山东省区域生态农业发展模式探析

研究确立了适合山东不同区域发展的生态农业主导产业,并提出符合各区域特点的生态农业发展模式和主攻方向。     

Impact of soil degradation on crop production in Brazil

A conceptual model is proposed to facilitate understanding of the effects of soil and crop management practices on soil properties, yields, economics and political interference in production from heavy clay oxisols of the Brazilian developed regions. This model was developed for illustrative purposes, and was established by qualitative and quantitative analyses of data and observations on the rates of change of soil structure, the susceptibility of soils to this changes, and its effects on different cropping systems. Rates of production, technological aspects of production, production efficiency and profitability are compared. In general, the model is presented as a hypothetical function for characterizing and facilitating understanding of the impact of soil degradation on several aspects of crop production from oxisols in Brazil.     

温室集约化生产系统对土壤质量的影响

Composite top- and subsoil samples were collected from the greenhouses in the Al-Balawneh area,Jordan,where intensive greenhouse production system（IGPS） has been practiced since 1998,to study the impact of IGPS on soil quality as measured by the chemical and biological properties to develop a sustainable production system.The study showed that IGPS led to higher electrical conductivity in top- and subsoils compared to an uncultivated soil（control）.Quality and amount of irrigation water,lack of efficient drainage,and quantity and types of applied fertilizers were major factors resulting in salt buildup.IGPS resulted in lower total N（TN） and NO₃-N in the soil compared to the control.The lower TN was due to crop uptake,microbial immobilization,volatilization,and irregular application of composted animal manure or poultry manure.In contrast,higher residual Olsen-P content was detected in both soil layers of greenhouses than in the control.Residual P was classified as very high in the topsoil layers and sufficient to high in the subsoil layers.Residual available K in the soils of greenhouses was relatively lower than that in the control and it was,however,classified as high to very high.A large increase of Cl and a considerable decrease in the bacterial count were observed in both soil layers of IGPS compared to the control treatment.Economically sustainable soil management practices need to be adopted by farmers to achieve a sustainable and profitable production.This can be accomplished through education,targeted towards the farming community in the central Jordan Valley.     

Synergistic effects of regional climate patterns and local water management on freshwater mussel communities

Human alterations to aquatic ecosystems are leading to decreases in species richness and biomass and subsequent changes in community composition. In many cases species losses are non-random: species with traits poorly adapted to the new environmental conditions suffer greater losses. We used long-term data from a southern US river, the Kiamichi River, to evaluate the synergistic effects of regional climate patterns coupled with water management practices on freshwater mussel communities. Mussel communities in the river changed over the 15 year period of this study, with overall densities and species richness decreasing and community structure shifting from assemblages dominated by thermally sensitive to thermally tolerant species. These changes corresponded with a period of very low flows in the river caused by a combination of climate patterns (a regional drought) and local water management practices (decreased reservoir releases). These low flows, coupled with high summer air temperatures, changed the river in many locations from a continuously flowing river to a series of shallow, isolated pools where water temperatures sometimes exceeded 40 °C. Altered conditions led to higher mortality rates of thermally sensitive compared to tolerant species. We predict future shifts in river ecosystem function as mussel communities change in response to changing climate and water management.     

Water flow patterns and pesticide fluxes in an upland soil in northern Thailand

Rapid percolation of water through soil facilitates both the recharge and the contamination of groundwater reservoirs. We have studied the variation of water flux and pesticide leaching through a soil in northern Thailand. At a depth of 55 cm, two pits were equipped with tensiometer-controlled glass suction lysimeters that were connected to a novel on-line solid-phase extraction device. Nine insecticides varying in water solubility from 10⁻² to 10⁺⁶ mg l⁻¹ were applied on the soil surface, and leaching was monitored for 8 weeks. Measured water fluxes were compared with simulated values. Total recovery ranged from traces (malathion, triazophos) to 1.3% (dimethoate) of the applied amount, showing a decreasing retardation with increasing polarity of the substances. All pesticides were detectable in the soil solution during the first rain after application. Due to fingering, 83% of the leachate was transported through 38% of the area at leaching rates of < 2 mm per day. A new adaptation of the Simpson Index revealed that the diversity of the flow pattern increased exponentially with decreasing rates of seepage water flux (R² = 0.80). No such correlation was found when leaching was faster, indicating that the flow pattern switched from a fingering- to a matric-dominated flux. No long-term leaching of insecticides was observed. The two profiles studied behaved similarly in terms of both water and pesticide transport. Therefore we suggest that the flow pattern is a stable property of the soil that can be accurately described by our combination of novel experimental setup and statistical analysis of the flow field.     

