恩诺沙星在肉鸡组织中残留消除规律研究

选择250只1日龄"AA"肉鸡,喂养至35日龄开始在饮水中添加75 mg/L恩诺沙星,自由饮水,连续用药5日后休药.休药0时,肉鸡胸肌、肝脏、脂肪和肾脏中恩诺沙星含量分别为1 381.62、2 247.20、219.45、1 616.81μg/kg.休药48 h后,肉鸡组织中未检出恩诺沙星.结果表明农业部规定恩诺沙星在肉鸡中的休药期为8日是科学合理的.     

地克珠利对肉鸡生长、屠宰性能、免疫机能及血清生化指标的影响

选用288只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每重复12只鸡.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别于基础日粮中添加1、2、4 mg/kg地克珠利,试验期49 d.结果表明,基础日粮中添加1～4 mg/kg地克珠利对肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能均无显著影响(P＞0.05);1 mg/kg地克珠利组肉鸡免疫器官指数、新城疫抗体效价和外周血T淋巴细胞转化率与对照组均无显著差异(P＞0.05),2、4 mg/kg组外周血T淋巴细胞转化率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),4mg/kg组肉鸡于28日龄免疫器官指数显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),血清新城疫抗体效价显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);肉鸡血清淀粉酶活性,2、4 mg/kg组于28、35(停药0d)、42日龄(停药7d)显著低于对照组和1 mg/kg组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);3个试验组血清总蛋白含量于28、35(停药0d)、42日龄(停药7d)均显著或极显著(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)高于对照组;血清总超氧化物歧化酶活性,2、4 mg/kg组于28日龄显著或极显著(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)高于对照组和1 mg/kg组;4 mg/kg组于35日龄(停药0d)和42日龄(停药7d)显著低于对照组和其他2个试验组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);血清葡萄糖含量各组间均差异不显著(P＞0.05).49日龄(停药14 d)各组间上述血清生化指标差异均不显著(P＞0.05).相关分析表明,血清总蛋白含量和葡萄糖含量与平均日增重间存在着极显著的正相关关系(P＜0.01),总超氧化物歧化酶活性与平均日增重间存在着极显著的负相关关系(P＜0.01).     

阿维拉霉素对肉鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响

试验旨在研究阿维拉霉素对肉鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响。选取1日龄罗斯(Ross)肉鸡480羽,随机分为4组,每组12个重复,每个重复10羽。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加5 mg/kg(T1组)、10 mg/kg(T2组)和20 mg/kg(T3组)阿维拉霉素。试验期42 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,试验前期(1～21日龄),3个试验组显著提高了肉鸡的饲料转化效率(P0.05);T2组肉鸡在21日龄时,胸腺指数和法氏囊指数显著提高(P0.05),在42日龄时,胸腺指数和脾脏指数显著提高(P0.05);T2组显著提高了血清IgG水平和溶菌酶活性(P0.05)。研究表明,饲粮添加阿维拉霉素能提高肉鸡的饲料转化效率,增强免疫功能,为经优化生产菌发酵工艺研制的阿维拉霉素奠定了应用基础。     

抗生素对肉鸡生长、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

试验研究饲粮中添加维吉尼亚霉素、恩拉霉素或黄霉素对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肌肉品质的影响。试验采用完全随机设计,将216只1日龄AA肉仔鸡随机分为6个处理,每个处理6个重复,每重复6只鸡(公、母各半)。基础饲粮为无抗生素对照组,其余处理在基础饲粮中分别添加维吉尼亚霉素(5、10、20mg/kg)、恩拉霉素(1~21日龄5mg/kg,22~42日龄3mg/kg)或黄霉素(5mg/kg)。与无抗生素对照组相比,添加维吉尼亚霉素和恩拉霉素显著提高11~21日龄平均日增重(ADG)及22~42日龄平均日采食量(ADFI)和ADG(P0.10)。添加黄霉素可显著提高22~42日龄ADG(P0.10)。黄霉素组胸肌滴水损失显著降于维吉尼亚霉素组(P0.10)。维吉尼亚霉素、恩拉霉素对屠宰性能和肌肉品质均无显著影响(P0.10)。结果表明:饲粮中添加维吉尼亚霉素、黄霉素和恩拉霉素均可改善肉仔鸡的生长性能,对其屠宰性能均无影响;维吉尼亚霉素和恩拉霉素对肉鸡肌肉品质无显著影响,而黄霉素可降低鸡胸肌滴水损失。     

