基质吸力在不同干密度下对非饱和红土抗剪强度的影响

为研究不同干密度下非饱和红土抗剪强度指标随含水率、基质吸力的变化特性,通过GEO-Experts压力板仪试验和一系列不同体积含水率下的直剪试验,探讨了基质吸力在不同干密度下对江西非饱和红土抗剪强度指标的影响。研究表明:干密度越大其抗剪强度指标越大,表观黏聚力和表观内摩擦角在一定基质吸力(400 k Pa)范围内随基质吸力的增大而增大,其中在低基质吸力区表观黏聚力和表观内摩擦角增幅较大,在高基质吸力区表观黏聚力和表观内摩擦角增幅较小;在同一基质吸力下干密度大的土样非饱和土抗剪强度指标φb也较大,同时φb在基质吸力较低时为一常数,当超过一定基质吸力值后就会随着基质吸力的增加而减小。     

吸力步长和加载时间对土水特征曲线测试结果的影响规律和修正方法

基于非平衡态的动态多步流动方法能够快速测定非饱和土的土水特征曲线,试验中不同的吸力步长和加载时间对试验结果有一定的影响。本文利用联合测试系统分别对粉土和粉质黏土开展动态多步流动试验,测定了不同的吸力步长和加载时间对测试结果的影响规律,提出了合理的基质吸力步长和加载时间。对于粉质黏土试样可以用动态多步流动方法测试500 k Pa以内的土水特征曲线,利用VG模型拟合外推得出该试样高吸力范围的土水特征曲线。     

大孔隙对土壤比水容重及非饱和导水率影响的实验研究

以南京市栖霞区东阳镇的粉砂壤土为例,用土壤水分特征曲线(van Genuchten模型)拟合包含大孔隙原状土、不包含大孔隙扰动土的实测数据,得到了模型参数,进而得到比水容重和非饱和导水率与土壤含水量之间关系的表达式,在此基础上对比分析了原状土与扰动土水分运动参数之间的异同,并着重分析了土壤大孔隙对其影响。结果表明,受土壤大孔隙的影响,在同一含水量的情况下,扰动土的比水容重比原状土大1～2个数量级,并且随着吸力的增大,二者的差值逐渐减小;扰动土的非饱和导水率小于原状土,最大可相差2～3个数量级。     

非饱和土的土水特征曲线测试方法研究

土水特征曲线是非饱和土的重要的水力特性参数,它在分析非饱和土强度及边坡稳定等问题时起到重要作用。对粉土试样开展了一步流动试验得出溢出水量随时间的关系曲线,利用Hydrus-1D水分运移模型对该曲线进行拟合并得出相关参数,根据这些参数反算得出试样的土水特征曲线并和实测数据进行了对比。结果表明,该方法能较好的拟合实测的溢出水量随时间变化的关系曲线,通过模型得出的土水特征曲线和实测值比较接近,证实了该方法的可靠性。通过与传统的测试方法相比较,该方法能够节约大量的时间。因此,通过Hydrus-1D水分运移模型反演分析非饱和土的土水特征曲线的方法是快速有效的。     

南北方粘质土壤密度对土壤水分特征van Genuchten模型的影响研究

以南北方典型粘质土壤红壤和塿土为试验土样,通过水平入渗试验进行了土壤密度变化对土壤水分特征van Genuchten模型参数的影响研究。研究结果表明,特征湿润长度、吸力、饱和含水量、滞留含水量、饱和导水率均随土壤密度增加而减小;土壤水分特征van Genuchten模型参数n随着土壤密度的增加而递增,而参数α随着土壤密度的增加而减小,与土壤密度成反比;参数n和参数α随土壤密度变化关系可用幂函数来描述。为建立吸力、土壤密度、质量含水率三变量的土壤水分特征曲面提供新的途径,有助于完善土壤水动力学理论。     