基于GIS的区域作物生产系统潜力分析

在区域气候数据库和作物生产数据库支持下，通过光、温、水、土、施肥、灌溉、社会等因子的逐步衰减，建立基于GIS的作物生产潜力的估算方法，并定量分析江苏地区作物单产潜力、潜力系数和总产潜力及区域作物生产的开发优势。结果表明：江苏省作物开发优势由北向南逐渐增大。就作物而论，棉花开发优势最大，油菜最小，粮食居中。就经济区而论，粮油棉开发优势不同，粮食：太湖区>沿江区>沿海区>宁镇扬区>两淮区>徐连区，棉花：太湖区>沿海区>沿江区>宁镇扬区>徐连区>两淮区，油料：太湖区>宁镇扬区>沿江区>沿海区>两淮区>徐连区。就同一经济区而论，粮油棉的开发优势也不同，徐连区：棉花>粮食>油料；两淮区：棉花最大，粮食和油料相当；宁镇扬区：油料最大，粮食和棉花相当；沿江区：粮油棉的开发优势相当；太湖区：棉花最大，粮食、油料相当；沿海区：棉花>粮食>油料。     

Impact of competitive fungi on Trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum

Bioassays were used to determine the production of the trichothecene mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), by two isolates of Fusarium graminearum when grown in association with potentially competitive fungi and an antifungal chemical, 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone (6PAP). The presence of 6PAP in the culture medium reduced DON production by as much as 80%, but this effect was reduced for the F. graminearum isolate that most efficiently metabolized the added 6PAP. A 6PAP-producing Trichoderma isolate grown in a competition assay system with the F. graminearum isolates was also able to substantially reduce DON production. When Fusarium isolates (F. crookwellense, F. culmorum, F. subglutinans, F. poae, F. equiseti, F. avenaceum, and F. sambucinum), which co-occur with F. graminearum in New Zealand maize plants (Zea mays), were grown in competition assays, the effect on DON production was variable. However, all isolates of F. subglutinans tested were shown to cause reductions in DON production (by 13-76%, mean = 62%). F. subglutinans frequently co-occurs with F. graminearum, but its presence can vary with location and time of the season. When the competitive fungus tested was also a trichothecene producer (e.g., of nivalenol), both toxins were produced in the assay medium. The results indicate that mycotoxin production by F. graminearum can be affected by the presence of particular competitive fungi. These results have implications for an ecological understanding of pathogenicity and of mycotoxin accumulation in plants. Early establishment of F. subglutinans, for example, may act as a biological control mechanism providing a temporary protection against invasion by more commonly toxigenic fusaria such as F. graminearum.     

中国区域粮食生产优势度的演变及分析

该文采用地区粮食优势度指数,实证了1994至2005年间中国粮食生产区域格局的演变情况。结果显示,近10年来中国粮食优势省区有集中的趋势,经济最为发达的北京、上海、天津和浙江等省（市）的粮食生产优势度下降最为严重,辽宁和吉林两省上升最大;东部地区的粮食生产优势正在逐步减弱,粮食生产重心正向中部和东北地区转移。粮食生产优势的区域变动可以从种粮收益、经营规模、农业劳动力机会成本等方面进行解释,东部地区虽然粮食收益较高,但是较小的规模、较高的劳力成本、以及经济作物的相对高收益都对粮食生产产生了负面影响。由此可见,东部地区粮食生产的逐步退出是历史必然。     

Impact of wheat straw decomposition on successional patterns of soil microbial community structure

The dynamics of indigenous bacterial and fungal soil communities were followed throughout the decomposition of wheat straw residue. More precisely, such dynamics were investigated in the different soil zones under the influence of decomposing wheat straw residue (i.e. residues, soil adjacent to residue = detritusphere, and bulk soil). The genetic structures of bacterial and fungal communities were compared throughout the decomposition process long by applying B- and F-ARISA (for bacterial and fungal-automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis) to DNA extracts from these different zones. Residue decomposition induced significant changes in bacterial and fungal community dynamics with a magnitude of changes between the different soil zones ordered as followed: residue > detritusphere > bulk soil, confirming the spatial structuration of the sphere of residue influence to the 4-6 mm soil zone in contact with residue. Furthermore, significant differences in the structure of bacterial and fungal communities were apparent between the early (14 and 28 days) and late (from 56 to 168 days) stages of decomposition. These could be related to ecological attributes such as the succession of r- (copiotrophs) and K- (oligotrophs) strategists. Microbial diversity at the early (28 days) and late (168 days) stages of degradation was further analysed by a molecular inventory of 16S and 18S rDNA in DNA extracts from the residue zone. This confirmed the succession of different populations during residue decomposition. Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and Neurospora sp. were dominant in the early stage with subsequent stimulation of Actinobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria taxa, as well as Basidiomycota fungal taxa and Madurella spp. According to the ecological attributes of these populations, microbial succession on fresh organic residue incorporated in soil would be dominated by copiotrophs and r-strategists in the early stages, with oligotrophs (K-strategists) increasing in relative abundance as substrate quantity and/or quality declines over time.     

