毛竹实生苗物理力学性质的研究

以材性优异且同样条件下种植的当地鞭生毛竹为参比,研究了毛竹实生苗竹材的物理力学性能。结果表明,毛竹实生苗竹材的气干密度为0.617 g/cm~3,小于鞭生竹的气干密度(0.662 g/cm~3);全干密度为0.562 g/cm~3,小于鞭生竹的全干密度(0.607 g/cm~3);气干或全干时,毛竹实生苗的干缩率均小于鞭生竹;除顺纹抗拉强度外,毛竹实生苗的顺纹抗压强度、顺纹抗剪强度、抗弯强度均低于鞭生竹。因此,毛竹实生苗具有较高的强重比,相比鞭生竹材,具有密度较低、干缩率较小、力学强度性能良好的特点。     

毛竹不同种源竹材物理力学性质初步研究

通过对来自福建建瓯试验地16个毛竹种源竹材的密度、顺纹抗压强度、顺纹抗剪强度、顺纹抗拉强度和弦向抗弯强度及其弹性模量等物理力学性质的初步研究,结果表明:竹材物理力学性质在各种源之间存在一定的差异,其中湖南株洲的毛竹竹材物理力学性质比于其它种源的毛竹要好,而安徽霍山的毛竹竹材的物理力学性质较差,测量的各指标中有基本密度、抗剪强度、抗拉强度三项指标都达到最低;竹材密度的大小、抗拉强度的高低随种源纬度的降低而呈降低的趋势,而竹材的抗剪强度呈与之相反的趋势。     

红壳竹人工林竹材物理力学性质的研究

测试了红壳竹人工林竹材的物理力学性质。结果表明：竹龄对红壳竹竹材的物理力学性质有显著的影响；竹材的径向、弦向、体积全干缩率随竹龄增加逐渐减少；基本密度、顺纹抗压强度、顺纹抗拉强度和抗弯强度都随竹龄增加而提高，至5－6年生强度稳定在较高的水平上，竹午由下至上，含水率、体积全干缩率逐渐减少；维管束密度、基本密度及力学强度相应提高。     

不同地位级雷竹竹材的物理力学性质比较

测定了不同地位级不同竹龄雷竹竹材的物理力学性质,结果表明:不同地位级雷竹竹材的基本密度和力学性质都随竹龄的增大而提高;径向、弦向和体积全干缩率随竹龄增大而减少,地位级Ⅱ的竹材的基本密度和力学性质高于地位级Ⅰ的,径向、弦向和体积全干缩系数小于地位级Ⅰ;不同地位级的竹材基本密度、顺纹抗压强度、顺纹抗拉强度和弦向抗弯强度有显著差异.     

雷竹竹材物理力学性质变异规律的研究

测试了雷竹材的物理力学性质,结果表明:竹龄对雷竹的物理力学性质有显著的影响;雷竹材的径向、弦向、体积干缩系数随竹龄增加逐渐减少;基本密度、顺纹抗压强度、顺纹抗拉强度和抗弯强度都随竹龄增加而增加,至3～5 a较稳定.竹竿由下至上,含水率、干缩性逐渐减少;维管束密度和基本密度逐渐增加,力学强度亦相应提高.根据材性来看,雷竹的采伐利用应以4～6 a为佳.     

大木竹竹材力学性质的研究

在浙江平阳竹木混交林内,采集3年生大木竹,按标准制成试样,测定了丛生竹种大木竹竹材的各力学性质,并以材性优良的毛竹为参比进行分析.结果发现:大木竹竹材的顺纹抗拉、顺纹抗压、抗劈力和抗弯弹性模量分别为238.0 MPa、75.1 MPa、45.6 N·mm-1和12.6 GPa,比毛竹材的相应值大或与毛竹相当,顺纹抗剪和抗弯强度较毛竹材为低.大木竹的各力学性质间有较密切的相关性,顺拉强度:顺压强度:顺剪强度:抗劈力:抗弯强度为3.2:1.0:0.2:0.6:1.8.该研究结果可为大木竹的合理开发利用提供理论依据.     