黄河大堤非饱和土边坡渗透分析

利用改进的非饱和土三轴仪,对取自黄河大堤开封段的土样进行了土水特性和渗透性试验,根据试验结果对非饱和土的渗透性进行分析,推导出了适合黄河大堤的渗透函数方程,并应用二维饱和-非饱和有限元渗流分析程序得出洪水时期黄河大堤中的含水量、浸润线的变化、水头分布,为拟定必要的渗流控制和堤坝的补强、加固措施提供理论依据。     

不同干密度下黄土孔隙分形特征及其对基质吸力的影响

基于分形几何学方法建立了土体孔径分布的描述,并结合Young-Laplace理论提出了考虑孔隙分形特征的非饱和土基质吸力模型。针对陕西地区的黄土收集了不同干密度的土水特征曲线并分析了干密度对孔隙分布特征及基质吸力的影响。结果表明：黄土孔隙具有明显分形特性,可采用Menger海绵体分形模型良好描述。模型孔隙特征参数分析发现随着干密度增大,分形维数D近似线性增大,而最大孔径L呈幂函数减小;通过函数拟合,进一步建立黄土孔径分布与干密度的特征关系,进而实现了对不同干密度下的黄土基质吸力快速预测。     

保水剂对土壤水分运移和水吸力变化的影响

为了研究保水剂对土壤水分入渗性能和土壤水吸力变化过程的影响.通过室内土柱试验,对保水剂不同层施深度和施用量进行模拟试验.设置不施保水剂(CK)、施用量0.1％、施用量0.3％、施用量0.5％,分别层施在土层深度5 cm(W)和10 cm(S),并用T5(微型张力计)测定土壤水吸力值.结果表明;保水剂对土壤入渗特性有影响...     

土壤水高矿化度对粉质黏土水力特性的影响

为获取高矿化度土壤水条件下的水力特征参数,并比较不同处理的影响,实验测定淡水、30、100及250g/L土壤水矿化度处理土样脱湿过程的水分特征曲线,并利用RETC软件进行模型参数拟合。结果表明,粉质黏土条件下,van Genuchten-Burdine模型可拟合各不同处理土壤水分特征曲线。各组实测曲线形态显示,在吸力较大阶段,当土壤水吸力增大到一定程度时含水率才发生变化,二者呈多值对应关系。TDS-30处理对应的残余体积含水率θr最大,α、n值最小,非饱和水力传导度K值衰减最快;中等大小孔隙的变化对非饱和水力传导度影响较为显著。研究成果可为深入开展矿化度潜水蒸发数值计算提供支持。     

振动深松耕作对不同类型土壤水分特征曲线影响研究

为了探讨振动深松耕作措施对不同类型土壤的水分特征曲线的影响,利用吸力平板仪和压力膜仪对黑龙江省5种典型土壤,即黑土、黑钙土、水稻土、苏打盐碱土、沙土进行了测定。得到振动深松区和对照区的原状土壤在脱湿过程中不同吸力下的土壤含水率,并利用van Genuchten数学模型对5种土壤的水分特征曲线的实测值进行数值拟合,对比研究了5种土壤水分特征曲线及模型拟合参数、土壤当量孔径、土壤水分有效性及比水容量的变化。结果表明,振动深松前后土壤水分特征曲线差异显著。同一吸力下,深松区土壤含水率高于对照区,振动深松显著提高了土壤的有效供水能力,其中效果最佳的是苏打盐碱土和黑土。振动深松通过改善土壤结构,调整了孔隙孔径的比例,进而提高了土体的有效供水能力。     

基于土壤水力传导度自动测试系统的瞬时剖面法试验应用

水力传导度表征土壤对水分流动的传导能力,是计算土壤水分运动的一个重要参数,反映非饱和土壤的导水率随含水率或基质势的变化关系。该文采用TS-4型土壤水力传导度测试系统分别对两种土壤进行了3次试验,结果表明:自动测定系统具有方便快捷、精度较高的特性,为实验室模拟非饱和土壤水运动参数测定试验提供了一种有效的方法。      

Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils from laboratory constant-head well tests

Field-saturated and unsaturated finite element analyses (FEA) of constant-head well percolation tests at three well pressure heads in two large tanks with three soils of widely differing field-saturated hydraulic conductivities (K_fs) were carried out. The results of these analyses were compared with those from the Glover classical approach. The A values in the Glover-type formula (A = K_fs/Q_s where A was a model parameter and Q_s was the FEA steady-state infiltration rate into the soil) were shown to be independent of soil type for a particular pressure head and soil condition. Constant-head well percolation tests were carried out in two laboratory sand tanks with the same dimensional arrangement used in the finite element analyses. Field saturation was maintained by spray irrigation, and in the unsaturated condition there was no spray irrigation. Following saturation and stabilisation of the well pressure heads, drainage ports were opened instantaneously and the rate of inflow into the well was recorded. The infiltration rates, Q_s, into the sand under the two soil conditions were multiplied by the appropriate A values from the FEA for each specific pressure head to derive K_fs. A values were significantly different under field-saturated and unsaturated conditions. K_fs of the sand was also measured independently in a constant-head permeameter. Values of K_fs from the FEA and the Glover approach were in close agreement with one another, and with that measured in the constant-head permeameter. Agreement was within 13% at the higher pressure heads. The procedure appears promising for field use.     

A critical assessment of the role of measured hydraulic properties in the simulation of absorption,infiltration and redistribution of soil water

Free-water absorption and infiltration were measured in a repacked fine sand. Redistribution following constant-flux infiltration was also measured. These processes were then computer-simulated using independently measured soil water retentivity and conductivity data. Neither free-water absorption, nor ponded infiltration could be accurately similated, as they depended so critically on the soil water retentivity near saturation, where errors of observation prohibit accurate measurement. For simulating redistribution, useful answers were obtained even when hysteresis was ignored. But redistribution was grossly over-predicted when the Campell-Brooks and Corey method was used for inferring the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity from saturated conductivity and retentivity data.Campbell has produced a simple yet elegant, computer simulation package for soil water movement. But to use it successfully required alternative ways of evaluating the hydraulic parameters. Ponded infiltration was successfully simulated only when the sorptivity was used as an independent input. To simulate redistribution required accurate determination of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.Software such as Campbell's is now readily available, and likely to come into increasing use. For it to be used effectively more effort and physical insight needs to be directed towards appropriate characterization of the critical hydraulic properties. This physical emphasis will lessen the likelihood of such useful software generating erroneous and misleading results.     

多孔介质水分运动的随机数值分析

采用van Genuchten-Mualem模型描述非饱和水力传导度和水分特征曲线,将模型中的3个参数作为随机场处理,联合运用Karhunen-Loeve展开和摄动方法,得到饱和非饱和水流的一个随机数值模型。应用该模型分析了介质随机参数的空间变异性对水头分布的影响,结果表明,水头标准差对介质参数的敏感程度由大到小依次为非饱和参数n、β、饱和水力传导度Ks,饱和带水头分布的变异性较非饱和带小。     

Use of soil physical characteristics from laboratory measurements or standard series for modelling unsaturated water flow

Soil physical characteristics are important input parameters for simulation modelling of unsaturated flow in soils and associated solute flow. The determination of soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity curves in the laboratory is laborious and expensive. For modelling studies that require characteristics for many soil horizons, such as regional studies or scenario studies, it may be impossible to measure all the necessary characteristics. An alternative would be to use characteristics inferred from readily available soil data by class-pedotransfer functions. In this study such a comparison was made for six sites on sandy soils in the Netherlands using the soil-water model SWACROP with soil physical characteristics from either laboratory measurements or from a standard series as input. For this the simulated pressure head values and moisture content values were compared with measured values at eight different depths using statistical criteria. Furthermore two functional criteria, i.e. the number of workable days and number of days with possible drought, were inferred from simulated pressure head values and again the different results were compared. It was found that simulation results were not significantly different, implying that standard series or class-pedotransfer functions could be used in studies like these for simulating the unsaturated water flow regime in sandy soils on field/farm level or regional level. Differences for specific criteria for individual sites were sometimes substantial and in such cases (at field level) it will make a difference which soil physical characteristics are used.     