单宁酸提取物对肉鸡肠道健康和抗球虫病效果的影响

本研究旨在研究饲粮中添加单宁酸提取物对肉鸡肠道健康和抗球虫病效果的影响。本研究包括2个试验,试验1采用320只科宝肉仔公鸡随机分成5个处理组,每个处理8个重复。5个处理分别为不感染组,球虫感染不治疗组,球虫感染+66 mg/kg盐霉素组,球虫感染+0.5 g/kg单宁酸组和球虫感染+0.5 g/kg单宁酸提取物组。其中于14日龄对肉仔鸡进行球虫卵(包括3种球虫,Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima和E. tenella)灌服感染;于20日龄进行肠道损伤评分、粪便球虫卵计数和生长性能统计。结果发现,和球虫感染不治疗组相比,单宁酸提取物组显著降低粪便球虫卵数量(P 0.05)。试验2于0日龄对3000只肉仔鸡进行球虫免疫,随机分成5个处理组,每个处理15个重复。5个处理分别为对照组,66 mg/kg盐霉素组,33 mg/kg氯苯胍组,0.5 g/kg单宁酸提取物组和0.5 g/kg单宁酸提取物+芽孢杆菌组。其中于29日龄对20个重复(每个处理4个重复)的肉仔鸡进行球虫口服感染,并于35日龄进行肠道损伤评分、粪便球虫卵计数和生长性能统计;其中感染球虫后选取10个重复不进行饲粮处理,均饲喂对照饲粮。剩下的未进行球虫感染的55个重复(5个处理,每个处理11个重复)饲喂至49日龄。结果发现,未感染球虫条件下,对照组肉鸡21和49日龄生长性能得以改善;5个处理组肉仔鸡进行球虫感染处理后均饲喂对照饲粮,和对照组相比,盐霉素组和氯苯胍组对肉鸡料重比均无影响,而单宁酸提取物组和单宁酸提取物+芽孢杆菌组均改善了其料重比。以上结果表明,饲粮添加单宁酸提取物或单宁酸提取物+芽孢杆菌是有效改善肉鸡球虫病感染的可选择策略之一。     

国产盐霉素与进口盐霉素对肉鸡生产性能影响的对比试验报告

选择质量可靠的国产盐霉素与进口盐霉素 ,将 1日龄“AA”雏鸡 14 0 0 0只随机分配到 3个组内 ,其中一个为小群组 ,另两个为大群组。小群组中试验组与对照组各设两个重复 ,每个重复设10 0 0只鸡。大群分为一个试验组和一个对照组 ,每个组饲养 1日龄“AA”肉鸡 5 0 0 0只。通过饲养分段分析可看出 :大小群中的试验组和对照组未发生球虫病 ,国产盐霉素与进口盐霉素未表现明显差异     

肽菌素与饲用抗生素在肉鸡生产上的应用研究

将肽菌素和盐霉素添加到肉鸡的日粮中,通过测定肉鸡的生长性能、抗氧化能力和肠道消化酶等指标,探讨肽菌素在肉鸡生产上的应用效果。结果表明:盐霉素和肽菌素均能显著降低饲料增重比(P<0.05),且肽菌素各组料肉比均低于盐霉素组,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。与对照组和盐霉素组相比,肽菌素能显著提高血清与肝脏的总抗氧化能力(P<0.05)以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性(P<0.05);血清及肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)水平显著降低(P<0.05);肽菌素能显著提高血清中IgG水平(P<0.05),而对血清中IgA和IgM等指标无显著影响(P>0.05);肽菌素能显著提高21日龄和42日龄的十二指肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶和空肠淀粉酶活性(P<0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加适量肽菌素可促进肉鸡的生长性能、增强机体的免疫力,且效果优于盐霉素。     