安徽霍山不同海拔毛竹材力学性质分析

安徽霍山县靠近毛竹天然分布的北部边缘,其独特的地理位置及气候条件影响着毛竹材的各项特性,其中海拔是影响毛竹材力学性质的重要因子。以安徽霍山不同海拔（设120、230、370、510和600 m 5种海拔处理）的毛竹材为试验材料,研究了海拔因子对竹材力学性质的影响。结果表明：海拔因子对霍山毛竹的竹材密度有一定影响,随海拔升高,竹材的气干密度和全干密度呈增大趋势,但差异不大;海拔因子对竹材的顺纹抗压强度和顺纹抗剪强度有显著影响,但对顺纹抗拉强度影响不大。霍山毛竹材的各项力学特性接近传统的建筑用木材,经过合理加工可以替代传统木质建筑材料。     

广东省4个竹种物理力学性能研究北大核心

以麻竹、毛竹、小叶龙竹和粉单竹为研究对象,考察了竹龄(1~6年生)对竹材物理性质和力学性能的影响规律,并探究了竹材的结构构造,以期为广东省原竹的合理采伐和加工利用提供依据。研究结果表明:随着竹龄的增大,竹材的密度、顺纹抗压性能、顺纹抗弯性能、抗冲击性能和径向环刚度均呈先上升后下降的趋势,然而干缩率变化并不明显。4个竹种中,有竹节的麻竹拥有优异的环刚度性能;毛竹拥有优异的顺纹抗压强度和横纹抗压强度;小叶龙竹拥有优异的顺纹抗压弹性模量和抗冲击性能;粉单竹拥有优异的顺纹抗弯性能。4~6年生小叶龙竹的节间长度虽短,但其直径、壁厚和径厚比略显优势,且其纤维体积分数呈明显的径向梯度分布。     

毛竹顺纹抗拉性质的变异及与气干密度的关系

将毛竹轴向分段(4段)、径向分层(6层)取样,研究其顺纹抗拉弹性模量和顺纹抗拉强度的变异规律,顺纹抗拉性质与气干密度之间的关系.结果表明:毛竹的顺纹抗拉弹性模量和顺纹抗拉强度的径向变异很大,不同位置竹材的顺纹抗拉弹性模量为8.49～32.49 GPa,最外层竹材的顺纹抗拉弹性模量约是最内层的3～4倍;不同位置顺竹材顺纹抗强度在115.94～328.15 MPa之间,最外层竹材的顺纹抗强度是最内层的2～3倍.用直线方程预测毛竹顺纹抗拉性质的效果略优于曲线方程的效果.     

不同竹龄麻竹材气干密度、力学性质及燃烧性能的比较研究

为进一步发掘麻竹材加工利用潜力,通过对不同竹龄、不同部位麻竹材的气干密度、力学性质、燃烧性能及其相关关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)竹龄对麻竹材气干密度、顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、点燃时间、释热速率、质量损失率、释烟总量及60、180、300 s比消光面积均有显著影响,而对抗拉强度无显著影响;(2)竹材部位对气干密度、顺纹抗拉强度、抗弯强度有显著影响,而对顺纹抗压强度、抗弯弹性模量无显著影响;(3)麻竹材顺纹抗拉强度:顺纹抗压强度:抗弯强度:抗弯弹性模量=3.06∶1.00∶2.63∶164.28;(4)麻竹材气干密度与顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、点燃时间、释烟总量、60 s比消光面积和300 s比消光面积呈显著正相关,且相关系数达到0.899~0.958。4 a生麻竹材的气干密度、力学性质及燃烧性能等指标渐趋基本稳定,利用简单易测的麻竹材气干密度能较准确预测评价麻竹材部分力学性质与燃烧性能。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.