利用圆盘入渗仪测定土壤水动力参数的入渗特征试验研究

通过圆盘入渗试验,分析了4种土壤在5个负水头下(-1、-3、-6、-9和-12 cm)的入渗特征。结果表明,随着负水头的增加,4种土壤的稳定入渗率、吸湿率和非饱和导水率总体表现减小的趋势,同时,在相同负水头条件下,入渗率、吸湿率和非饱和导水率大小规律表现为塿土盐碱土3盐碱土2盐碱土1。根据实测资料确定了不同负水头下非饱和导水率的Gardner指数模型参数,为盐渍化土壤水力参数的确定提供理论参考。     

斥水性砂土水-气形态及其对斥水-亲水转化的影响分析

处于地球表面的土壤,尤其是耕作层土壤,受外界因素影响其接触角可能会发生改变。通过试验对不同接触角的壤质砂土中的孔隙水-气形态分布状况进行研究,试验结果表明:砂土颗粒与孔隙水间的接触角增大会使表层土壤中水封闭土层厚度减小,但接触角增大到一定值后,水封闭层的厚度不再发生变化。随着接触角的增大,气封闭层的厚度不断减小。与连续固体表面不同,砂土颗粒的接触角小于90°甚至降低至36°也会出现明显的斥水现象,但随着砂土中饱和度的增大,斥水现象会消失,砂土斥水与亲水转化时对应的饱和度与水封闭向双开敞转化时对应的饱和度基本一致,因此,砂土亲水与斥水转化时对应的临界含水率与孔隙水气分布形态密切相关,通过理想模型对两种不同水-气形态下土壤的基质吸力变化分析可以发现,产生这种现象是因为当土壤由水封闭变为双开敞时,水-气交界面在液体侧的曲率中心消失(接触角小于90°),气-液界面引起的基质吸力恒为"正"。     

磁化微咸水一维水平吸渗特征与水分运动参数分析

为探明磁化微咸水的水分运动规律,通过室内一维水平土柱吸渗试验,研究了不同矿化度(0.14、2、3、4、6 g/L)磁化微咸水的水平吸渗特征及其对土壤水分运动参数的影响。结果表明:不同矿化度的磁化微咸水最终累积入渗量与湿润锋深度均显著降低,湿润体平均含水率比未磁化微咸水增加了2.03%~6.11%,磁化微咸水入渗能够增强土壤持水能力,有利于改善土壤水分分布。相对于未磁化微咸水,磁化微咸水PHILIP入渗模型吸渗率S降低了7.71%~12.11%;磁化与未磁化微咸水的饱和导水率K s、相对饱和导水率ΔK s均与入渗水矿化度呈现较好的二次多项式关系。微咸水经过磁化处理后,BROOKS COREY模型形状系数n相对减小,而进气吸力h d相对增大;土壤非饱和导水率及其增长速率均降低,而相同土壤水吸力能够吸持的土壤含水率增加;土壤水分饱和扩散率D s与起始扩散的土壤含水率均有所增加。研究表明,磁化微咸水入渗过程中的土壤水分运动参数发生了改变,其作用效果与微咸水矿化度密切相关。     

利用平原区小流域降雨径流规律推求田间排涝模数

以土壤水动力学为基础,建立了饱和非饱和土壤水运动的ｈ方程数学模型。并根据Ｎａｓｈ瞬时单位线,建立了汇流模型。利用以上模型对北京市“９４．７”暴雨的洪水过程进行了计算,与实测结果基本吻合。本文所求模型可用来计算田间排涝模数