1α-羟基维生素D3对肉鸡生长性能及钙磷利用率的影响

试验通过日粮中添加1α-羟基维生素D3(1α-OH D3)研究其对肉鸡生长性能、胫骨质量、血浆钙磷含量、钙磷利用率等指标的影响.将1日龄120只罗斯308肉鸡公雏随机分为3个处理,每处理4个重复,每重复10只.1～21日龄肉鸡3个处理分别采食不同种饲粮:①基础饲粮;②基础饲粮+5 μg/kg 1α OH D3;③基础饲粮+10 μg/kg 1α-OH D3.在22～42日龄,3组肉鸡采食相同饲粮,Ca、非植酸磷和维生素D3分别为0.90％、0.35％和1 000 IU/kg.结果显示:①饲粮中添加1α-OH D3改善1～21日龄、22～42日龄和1～42日龄肉鸡体增重和采食量;②1α-OH D3增加21日龄和42日龄肉鸡胫骨重量、强度、长度、直径和灰分含量;1α-OH D3提高21日龄胫骨钙、磷含量;③1α-OH D3提高1～21日龄肉鸡钙、磷利用率,降低21日龄血浆磷浓度;④1α-OH D3没有显著改善21日龄和42日龄肉鸡皮肤和肌肉色泽;⑤1α-OH D3增加肉鸡小肠长度和重量.在低钙、低磷饲粮中,1α-OH D3改善肉鸡生长性能,增强胫骨质量,促进小肠生长,增加钙磷利用率.     

丁酸梭菌对肉鸡生长性能和血清生化指标的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验通过在基础饲粮中添加丁酸梭菌,研究其对肉鸡生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。选择1日龄180只健康爱拔益加肉鸡,随机分为3个组,分别为无抗对照组、抗生素组和丁酸梭菌组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。无抗对照组饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组在基础饲粮中添加5 mg/kg黄霉素、75 mg/kg金霉素和20 mg/kg吉他霉素,丁酸梭菌组在基础饲粮中添加2.5×108CFU/kg丁酸梭菌,试验期42 d。结果表明:1)饲粮添加丁酸梭菌未显著影响肉鸡21日龄和42日龄体重、1~21日龄平均日增重和料重比(P>0.05);与无抗对照组相比,饲粮添加丁酸梭菌极显著降低了1~21日龄肉鸡平均日采食量(P<0.01)。2)与无抗对照组和抗生素组相比,饲粮添加丁酸梭菌显著提高了42日龄肉鸡血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇含量和碱性磷酸酶活性(P<0.05)。3)与无抗对照组或抗生素组相比,饲粮添加丁酸梭菌显著提高了42日龄肉鸡血清总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白含量(P<0.05);与无抗对照组相比,饲粮添加丁酸梭菌极显著降低了21日龄和42日龄肉鸡血清氨含量(P<0.01),显著降低了21日龄肉鸡血清尿酸含量(P<0.05)。综上,饲粮添加丁酸梭菌显著改变了肉鸡脂类代谢,提高了血清中蛋白质含量,降低了蛋白质代谢废物含量。     

丁酸梭菌对肉鸡钙磷代谢和胫骨指标的影响

试验通过在基础日粮中添加丁酸梭菌,研究其对肉鸡钙磷代谢和胫骨指标的影响。选择1日龄180只健康AA肉鸡,随机分入3个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,分别为对照组、抗生素组（ATB）和丁酸梭菌组（CB）。对照组饲喂基础日粮,ATB组在基础日粮中添加5 mg/kg黄霉素、75 mg/kg金霉素和20 mg/kg吉他霉素,CB组在基础日粮中添加2.5×10⁸ CFU/kg丁酸梭菌,试验期42 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,①CB组肉鸡血清钙（Ca）、磷（P）含量差异不显著（P>0.05）,21日龄ATB组肉鸡血清钙含量显著提高（P<0.05）;②21日龄CB组肉鸡胫骨强度显著提高（P<0.05）;42日龄CB组肉鸡胫骨磷含量极显著提高（P<0.01）;③21日龄CB组肉鸡排泄物中磷含量极显著降低（P<0.01）,并与ATB组无显著差异;42日龄CB组肉鸡排泄物中钙含量极显著提高（P<0.01）,排泄物中磷含量显著提高（P<0.05）。综合上述结果,在AA肉鸡基础日粮中添加2.5×10⁸ CFU/kg丁酸梭菌有利于改善肉鸡的胫骨发育,改善肉鸡对钙、磷的吸收利用,能有效降低21日龄肉鸡钙、磷排泄量,但并未降低42日龄肉鸡排泄物中钙、磷含量。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein