Transport and distribution of heavy metals in Cauvery river

Heavy metal transport in Cauvery river chiefly takes place in the particulate form. Tributaries Hemevathi and Kabini draining highly mineralized areas contribute significantly to the heavy metal load of the Cauvery river. Particulate metal transport is influenced by the presence of major dams built across the river. Factor analysis of the elemental data identifies two major group of heavy metals, (a) Fe, Mn, Cr, V and Ti and (b) Cu, Pb and Zn in the suspended sediments of Cauvery river. Heavy metals in surface sediments show wide variations in their concentrations due to the non-uniform grain size distribution of the sediments. The elements Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co and As are dominantly present in the <20 μm fraction of the river sediments. Speciation studies show that Fe-Mn oxide phase held the largest share of heavy metals in the sediments. The depth variation of heavy metals in the core sediments suggest their similar mobility during diagenesis. Geoaccumulation indices calculated suggest that Cd, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu and Ni are enriched in sediments several times over background values.     

水稻子实对不同形态重金属的累积差异及其影响因素分析

在分析成都平原核心区土壤重金属(Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn)全量、各形态含量及相应点位种植的水稻子实重金属含量的基础上,通过统计分析、空间插值及线性回归方程的模拟,研究了土壤Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn全量的空间分布状况、各形态重金属含量统计特征,以及水稻子实对重金属各形态的累积差异及其影响因素。结果表明,成都平原水稻土重金属污染较轻,除Cd外,均低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准。土壤中重金属的可交换态含量均较低,Cd主要以铁锰氧化态存在,Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb主要以残渣态存在。水稻子实对5种重金属的累积效应顺序为:Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr。与水稻重金属累积关系密切的重金属活性形态(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态)主要有:Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cr的可交换态、Pb的有机物结合态和Cu的碳酸盐结合态含量;Zn各活性形态对水稻子实含量的影响不明显。土壤理化性质对不同活性形态重金属元素的影响效应各不相同。活性态Cd主要受有机质、pH和容重的影响;活性态Cr与pH、有机质、CEC和容重密切相关;活性态Pb与有机质、容重、中细粉粒、砂粒等均有密切的关系;Cu的活性主要受粘粒、有机质含量的影响;Zn的有效性主要受pH、有机质、砂粒、容重的影响。总的看来,对土壤Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn各活性形态含量影响效应较强的是有机质、pH、容重,而与土壤吸附性能密切相关的颗粒组成、CEC的影响不甚明显。     

长三角工业型城乡交错区蔬菜生产系统重金属平衡及健康风险

随着中国城市化进程的加快,城乡交错区重金属污染问题越来越受到人们的关注.本文以长三角无锡市城乡交错区某蔬菜基地为例,详细观测了两年期间(2003.7-2005.7)蔬菜生产系统中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd等重金属元素的平衡状况,其目的是掌握该生产系统重金属的积累趋势,评价系统中土壤和蔬菜的健康风险.结果表明:该系统在管理过程中,重金属的输入途径有施肥和灌溉,有机肥施用是生产系统重金属输入的主要来源,占输入量的88.5% 以上.系统重金属年输入量较高,明显高于荷兰农业区水平,而Cu、Pb、Zn等元素年输出量明显较低,占输入量的10% 以下,表现为盈余.观测田块土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd含量均低于农田土壤二级标准但明显高于太湖地区人为土元素背景值,存在积累的趋势.蔬菜中重金属健康风险评价结果表明,在目前的生产条件下,叶菜类蔬菜重金属健康风险较高.     

Soil Contamination in Dumps on the Karstic Areas from the Plateaus (Southeast of Madrid, Spain)

After over 10 years of accumulation of residues in the studied dumps near Madrid, it has been registered low or moderate heavy metals concentrations on the surrounding area. Only occasionally, some rubbish dumps contain significant quantities of Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb. The concentration levels of Pb, Ni, Zn and Cu are safe when they are compared with the surrounding areas levels of heavy metals. The aim of this paper is the analysis of pollutants existing around in the dumps located at the sides of the plateaus of the central valley of the Tajo River (provinces of Madrid and Toledo, Spain). The high karstification rate of the upper layer of these tablelands and the existence of numerous dumps on them (even on their slopes) make these areas vulnerable to heavy metal pollution. However, after several years of use, the concentration of pollutants only reaches moderate values in the studied areas. Dumping materials were collected at four rubbish dumps. The mineralogical composition of the materials were analysed by XRD. Sequential extraction procedure was applied for speciation of the metal forms in the collected samples. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr and Cd in extracts were determined by AAS. The studied samples showed high carbonate concentration. Contamination processes are combined there with weathering processes. Heavy metals concentration in control samples (gypsum, limestones, red soils and colluviums) were compared with samples of the studied dump in order to evaluate the pollution level. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Ni and Cu were variable. The contamination was elevated for samples in depth in relation with weathering process of heavy metals.     

规模化猪场区域农田土壤重金属积累及影响评价分析

为了解长期灌溉猪场废水对农田土壤重金属的影响,采集了河北省京安猪场区域农田清洁区和灌溉8年猪场废水污灌区的耕层(0～20 cm)共52个土壤样品,并测定了样品的pH、养分和Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和As全量和有效态含量,根据背景资料、相关分析和主成分分析确定重金属污染来源,应用富集因子分析重金属积累程度,并应用污染指数进行重金属影响评价分析。结果表明,灌溉猪场废水对土壤主要带来Zn和Cu的富集,对Ni、Cr和As几乎没有富集效应,Pb和As的富集主要由施用化肥引起。尽管灌溉8年猪场废水后土壤的Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和As含量在安全范围内,但土壤重金属有效态含量不仅与重金属全量正相关,还与土壤pH负相关,而灌溉猪场废水会降低土壤pH,从而增加土壤重金属有效态含量。因此,长期灌溉猪场废水不但要注意土壤Zn和Cu积累,还需采取措施降低土壤Zn、Cu等重金属有效态含量以防重金属带来环境风险。     

Mikrosondenuntersuchungen an unterschiedlich stark mit Schwermetallen belasteten Böden. 2. Gehalte an Schwermetallen und anderen Elementen in Huminstoffaggregationen,Streustoffen und Holzkohlepartikeln

Electron microprobe studies on soil samples with varying heavy metal contamination. 2. Contents of heavy metals and other elements in aggregations of humic substances, litter residues and charcoal particles EMA point analysis show that the organic matter constituents of heavy metal contaminated soils are highly enriched with heavy metals. The maximal trace element accumulation were for Cu up to 13,000 mg/kg, for Zn up to 48,000 mg/kg, for Cd up to 2,100 mg/kg and for Pb up to 193,000 mg/kg. The affinity for the accumulation of the different heavy metals in aggregations of humic substances can be described by the sequence Cu > Pb ? Cd > Zn ? Ni > Co. In very strongly acidified humic top soil horizons the Pb and Cd accumulation in the organic matter constituents is in competition with the accumulation in Fe and Mn oxides. The heavy metal contents (especially of Cu) of the organic matter are often correlated with the content of organically bound calcium. The EMA results also show that high heavy metal amounts occur in combination with Ca-accumulations in the epidermis and the outer bark parenchym of decayed roots. EMA point analysis of the interior of fungus sclerotias show that sclerotias can contain high amounts of heavy metals, in particular lead (up to 49,700 mg Pb/kg). From statistical results of EMA point analysis follows that lead and other heavy metals attached to humic substances are not only bound as metal organic complexes but also as organic metal phosphate complexes. Also charcoal particles of polluted soils contain high amounts of heay metals. The accumulation affinity is quite similar to that of humic substances.     

Long-term cultivation impact on the heavy metal behavior in a reclaimed wetland,Northeast China

Purpose

Heavy metal fractionation varies according to land uses. To understand the behavior of heavy metals in wetland soils under long-term agricultural cultivation, we examined the distribution, source, and associated environmental risk of heavy metals in different types of wetland soils.

