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1.
秸秆还田对双季稻产量和土壤钾素平衡的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
探究秸秆还田对水稻产量和土壤钾素平衡的效应,为安徽双季稻区秸秆还田和钾素合理利用提供科学依据。本试验于2013—2015年在安徽省桐城市进行,试验共设置5个处理,分别为:不施肥(CK)、不施肥+秸秆还田(CK+S)、氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷钾+秸秆还田(NPK+S)、氮磷+80%钾+秸秆还田(NP+80%K+S)。结果显示:无论是在施肥和不施肥条件下,秸秆还田对水稻产量都没有显著负效应,而且秸秆还田替代20%化学钾肥不会减少水稻产量;CK+S、NPK和NPK+S处理的钾素表观平衡系数分别为0.90、0.48、1.40,说明单施化肥不能减缓作物对土壤钾素的消耗,秸秆还田可以显著提高土壤速效钾含量,有利于土壤钾素的收支平衡,对维持当地土壤钾素水平具有重要意义。 相似文献
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紫云英协同秸秆还田下氮钾减施对双季稻产量及光合特性的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为探究化肥氮钾减施配合紫云英秸秆还田对双季稻产量与光合特性的影响。通过田间小区试验,以常规化肥处理(100%化肥)为对照,研究紫云英协同晚稻秸秆还田下早稻减施20%,30%,40%化肥氮和同时减施40%化肥钾对双季稻产量、幼穗分化期倒三叶叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶绿素含量(SPAD)及早晚稻收获期土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:不同氮肥减施比例下紫云英协同晚稻秸秆还田均能增强水稻光合作用,提高土壤肥力,增加水稻年产量,且以减施30%化肥氮、40%化肥钾处理(T4)效果较好。与常规施肥处理相比,T4的水稻年产量增加4.5%,早稻稻谷增产6.8%,倒三叶叶片Pn、Gs、Tr和SPAD值分别降低7.8%,23.9%,21.0%,9.5%,Ci提高19.5%;其晚稻稻谷增产2.0%,倒三叶叶片Pn、Gs、Tr和SPAD值分别提高27.0%,55.3%,14.8%,13.4%,Ci降低1.6%;早晚稻收获期土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量均有提高。研究结果,对指导双季稻田紫云英协同晚稻秸秆还田下化肥氮钾减施、水... 相似文献
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化肥减施下紫云英不同翻压量对双季稻产量及养分利用效率的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
为了探索紫云英替代化肥的可行性和适宜翻压量,利用连续11 a田间定位试验,共设置7个处理,分别为CK(不施紫云英和化肥)、GM22.5(单施紫云英22.5 t/hm2)、100%CF(常规施肥)及60%化肥施用量条件下将紫云英翻压量设15.0(GM15.0),22.5(GM22.5),30.0(GM30.0),37.5(GM37.5) t/hm2 4个水平,研究化肥减施下不同紫云英翻压量对双季稻产量、氮磷钾积累量、氮磷钾利用率及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,施肥处理均能显著增加早晚稻及全年两季籽粒产量(P<0.05),增幅分别为79.1%~91.1%,44.8%~50.7%,56.8%~64.7%。单施紫云英可显著增加水稻产量(P<0.05),与CK相比,早晚稻及全年两季籽粒产量增幅分别为23.9%,12.4%,16.4%。60%化肥与不同量紫云英配施处理早晚稻及全年两季籽粒产量与常规施肥相比差异不显著,紫云英翻压... 相似文献
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为探究适合南方双季稻高产稳产的秸秆还田量,连续2年(2016—2017)通过大田试验研究不同秸秆还田量对早稻和晚稻分蘖、株高、干物质积累量及产量构成的影响。试验设置5个不同比例秸秆还田量:CK:秸秆不还田;S1:25%早、晚稻秸秆量还田;S2:50%早、晚稻秸秆量还田;S3:75%早、晚稻秸秆量还田;S4:100%早、晚稻秸秆量还田。结果表明:全量秸秆还田抑制早稻分蘖而显著促进晚稻分蘖,25%、50%及75%量还田对早、晚稻生长前期的分蘖促进效果不显著,在中后期促进作用显现;75%量还田及全量还田较CK显著促进晚稻株高增长,平均提高了8.15 cm;不同秸秆还田量较不还田处理均提高了早、晚稻成熟期的干物质累积量,且半量还田在早稻季差异达显著性水平(P<0.05),较CK提高了8.0%,50%、75%及100%量还田在晚稻季差异达显著性水平,平均提高了13.3%,但不同还田量之间差异不显著(P>0.05);早、晚稻产量在不同秸秆还田量下均高于秸秆不还田,半量还田促进早稻产量方面的效果最显著,与不还田处理相比差异达显著水平(P<0.05),增产6.92%;50%、75%及... 相似文献
