小麦田N2O季节排放总量为：CT＞RT＞NT。CT、NT处理下N2O排放通量与0～20 cm各层次土壤温度呈极显著正相关。CT、NT处理表层0～5 cm土壤N2O排放通量与土壤充气孔隙度显著性负相关。NT处理土壤具有较高的C/N比,可能有利于减少N2O的排放。因此,华北冬小麦田采用NT能有效减少N2O排放。     

不同玉米秸秆还田量对土壤肥力及冬小麦产量的影响

通过田间随机区组设计试验,研究了不同玉米秸秆还田量对接茬麦田土壤碳、氮肥力及冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田可以增加土壤有机质和缓解土壤氮流失,提高土壤微生物碳、氮的固持和供给效果,增加土壤微生物量C/N,提高土壤供肥水平。从不同玉米秸秆还田量的效应对比与回归分析,进一步明确在黄土高原有灌溉条件的地区,施N 138 kg/hm2,玉米秸秆还田量9000 kg/hm2,能有效提高土壤肥力,可使接茬冬小麦显著增产7.47%。     

不同耕作措施对旱作农田土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性的影响

为了探明陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤水稳性团聚体崩解机制,以连续进行15年的不同耕作措施长期定位试验为研究对象,利用LB湿筛法(快速湿润法、慢速湿润法和预湿润后扰动法)和传统湿筛法探索了传统耕作(T)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、免耕(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作措施对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性的影响及其破坏机制。结果表明:不同耕作措施下,4种湿筛法处理后,0.25 mm非水稳性团聚体含量排序为:传统湿筛法快速湿润法预湿润后扰动法慢速湿润法;4种湿筛法处理后,团聚体平均重量直径排序为:慢速湿润法预湿润后扰动法快速湿润法传统湿筛法;不同耕作措施下,土壤团聚体相对崩解指数高于相对机械破坏指数。不同湿筛法处理后,在0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层均以NTS的水稳性团聚体含量和平均重量直径最高,且NTS处理的平均重量直径显著(P≤5%)高于NT和T处理;而10~30 cm土层,TS处理的水稳性团聚体含量和平均重量直径最高,且显著高于T处理的平均重量直径,但与NTS处理的平均重量直径无显著差异。不同耕作措施下的团聚体崩解指数和机械破坏指数均以T处理最高,NT次之,NTS处理最低。秸秆对0~5cm、5~10 cm、10~30 cm土层的团聚体崩解指数和机械破坏指数的降低均具有显著效应,而免耕仅在0~5 cm土层具有显著效应。因此,该区水稳性团聚体分散主要是由于水分入渗而引起的,且快速湿润时的破坏最大;同时,NTS处理可有效提升土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性,更有利于该区农田水土保持。     

保护性耕作对山地结球甘蓝生长和土壤CO_2含量的影响

为了解耕作措施对山地蔬菜种植的影响,改善山地土壤的生态环境,笔者通过田间小区试验研究了免耕及秸秆还田方式对山地土壤CO2含量及结球甘蓝的生长、发育和产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖和免耕相结合即有利于山地土壤呼吸产生CO2,又有利于山地蔬菜生长和产量、产值提高;免耕对土壤呼吸产生CO2影响不明显,但有利于蔬菜生长;深耕条件下增施秸秆,有利于土壤呼吸产生CO2,但对当季蔬菜的生长有一定的负面影响。     

不同耕作措施下土壤N2O排放及其农学效率

为评价不同耕作措施下华北平原农田土壤N2O排放及其农学效率,通过设置常规耕作秸秆还田(CT+)、常规耕作无秸秆还田(CT?)、免耕秸秆还田(NT+)、免耕无秸秆还田(NT?)4个处理田间定位试验,采用静态箱?气相色谱法测定分析了连续3个小麦生长期的表层土壤N2O排放及其主要相关因子,同时测定了小麦产量与氮吸收量等相关指标。结果表明:在4个处理下,小麦生长期内表层土壤N2O排放动态基本一致,而土壤N2O累积排放量却存在显著差异,而且耕作方式与秸秆还田存在显著的互作效应。在常规耕作和免耕措施下,单位面积土壤N2O累积排放量均表现为秸秆还田土壤显著高于无秸秆还田土壤,CT+和NT+分别比CT?和NT?高26.2%和74.6%;在无秸秆还田条件下,土壤N2O排放量表现为常规耕作比免耕高42.4%。相关分析表明,土壤N2O排放通量与地下5 cm土壤温度、土壤孔隙充水率(WFPS)之间呈显著正相关关系,与土壤溶解性有机氮(DON)含量之间呈显著负相关关系。利用农学效率指标度量N2O排放量时可知,虽然小麦籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力在各处理间没有达到显著性差异,但每生产1 kg小麦籽粒表层土壤N2O排放量为0.18~0.73 g N2O-N,每投入1 kg氮素表层土壤N2O排放量为5.1~18.0 g N2O-N,处理间存在显著差异;与单位面积土壤N2O排放量表现一致,单位籽粒产量N2O排放量和单位氮素投入N2O排放量均表现为无论是常规耕作还是免耕措施,秸秆还田土壤均显著高于秸秆不还田土壤,在秸秆不还田条件下,常规耕作土壤均显著高于免耕土壤。总之,免耕是有效减少土壤N2O排放的一种耕作措施。     