Materials and methods

Soils were collected in cultivated lands, artificial ditches, and riparian zones from a reclaimed wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. They were analyzed for total concentrations and chemical fractions of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni, as well as pH, soil organic matter, total phosphorus, and particle size distribution.

Results and discussion

Heavy metal concentrations were significantly lower in cultivated wetland than in ditch and riparian wetlands. Riparian wetland was found to exhibit the highest metal concentrations. When compared with other two wetland types, the cultivated wetland showed much higher partitioning levels of heavy metals in the acid-soluble fraction and lower partitioning levels in the oxidizable fraction. Although Cr, Cu, and Ni in ditch and riparian wetlands were identified as the metal pollutants of primary concern, they had a low or no risk of further dispersion to other environmental components. Weathering of parent materials was the main source of Cr and Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn originated mainly from agricultural practices, and Ni emanated from a mixture of sources.

Conclusions

Long-term agricultural cultivation can lead to significant heavy metal loss in cultivated wetland but enrich heavy metal concentrations in ditch and riparian wetlands. Periodic ditch dredging is considered an effective measure for decreasing heavy metal input into the fluvial system and thereby reducing the dispersion to the regional water environment.     

Suitability of four woody plant species for the phytostabilization of a zinc smelting slag site after 5 years of assisted revegetation

Purpose

Zinc smelting activity generates large volumes of highly toxic waste slags and poses a potential extreme environmental risk for the surrounding areas. The establishment of a vegetation cap for the phytostabilization of abandoned mine tailing heaps using plants is usually considered a beneficial approach. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of phytostabilization of zinc smelting slag using four woody plants combined with organic amendments, to investigate the distribution of heavy metals in the slag–plant system, and to better understand how the direct revegetation of a zinc smelting slag site can influence the mobility and geochemical fraction of heavy metals.

Materials and methods

Slags were collected from the areas planted with vegetation (Arundo donax, Broussonetia papyrifera, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Cryptomeria fortunei) and a bare area in a zinc smelting waste slag site using an indigenous method. Physicochemical properties were determined with the usual procedures. The geochemical fraction and bioavailability of heavy metals was determined using the three-step modified European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) sequential extraction schemes. Heavy metal concentrations (Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd) in the slag and plant samples were also measured.

Results and discussion

Vegetation planted directly in the zinc smelting waste slag significantly enhanced the nutrient accumulation and reduced the bioavailability of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, and Cd) with the exception of A. donax for Zn and Cd. The presence of four woody plants increased the bioavailability of Pb. Sequential extraction revealed that revegetation reduced the acid-soluble extractable fraction and increased the fraction of heavy metals associated with the Fe/Mn oxy(hydr)oxides or organic matter. This is attributed to the establishment of plant-enhanced weathering of minerals in the waste slag that resulted in the formation of an amount of dissolved metals, and the amount of dissolved metals was partly redistributed into the soluble extractable fraction of the zinc smelting waste slag. The final concentration of metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd) in the soluble extractable fraction is dependent on the dynamics of metals induced by root activity in the rhizosphere. Much lower levels of heavy metals with lower translocation factors accumulated in the four woody plants than in the associated slags.

Conclusions

We conclude that the studied four woody plants showed a beneficial vegetation cover and phytostabilization potential within 5 years of revegetation. These woody plants have the potential for high heavy metal tolerance and low heavy metal accumulation. Therefore, these woody plants could be used for revegetation and phytostabilization of zinc smelting slag sites under field conditions.