区域秸秆资源分布及全量化利用潜力分析

为进一步提高秸秆综合利用率,促进秸秆利用产业科学合理化,推动区域秸秆全量化利用,以湖南省为研究对象,对主要农作物秸秆资源量、人均秸秆占有量等进行了估算,明确了湖南省秸秆资源空间分布特征;同时结合湖南省秸秆利用竞争性需求量计算分析了全省秸秆全量化利用潜势。结果表明：2018年湖南省主要农作物秸秆理论和可收集资源量分别为4 021.7和3 039.1万t,主要以水稻秸秆为主,占比约65%;其次为油菜、蔬菜和玉米秸秆。不同农作物秸秆表现出不同的空间分布特征,水稻、油菜和蔬菜秸秆总体呈现自西向东、由南向北逐渐增加的趋势,而玉米秸秆则表现出相反的变化趋势。全省人均秸秆资源占有量仅为0.68 t,远低于全国平均水平。通过分析秸秆潜在利用途径,预测湖南省肥料化需求量为887.3万t,饲料化需求量为885.1万t,基料化需求量为83.2万t,原料化利用量为65.7万t;剩余秸秆可能源化利用量为1 117.9万t。结合目前湖南省秸秆资源利用结构,全省实现秸秆全量化利用的总体趋势应为在保持基料化和原料化利用的基础上,适当减少肥料化,提高饲料化和能源化利用比率。     

Ensemble data mining approaches to forecast regional sugarcane crop production

Accurate yield forecasts are pivotal for the success of any agricultural industry that plans or sells ahead of the annual harvest. Biophysical models that integrate information about crop growing conditions can give early insight about the likely size of a crop. At a point scale, where highly detailed knowledge about environmental and management conditions are known, the performance of reputable crop modelling approaches like APSIM have been well established. However, regional growing conditions tend not to be homogenous. Heterogeneity is common in many agricultural systems, and particularly in sugarcane systems. To overcome this obstacle, hundreds of model settings (‘models’ for convenience) that represent different environmental and management conditions were created for Ayr, a major sugarcane growing region in north eastern Australia. Statistical data mining methods that used ensembles were used to select and assign weights to the best models. One technique, called a lasso approximation produced the best results. This procedure, produced a predictive correlation (r^cv) of 0.71 when predicting end of season sugarcane yields some 4 months prior to the start of the harvest season, and 10 months prior to harvest completion. This continuous forecasting methodology based on statistical ensembles represents a considerable improvement upon previous research where only categorical forecast predictions had been employed.     

Impact of 1-methylcyclopropene and methyl jasmonate on apple volatile production.

Climacteric Fuji apples were treated with 10 microL x L(-1) MCP (1-methylcyclopropene), 2 mmol x L(-1) MJ (methyl jasmonate), or a combination of 10 microL x L(-1) MCP and 2 mmol x L(-1) MJ. Fruit were kept at 20 degrees C for 15 days after treatment. Production of ethylene and other volatile compounds was measured prior to and 3, 7, 11, and 15 days after treatment. Ethylene production decreased 3 days following MJ treatment and then increased. MCP treatment alone or in combination with MJ inhibited ethylene production. MJ and MCP inhibited production of many volatile alcohols and esters. The production of individual alcohols and esters appears to be differentially inhibited by MJ or MCP. MJ and MCP inhibited not only production of alcohols but also formation of esters from alcohols.     

气候变化对中国农业生产的影响及应对策略

全球气候呈现变暖的趋势, 对农业生产和粮食安全产生重大影响, 并成为当今全球环境变化关注的热点问题之一。本文采用文献综述与比较研究的方法, 系统分析了气候变化对光资源、温度、土壤质量和水环境等农业生产要素的影响机理, 探讨了气候变化对我国作物种植区域和种植制度、农作物病虫害、农业生产能力以及农业经济与管理等方面的实际影响, 通过梳理国外应对气候变化的主要农业战略, 提出新时期我国应对气候变化的农业可持续发展策略。     