耕作措施对冬小麦农田土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

在长期定位试验基础上研究传统耕作(T)、免耕不覆盖(NT)和免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)3种耕作措施对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响.结果表明,3种耕作措施连续实施5年后,使耕层土壤容重显着增加,免耕秸秆覆盖显著增加了表层土壤有机质.NTS处理>0.25 mm团聚体含量(R0.25)显著高于T处理和NT处理的,同时也明显高于2004年的背景值,0-30 cm土层范围内平均较T处理和NT处理分别高14.88%和6.40%;免耕和免耕秸秆覆盖可显著改善土壤耕层(0-20 cm)团聚体的水稳定性.NTS处理0-30 cm的不稳定团粒指数(ELT)与2004年背景值比较,平均下降了1.88%.说明相对于传统耕作,免耕秸秆覆盖减少了机械的破坏作用,增加了土壤有机质含量,促进耕层团聚体形成,并提高了其稳定性.     

Effect of tillage and fertilizer levels on wheat yield, nitrogen uptake and their correlation with carbon isotope discrimination under rainfed conditions in north-west Pakistan

Appropriate cultural practices need to be determined for enhancing crop yields with low inputs under rainfed conditions. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of tillage practices and fertilizer levels on yield, nitrogen (N) uptake and carbon (C) isotope discrimination in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under semi-arid conditions at three sites in north-west Pakistan: NIFA, Urmar and Jalozai. Two fertilizer levels, 60 kg N ha⁻¹+30 kg P ha⁻¹ (L1) and 60 kg N ha⁻¹+60 kg P ha⁻¹ (L2), were applied to wheat grown under conventional tillage (T1) and no-tillage (T0) practices. Labeled urea having 1% ¹⁵N atom excess at 60 kg N ha⁻¹ was applied as aqueous solution in microplots within each treatment plot. A pre-sowing irrigation of 60 mm was applied and during the growing season, the crop relied entirely on rainfall (268 mm). Biomass yield, N uptake and stable C isotope composition (δ¹³C) of plants were determined at maturity. Yield of wheat was improved by tillage at two sites (Sites 1 and 2), while at the third site yield was reduced by tillage as compared with the no-tillage treatment. At Sites 1 and 2, nutrient addition (L2, 60 kg N ha⁻¹+60 kg P ha⁻¹) increased the yield of all plant parts (straw, grain and root) in contrast to Site 3 where only grain yield was increased significantly. Maximum grain yield of wheat was observed with tillage under nutrient level L2 at all sites. Generally, the tillage treatment did not affect the N content in plant parts compared with no-tillage (T0) treatment at all three sites. However, fertilizer N uptake by wheat was variable under different fertilizer levels and tillage practices. Nitrogen derived from fertilizer (Ndff) for grain at Site 2 was higher in tilled plots but was not affected by tillage practice at the other sites. The C isotope (δ¹³C) values varied from −28.96 to −26.03‰ under different treatments at the three sites. The δ¹³C values were less negative indicating more effective water use at Sites 2 and 3 compared to Site 1. The C isotope discrimination (Δ) values were positively correlated with yield of wheat straw (r=0.578^*), grain (r=0.951^**) and root (r=0.583^*). Further, the Δ in grain had significant negative relationship (r=0.912^**) with Ndff (%). The tillage practice exerted a positive effect on yield, N uptake and plant N derived from fertilizer by wheat compared to no-tillage. The positive correlation of Δ with grain, straw and root yields and negative correlation with the Ndff (%) by wheat suggest that this value (Δ) could be used to predict these parameters. However, further studies on different crops under varied environmental conditions are necessary.     

黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦生长期N2O排放特征与基于优化施氮的减排方法研究

为了解陕西黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦季N2O排放规律,探索旱地N2O减排方法,采用密闭式静态箱法,以不同施氮处理[CK:对照,不施氮;CON:当地农民习惯施氮,施氮量220 kg·hm-2;OPT:优化施氮加秸秆还田,施氮量150 kg·hm-2;OPT+DCD:优化施氮加秸秆还田,同时施用施氮量5%的硝化抑制剂DCD;OPT(SR):优化施氮(所用肥料为包膜型缓控释肥)加秸秆还田]为基础,研究黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦农田N2O季节排放特征和减排措施。结果表明:黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦季N2O排放具有首月持续、大量排放,末月雨后瞬间排放,中期低排放的特点。各处理中,OPT+DCD和OPT(SR)在播种—返青期能显著减少N2O排放水平,而返青—成熟期,各优化处理差异不显著。从整个小麦季N2O排放总量来看,各优化处理能够减少N2O排放量,提高作物产量,降低单位产量N2O排放量。具体表现为:1与CON处理的N2O排放量相比,OPT、OPT+DCD和OPT(SR)处理分别减排29.2%(P0.01)、38.7%(P0.01)和39.3%(P0.01),但3个优化处理间差异不显著;2与CON处理的产量相比,OPT、OPT+DCD和OPT(SR)处理分别增产3.8%(P0.05)、15.2%(P0.05)和9.5%(P0.05);3与CON处理的单位产量N2O排放量相比,OPT处理单位产量N2O排放量减少31.7%(P0.05);而相对于OPT处理,OPT+DCD处理和OPT(SR)处理分别减少了单位产量排放量的22.1%(P0.05)和18.9%(P0.05)。本研究表明,减少施氮量至150 kg·hm-2,并施用秸秆是减少N2O排放的重要手段,而施用缓控释肥或一定量的DCD可提升作物产量。     

Relationship between nitrous oxide emission and winter wheat production

A 3-year field study in southeast China was performed to examine the relationship between N₂O emission and winter wheat production. Over the 2002–03, 2003–04 and 2004–05 wheat-cropping seasons, N₂O emissions depended on nitrogen addition, plowing practice, and preceding crop type treatments, and showed a pronounced inter-annual variation. N₂O–N emission factor, the proportion of fertilizer N released as N₂O–N from the wheat field, varied from 1.33% to 2.97%. The relationship between N₂O emission (y) and crop yield (x) was well explained by the function y = 3.773Ln(x) + 1.46. Similarly, the function y = 4.445Ln(x) − 3.52 can be employed to address the relationship between N₂O emission (y) and above ground biomass (x). About 84% and 87% of variation in seasonal N₂O emission were explained by the two functions, while only 66% of the variation was represented by the N input with a linear relationship. The results of this study suggest that seasonal N₂O emission of soil under winter wheat could be better predicted by crop yield and biomass than by N input. Submitted to Biology and Fertility of Soils.     

秸秆覆盖对旱作冬小麦农田土壤呼吸、作物产量及经济 环境效益的影响

基于2009-2011年田间试验, 研究了黄土旱塬区不同秸秆覆盖措施下冬小麦农田土壤呼吸和小麦产量变化, 计算了生产每千克籽粒产量下土壤CO₂的释放量, 并以此比较了处理间的经济 环境效益值。试验包括4个处理: 无覆盖对照(CK)、全年9 000 kg·hm^-2秸秆覆盖(M₉₀₀₀)、全年4 500 kg·hm^-2秸秆覆盖(M₄₅₀₀)和夏闲期秸秆覆盖(SF)。结果表明: 冬小麦生育期内土壤CO₂累积释放量在处理间无显著差异, 但第1年生育期为14.92~17.43 t(CO₂)·hm^-2, 显著高于第2年[12.95~13.69 t(CO₂)·hm ^-2](P<0.05), 处理和年份的交互作用不显著。与CK(产量5.03 t·hm^-2)相比, 秸秆覆盖降低了作物产量, 其中M₉₀₀₀ (4.71 t·hm^-2)与CK差异显著。经济 环境效益值计算结果显示, 冬小麦生育期内生产每千克籽粒释放2.96~3.16 kg CO₂, 处理间无显著差异。从各处理平均值看, 小麦产量以及经济 环境效益值均存在显著的年际差异, 降水偏少的第1年度作物产量(4.60~4.98 t·hm^-2)显著低于降水相对丰富的第2年度(4.50~5.47 t·hm^-2), 但经济 环境效益值(3.03~3.69 kg·kg 1、2.45~2.88 kg·kg^-1)结果相反。处理和年份对作物产量和经济 环境效益值具有显著的交互影响, 在缺水年份秸秆覆盖能够提高作物产量, M₉₀₀₀处理具有最优的经济 环境效益; 而在丰水年份, 秸秆覆盖导致产量显著下降, CK具有更好的经济 环境效益。     