     

巢湖表层沉积物中重金属的分布及污染评价

对巢湖湖区不同位点的表层沉积物中的Fe、Cr、Pb、Cu、Co、Zn、Ni7种重金属含量进行的分析表明,湖泊沉积物中重金属含量分布呈现一定的区域特征,由于巢湖西半湖靠近合肥市区,大量的工业废水和生活污水通过河道排入巢湖,引起西半湖区中重金属含量高于东半湖区。采用富集因子法和地积累指数法对巢湖沉积物重金属污染现状进行了评价,结果表明,巢湖沉积物中存在Pb、Cu污染,个别地区已相当严重,并呈现沿湖心区至东半湖区逐渐降低趋势。研究表明,两种方法均能对人为污染行为做出较为科学的评价,且两种方法得到的评价结果基本一致。由于重金属元素有很强的毒性,并且能够在食物链中传递,有关部门应及早从流域环境综合规划入手,对重金属污染问题采取有力的控制对策,保护沿湖地区居民免受危害。此外,对巢湖表层沉积物中重金属污染物来源进行了初步分析,据分析结果判断,巢湖沉积物中重金属总量Co、Fe、Cr的来源相似,Zn和Cu的来源相似。     

苏南某冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属分布及风险评价

选择江苏南部冶炼厂周边污染的水稻田,采集耕层0～15cm的土壤,分析土壤中重金属Cd、Pb、Hg、As、Zn、Cu的污染程度及其空间变异特征。结果表明,土壤Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg的全量随着距污染源距离的增加而减少,呈现由东北向西南扩散的趋势,As则是由西北向东南扩散。6种重金属中Cd、Hg的污染范围相对较大,Zn的污染范围最小。DTPA浸提的6种重金属有效态含量都是距污染源距离越远而越少。采用内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤中的重金属进行风险评价,土壤重金属的综合污染指数为39.27,污染程度已超过5级,为重度污染,其中Cd、Hg污染最为严重,含量范围分别为3.98～44.58mg·kg-1、0.36～2.01mg·kg-1,As为中度污染,Pb、Cu、Zn则为轻度污染,说明研究区域农产品安全生产存在很大的风险。     

荣成天鹅湖沉积物中重金属的分布特征研究

通过对表层沉积物中重金属及粒度的分析,研究了荣成天鹅湖重金属的含量水平及分布特征,并对沉积物的环境质量进行了初步评价。结果表明,天鹅湖重金属的总体水平较低,Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn的平均含量均低于国家海洋沉积物I类质量标准,其中Cr和Pb存在轻度污染。Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn的含量范围分别为0～0.84、1.75～116.11、1.50～29.06、17.36～27.25、2.00～34.98mg.kg-1和11.48～92.61mg.kg-1,平均含量排序为Zn〉Cr〉Pb〉Cu、Ni〉Cd。天鹅湖重金属的富集状况与沉积物的粒度以及人类活动密切相关,大部分元素的高值区出现在颗粒较细的湖中央以及污染严重的西北部,东南部含量较低。相关分析表明,各重金属之间的相关性较好,其中Cd、Cu、Mn、Zn、Fe间呈高度的正相关,空间分布规律相似;重金属与有机质、粘粒含量呈极显著正相关,而与砂粒呈极显著负相关。根据加拿大制定的沉积物评价标准,天鹅湖沉积物中Cr具有较大的生态危害性。     

巢湖表层沉积物中重金属污染的时空变化特征及潜在生态风险评价

2008年3月至7月连续对巢湖8个采样点的表层沉积物中Zn、Hg、Cr、Pb、Ni和Cu6种重金属含量进行分析,据此探讨巢湖表层沉积物中重金属污染程度及时空分布特征,评价巢湖重金属污染的潜在生态风险并筛选出主要生态风险因子。结果表明：3月至7月期间,全湖范围内表层沉积物中重金属含量逐渐降低,河流入湖区的污染程度高于其他区域,Zn、Cu、Pb的污染程度高于其他重金属,表层12cm沉积物中的重金属含量随深度增加污染情况呈加重趋势;从潜在生态风险角度分析,巢湖表层沉积物总体只具有轻微潜在生态风险,生态风险指数排名前两位的区域是南淝河入湖区和十五里河入湖区,3月至7月期间重金属潜在生态风险级别逐渐降低,巢湖生态安全主要风险因子为Hg,其次是Pb和Cu。     

Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils of Urban Highways Comparison Between Runoff and Soil Concentrations at Cincinnati,Ohio

Rainfall runoff from urban roadways oftencontains elevated amounts of heavy metals in both particulate anddissolved forms (Sansalone and Buchberger, 1997). Because metalsdo not degrade naturally, high concentrations of them in runoffcan result in accumulation in the roadside soil at levels thatare toxic to organisms in surrounding environments. This studyinvestigated the accumulation of metals in roadside soils at asite for which extensive runoff data were also available.For this study, 58 soil samples, collected from I-75 nearCincinnati, Ohio, were examined using X-ray fluorescence, C-Sanalyzer, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, atomicabsorption spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. The resultsdemonstrated that heavy metal contamination in the top 15 cm ofthe soil samples is very high compared to local backgroundlevels. The maximum measured amount for Pb is 1980 ppm (at 10–15 cm depth) and for Zn is 1430 ppm (at 0–1 cm depth). Metal content in the soil falls off rapidly with depth, and metalcontent decreases as organic C decreases. The correlation toorganic C is stronger than the correlation to depth. The resultsof sequential soil extraction, however, showed lower amounts ofPb and Zn associated with organic matter than was expected basedon the correlation of metals to % organic C in the whole soil.Measurement of organic C in the residues of the sequentialextraction steps revealed that much of the carbon was not removedand hence is of a more refractory nature than is usual inuncontaminated soils. Cluster analysis of the heavy metal datashowed that Pb, Zn and Cu are closely associated to one another,but that Ni and Cr do not show an association with each other orwith either organic C or depth. ICP spectroscopy of exchanged cations showed that only 4.5%of Pb, 8.3% of Zn, 6.9% of Cu and 3.7% of Cr in the soil isexchangeable. Combined with the small amounts of metals bound tosoluble organic matter, this result shows that it is unlikelythat these contaminants can be remobilized into water. At thissite, clays are not an important agent in holding the metals inplace because of low amounts of swelling clays. Instead, insoluble organic matter is more important. Mass balancecalculations for Pb in soil showed that most of the Pb came fromexhausts of vehicles when leaded gasoline was in use, and thatabout 40% of this Pb is retained in the soil.This study shows that, highway environments being a relativelyconstant source of anthropogenic organic matter as well as heavymetals, heavy metals will continue to remain bound to organicmatter in-situ unless they are re-mobilized mechanically. Removalof these heavy metals as wind-blown dust is the most likelymechanism. Another possibility is surface run-off carrying themetals into surface drainages, bypassing the soil. This studyalso shows that for those countries still using leaded gasoline,important reductions in Pb contamination of soils can be achievedby restricting the use of Pb additives.     

工业型城乡交错区土壤重金属含量及其空间分异的特征-以无锡典型城乡交错区为例

Phosphorus （P） is necessary for growth and nitrogen fixation, and thus its deficiency is a major factor limiting legume production in most agricultural soils. The effect of phosphorus supply on nodule development and its role in soybeans （Glycine max L.） was studied in a nutrient solution. Plants were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and grown for 35 days in a glasshouse at a day and night temperature of 25℃ and 15℃, respectively. Although increasing P supply increased the concentrations of P and N in the shoots and roots, the external P supply did not significantly affect the P concentration in the nodules, and the N fixed per unit nodule biomass decreased with increasing P supply. The nitrogen content in the shoots correlated well with the P content （r=0.92＊＊）. At an inoculation level of 10^2 cells mL^-1, the P supply did not affect the number of nodules; however, at inoculation levels of 10^3.5 and 10^5 cells mL^-1, increasing P supply increased both the number and size of nodules. Irrespective of the inoculation level, increasing P supply increased the nodule biomass relative to the biomass of the host plant. It is suggested that the P deficiency specifically inhibited the nodule development and thereby the total N2 fixation.     