河北平原气候变化对冬小麦产量的影响

根据河北平原多年降水、气温及冬小麦产量资料,利用回归分析、M-K突变检验、T检验、线性调和滑动平均等统计分析方法,分析了1951～2006年河北省气候变化特征及其对冬小麦气候产量的影响。结果表明:河北省春季气温近56年来线性升高倾向显著,平均每10年升高0.38℃,春季降水近56年无明显线性增减倾向。冬小麦气候产量与气温、降水显著相关,当气温距平在-1.2～1.2℃之间时,小麦气候产量为正值,温度过低或过高都会使小麦减产,高温使小麦减产更严重,降水量和小麦气候产量呈正相关。     

区域耕地粮食生产保障能力及其风险评价方法

区域耕地粮食生产保障能力是区域耕地对综合食物安全所需粮食的保障程度,受区域耕地资源和社会经济等方面的影响。科学评价区域耕地的粮食生产保障能力及其存在风险,对于解决综合食物安全问题起着关键性的作用。该文以区域耕地的粮食供给能力和粮食生产安全量预测为基础,建立了区域耕地粮食生产保障风险的评价方法,并以洞庭湖区为例开展了以县(市、区)为基本单元的实证研究。结果表明:洞庭湖区耕地资源对全国综合食物安全的保障情况较好,但部分县(市、区)的风险等级较高,且临湖区域的风险较相对远离洞庭湖区域的风险高,需要提高粮食生产水平并控制耕地非农化。该文所提出的区域耕地粮食生产保障能力及其风险评价方法为研究和评估不同区域粮食安全状况与耕地资源之间的相互关系提供参考。     

Impact of crop production system on the content of macronutrients in potato tubers

ABSTRACT

The content of macronutrients in potato tubers arouses interest because of their substantial consumption in the world and significant role in elements' budget in human diet. The research objective has been to evaluate the content of macronutrients in tubers of potatoes grown in different systems of crop production in Poland. In 2012–2014, an experiment was conducted to test potato cultivation in three-crop production systems: conventional, integrated and organic. In each of the six-field crop rotation systems, there were five potato cultivars classified into different earliness groups. The following macronutrients in dry mass of potato tubers were determined: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S and Cl, and the various ratios between them were calculated. The research carried out proved that potatoes production systems affect the chemical composition of tubers, which is additionally modified by whether condition and genetic features of cultivars. Potato tubers from organic farming contained by about 20% less N than tubers from conventional or integrated systems. Potato tubers from organic production system displayed lower content of Ca and Na in comparison with the conventional and integrated systems. The least of P and S were detected in tubers of the potatoes grown conventionally.     

石家庄平原区粮食施肥增产对地下水开采量演变影响研究

通过对近30年来石家庄平原区农业开采地下水量与化肥施用量和粮食产量之间的关系研究,揭示了化肥施用在小麦玉米产量耗用地下水开采量中的影响作用。结果表明,化肥施用量增加使小麦玉米产量的增幅大大超过农用地下水开采量增幅,从而使单位小麦玉米产量所耗用的地下水开采量不断减小,从20世纪70年代的1.86 m3·kg-1减小到2000—2005年间的0.72 m3·kg-1。如果没有化肥的增产效用,按照20世纪70年代的化肥施用量水平(0.17 t·hm-2),达到现状的粮食生产规模需要耗用的地下水开采量将大大增加,20世纪80年代、90年代、2000—2005年间平均分别需要多耗用地下水10.35×108 m3、18.88×108 m3和20.12×108 m3。但是21世纪初期单位面积上化肥施用量水平已较高,继续增加化肥施用对粮食单产及单位小麦玉米产量耗用地下水强度影响不大。     

气候变化对中国农业用水和粮食生产的影响

全球气候变暖作为一个不争的客观事实,不可避免地会对中国农业用水和粮食生产产生影响。该文分别采用Palmer干旱指数（PDSI）、单位灌溉面积用水量（GIQ）、单位面积粮食产量（PHGO）作为气候变化、农业用水和粮食生产具体度量指标,分析了中国1949－2005年PDSI、GIQ、PHGO年际变化特征及其相关关系,发现在1949－1983年PHGO和1949－1990年GIQ均与PDSI具有较好线性相关关系,表明气候变化在上述时间段对农业用水和粮食生产影响显著,人为因素（技术进步、政策机制、生产投入等）影响相对较小。依据相关关系对1949－2005年GIQ和PHGO进行预测发现,1991－2005年GIQ和1984－2005年PHGO预测值与实际值拟合程度较差,表明人为因素（技术进步、政策机制、生产投入等）在农业用水和粮食生产中已逐渐占据主导地位,对农业节水平均影响率达27%以上,对粮食增产平均影响率达40%以上。通过技术创新、政策机制保障和生产投入增加等人为因素控制,可在一定程度上缓解气候变化对中国农业用水和粮食生产带来的负面影响。