The effect of some carbon substrates on denitrification rates and carbon utilization in soil

Summary Soil was amended with a variety of carbon sources, including four soluble compounds (glucose, sucrose, glycerol and mannitol) and two plant residues (straw and alfalfa).. Potential denitrification rates, measured both as N₂O accumulation and NO₃ ^– disappearance, were compared, and the predicted values of available C, measured as CO₂ production and water-extractable C, were assessed.The two measures of denitrification agreed well although N₂O accumulation was, found to be most sensitive. Soil treated with the four soluble C compounds resulted in the same rate of denitrification although glycerol was not as rapidly oxidized. Alfalfa-amended soil produced a significantly higher rate of denitrification than the same amount of added straw. CO₂ evolution was found to be a good predictor of denitrification over the first 2 days of sampling, but neither measure of available substrate C correlated well with denitrification rate beyond 4 days, when NO₃ ^– was depleted in most treatments. The data with alfalfa-amended soil suggested that denitrifiers used water-extractable C. materials produced by other organisms under anaerobic conditions.     

The effect of reduced tillage on nitrous oxide emissions of silt loam soils

The effect of reduced tillage (RT) on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions of soils from fields with root crops under a temperate climate was studied. Three silt loam fields under RT agriculture were compared with their respective conventional tillage (CT) field with comparable crop rotation and manure application. Undisturbed soil samples taken in September 2005 and February 2006 were incubated under laboratory conditions for 10 days. The N₂O emission of soils taken in September 2005 varied from 50 to 1,095 μg N kg⁻¹ dry soil. The N₂O emissions of soils from the RT fields taken in September 2005 were statistically (P < 0.05) higher or comparable than the N₂O emissions from their respective CT soil. The N₂O emission of soils taken in February 2006 varied from 0 to 233 μg N kg⁻¹ dry soil. The N₂O emissions of soils from the RT fields taken in February 2006 tended to be higher than the N₂O emissions from their respective CT soil. A positive and significant Pearson correlation of the N₂O–N emissions with nitrate nitrogen (NO₃ ⁻–N) content in the soil was found (P < 0.01). Leaving the straw on the field, a typical feature of RT, decreased NO₃ ⁻–N content of the soil and reduced N₂O emissions from RT soils.     

Effect of addition of various carbon substrates on denitrification in a vertic Mollisol

Summary Glucose, acetate, malate, and citrate were added to an agricultural soil. The pe values (-log e^-; calculated from the redox potential) obtained 30 min after the addition of C were not correlated with the theoretical reducing power nor with the theoretical total energy of the C compounds. By contrast the number of electron (e^-) equivalents was correlated with pe⁷, indicating that the proton number affected the redox potential (Eh) measurement. After 24 h of incubation, denitrification rates followed the order citrate>malate>glucose and control. No N₂O production was detected with acetate. Denitrification was not correlated with the theoretical reducing power of the added C compounds but was correlated with pe+pH. Similar numbers of e^- equivalents were measured with all treatments. After 72 h of incubation, the order of the denitrification rates was malate>citrate >acetate>glucose and control. The Eh values (lower than after 24h) did not differ with treatment while the number of e^- equivalents was influenced by the quality of the C source. This also demonstrates that the proton number affected the measured Eh. Our results suggest that the different C substrates did not directly influence the soil physicochemical and biological conditions through their degree of oxidation. Any effects appeared to be indirect, arising from the ability of the substrates to generate new metabolites, and consequently initiate different metabolic pathways that modified the soil physicochemical conditions, reducing power and microbial activity.     