南宁市郊部分菜区土壤和蔬菜重金属污染评价

对南宁市郊 1 2个主要菜区土壤和蔬菜中重金属 ( Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)含量调查和分析测定 ,采用重金属污染单因子评价方法对土壤重金属污染状况进行评价 ,以国家规定的蔬菜卫生标准评价蔬菜重金属污染状况 ,结果表明 :南宁市郊部分蔬菜区土壤不同程度地受到了 Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb的污染 ,依次是 :Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu;蔬菜中 Cd、 Pb积累较 Cu、 Zn高 ,供试点中大部分蔬菜 Cd、 Pb含量超出了国家规定的蔬菜卫生标准     

砂质土壤不同粒径颗粒中有机碳、养分和重金属状况

用分散、筛分和悬浮相结合的物理方法，研究了砂质土壤中养分和重金属在不同粒径有机、无机颗粒中的分布。研究表明，砂质土壤中Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Mn在颗粒状有机质（POM）有明显的富集，富集程度以Cu和Zn最为明显。粒径较小（0．05～1mm）的POM组分中重金属的平均富集高于粒径较大（〉1mm）的POM组分。POM中重金属的富集因土壤重金属污染水平和重金属类型而异，并与土壤重金属的积累呈正相关。分析数据表明，土壤POM中重金属的积累不完全是植物分解残留的结果，土壤POM对重金属有强吸持能力可能是POM中重金属富集的主要原因之一。     

黄山景区土壤重金属分布特征及其潜在生态风险评价

选取黄山风景区6条主要游览步道,采集70个土壤样品,用等离子发射光谱法测定其Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、As和Ni的含量并分析其分布特征,应用潜在生态风险指数法对黄山风景区土壤重金属污染进行分析和评价。结果表明,黄山风景区土壤Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、As、Ni的平均含量分别为157.02,19.73,46.44,41.46,29.47,10.26mg/kg,除Ni外,所有元素均超出土壤背景值。结合土壤重金属在不同景区的分布和样带上的横向分布规律以及相关性分析,得出Cu、Pb主要来源于汽车尾气排放物的沉降,在云谷景区和玉屏景区相对较高;Ni、Cr来源于地壳源,在样带的横向分布上呈逐渐增加的趋势;Zn在北海景区含量最高,受游客的旅游活动干扰最大;As可能由于农药的喷洒导致整个景区均存在一定程度的污染。黄山风景区土壤重金属整体处于轻微生态风险,各种重金属的潜在生态危害由强至弱依次为:As>Pb>Cu>Zn>Cr>Ni,其中,As是黄山景区土壤最主要的潜在生态风险因子。     

云南滇池沉积物中重金属的形态分布特征

Fractionation of heavy metals in sediments can help in understanding potential hazards of heavy metals. The present study analyzed total concentrations and fractions of selected heavy metals （Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn） in surface sediments from Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province, China, as well as factors that may affect distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. Total concentrations of the heavy metals decreased in the order Zn 〉 Cu 〉 Pb 〉 Cr 〉 Cd. These heavy metals, except Cr, were much higher than their background levels, indicating that Dianchi Lake was polluted by Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu. Cadmium occurred mainly as the non-residual fraction （sum of the HOAc-soluble, reducible, and oxidizable fractions） （97.6%）, and Zn （55.7%） was also predominantly found in the non-residual fraction. In contrast, most of the Cr （88.5%）, Pb （81.8%）, and Cu （59.2%） occurred in the residual fraction. Correlation analysis showed that total heavy metal concentrations, organic matter and reducible Fe were the main factors affecting the distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. In the Walhai section of Dianchi Lake （comprising 97% of the lake area）, the concentrations of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in the non-residual fraction were significantly lower （P ≤ 0.01 or 0.05） than those of the Caohal section （3% of the lake area）. This indicated that potential heavy metal hazards in the Caohai section were greater than the Waihai section.