不同水分条件下CO2浓度升高对冬小麦碳氮转运的影响

CO2浓度升高对作物的影响日益受到重视,水分是作物生长的必要条件之一。冬小麦是我国的主要粮食作物之一,阐明高CO2浓度和水分条件互作对冬小麦碳氮转运的影响,对客观认识气候变化背景下作物的水分管理及肥料施用具有实际指导意义。本研究利用开放式CO2富集系统(FACE)平台,以冬麦品种‘中麦175’为试验材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了不同CO2浓度[正常浓度(391±40)μmol·mol?1和高浓度(550±60)μmol·mol?1]及水分条件(湿润条件和干旱条件,即75%和55%田间土壤最大持水量)的冬小麦花前碳氮积累及花后碳氮转运的规律特征。结果表明:湿润条件下,与正常CO2浓度相比,高CO2浓度促进冬小麦地上部干物质及碳氮积累,开花期增幅分别为18.1%、16.5%、14.9%,成熟期增幅分别为6.6%、1.3%、4.5%,并提高碳氮转运能力及对籽粒贡献率,转运量、转运率及对籽粒贡献率的增幅碳素依次为39.3%、20.0%、30.0%,氮素依次为19.1%、3.8%、10.8%。干旱条件下,与正常CO2浓度相比,高CO2浓度对地上部碳氮积累有一定的促进作用,开花期和成熟期碳积累量分别增加3.0%和10.7%,氮积累量分别增加0和15.8%;但高CO2浓度阻碍了碳氮的转运,转运量、转运率降幅碳素分别为10.2%、12.8%,氮素分别为7.2%、7.1%;碳氮对籽粒贡献率则变化不同,碳降低14.4%,而氮升高31.3%。干旱及高CO2浓度互作与湿润条件正常CO2浓度处理相比,冬小麦碳素转运对籽粒贡献率降低更明显,地上部碳素转运量、转运率及对籽粒贡献率降幅分别为36.2%、16.9%、22.3%,但提高了氮素转运对籽粒贡献率,氮素转运量及转运率分别降低35.7%、15.2%,对籽粒贡献率增加7.0%。综合而言,高CO2浓度可促进冬小麦碳氮积累及其在花后向籽粒的转运,水分不足可能成为主要的物质转运障碍因子,限制CO2促进作用发挥。     

Tillage effects on N2O emissions as influenced by a winter cover crop

Conservation tillage practices are widely used to protect against soil erosion and soil C losses, whereas winter cover crops are used mainly to protect against N losses during autumn and winter. For the greenhouse gas balance of a cropping system the effect of reduced tillage and cover crops on N₂O emissions may be more important than the effect on soil C. This study monitored emissions of N₂O between September 2008 and May 2009 in three tillage treatments, i.e., conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and direct drilling (DD), all with (+CC) or without (−CC) fodder radish as a winter cover crop. Cover crop growth, soil mineral N dynamics, and other soil characteristics were recorded. Furthermore, soil concentrations of N₂O were determined eight times during the monitoring period using permanently installed needles. There was little evidence for effects of the cover crop on soil mineral N. Following spring tillage and slurry application soil mineral N was dominated by the input from slurry. Nitrous oxide emissions during autumn, winter and early spring remained low, although higher emissions from +CC treatments were indicated after freezing events. Following spring tillage and slurry application by direct injection N₂O emissions were stimulated in all tillage treatments, reaching 250-400 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ except in the CT + CC treatment, where emissions peaked at 900 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹. Accumulated emissions ranged from 1.6 to 3.9 kg N₂O ha⁻¹. A strong positive interaction between cover crop and tillage was observed. Soil concentration profiles of N₂O showed a significant accumulation of N₂O in CT relative to RT and DD treatments after spring tillage and slurry application, and a positive interaction between slurry and cover crop residues. A comparison in early May of N₂O emissions with flux estimates based on soil concentration profiles indicated that much of the N₂O emitted was produced near the soil surface.     

旱塬冬小麦氮磷肥效及其利用率的变异性研

多年试验研究结果表明,氮(N)磷(P)肥对旱塬冬小麦有显著增产效果,但其随小麦品种、年度波动性很大。N、P肥利用率年际间变化很大,且随其用量的增加而降低。1984～1995年(供试品种"长武-131")N肥利用率变幅为6.4％～58.6％,变异系数为48.7％;P肥利用率变幅为3.7％～19.8％,变异系数为39.5％。1996～1998年(供试品种"长武-134")肥料用量由45kg／hm2增至180kg／hm2,N肥利用率由42.9％降至25.4％(平均36.3％),P肥利用率由10.8％降至3.2％(平均7.2％)。肥料利用率与施肥利润高低并不同步,以肥料利用率作旱塬地区肥料生产效益的度量存在很大局限性,通过分析N与P的连应效应表明,N、P配施是提高其相互利用率的有效途径。