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为揭示土壤微生物群落对甘薯不同种植制度的响应机制,通过田间定位试验,设置甘薯连作、甘薯–小麦轮作、甘薯–玉米间作3个处理,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)和生态板(BIOLOG ECO)技术手段,研究了轮作与间作对甘薯根际土壤微生物群落结构、碳源利用能力的影响。结果表明,与甘薯连作处理相比,轮作与间作改变了土壤微生物主要类别的PLFA生物量,甘薯–小麦轮作与甘薯–玉米间作处理的细菌含量分别显著(P<0.05)增加21.82%和38.77%,放线菌含量分别显著增加6.98%和12.77%,革兰氏阳性菌生物量分别显著增加28.60%和63.44%,革兰氏阴性菌生物量分别显著增加18.21%和22.29%,真菌含量分别显著降低16.60%和13.03%;随着培养时间的延长,甘薯–玉米间作处理的平均颜色变化率(AWCD值)显著高于其他2个处理,甘薯–玉米间作处理对羧酸类化合物、多聚化合物、碳水化合物、氨基酸化合物和胺类化合物的利用能力较甘薯连作处理分别显著增加17.28%、14.67%、54.17%、36.62%和20.00%;冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,土壤微生物群落结构及功能多样性的变化受多种因素共同影响,土壤速效钾和全氮为主要驱动因子;甘薯–小麦轮作与甘薯–玉米间作在一定程度上均可优化土壤微生物群落结构,提升微生物功能多样性,其中甘薯–玉米间作处理效果较好。 相似文献
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为了明确油菜菌核病生防菌盾壳霉施用后对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,为盾壳霉在实际生产中的应用提供理论依据。以喷施盾壳霉为处理组(CM),喷施清水为对照组(CK),调查不同处理下油菜菌核病的发生情况,并采用高通量测序技术分析土壤微生物群落变化。结果表明:对照组油菜菌核病的病株率和病情指数分别高达74.64%和46.13;而处理组菌核病病株率和病情指数分别降低至23.33%和9.37,防治效果达79.70%;此外,喷施盾壳霉还改变了油菜根际土壤微生物群落结构,使得土壤真菌种群的丰富度和多样性程度显著增加;在门水平上,喷施盾壳霉促使土壤中变形菌门、芽单胞菌门、子囊菌门、被孢霉门和担子菌门等的相对丰度增加,导致放线菌门的相对丰度比例降低。在属水平上,施加盾壳霉可增加鞘氨醇单胞菌属、溶杆菌属、独岛菌属、短梗蠕孢属、镰刀菌属、曲霉属、Plectosphaerella等属的丰富度,会显著降低unidentified_Chitinophagaceae、寡养单胞菌、地杆菌属、梭孢壳属和Cutaneotrichosporon等的相对丰度。喷施盾壳霉能有效防治油菜菌核病,增加土壤真菌种群丰富和多样性,改善土壤微生物群落结构,研究结果为盾壳霉的田间大面积推广提供依据。 相似文献
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以5个不同施肥处理(T1、T2、T3、T4、T5)下的大豆根际土壤为研究对象,采用Miseq高通量测序技术,分析了不同处理对土壤养分状况和细菌群落多样性的影响。结果表明,T4处理下碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量以及地上生物量均最高;综合Shannon指数、Ace指数和Chao1指数3个指标发现,细菌种类在T2、T3、T4处理中较丰富;5个处理的根际土壤细菌被分为379个类群(在属水平上)。土壤细菌相对丰富度和土壤环境因子间的冗余分析表明,AN、AP和AK与交替赤菌属(Alterythrobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、Pseudarthrobacter相对丰度呈显著正相关。综合分析可知,在复合肥减施20%+有机肥30m3/hm2(T4处理)时,晋豆46号的生物产量达到了最高,而且其优势菌群更有利于土壤培肥和作物增产。 相似文献
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磷肥和根际土壤微生物是影响药用植物有效成分含量的关键因素,探明施磷和根际土壤微生物群落对川丹参有效成分含量的调控机理,为川丹参高产栽培提供科学依据。以过磷酸钙(Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O)为磷源,采用大田随机区组设计试验,设置了磷肥的4种施用梯度,研究川丹参收获后有效成分含量和根际土壤微生物群落组成的变化,并分析这些指标间的相关性。施磷后,丹参酮ⅡA含量逐渐降低,且不同处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05),但丹酚酸B含量的变化不显著(P>0.05);P1和P3的细菌和真菌α多样性均低于P0,P2的细菌和真菌的α多样性高于P0。同时,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、蓝藻菌门(Cyanobacteria)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)的相对丰度总体呈上升趋势,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、髌骨菌门(Patescibacteria)、疣微菌门... 相似文献
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为了系统了解稻田种植豆科填闲作物紫云英后氮素流通的变化情况,笔者综合阐述了紫云英对稻田土壤系统中氮素的输入、输出的影响,整体评价水稻-紫云英种植体系中氮素的平衡,结论主要包括:(1)紫云英能高效固氮并替代部分化肥、提高氮肥利用率;(2)通过提高水稻产量和氮含量,紫云英可以增加水稻收割携走氮量;(3)紫云英能够有效降低土壤氮素的径流损失;(4)紫云英可能具有降低土壤氮素淋溶损失的潜力,但是支撑数据较少;(5)紫云英能够显著减少稻田NH3挥发,但是对N2O的影响尚存争议。综上所述,紫云英在保障水稻产量的基础上,能够降低氮素损失所带来的环境风险,有效改善稻田土壤系统氮素平衡情况。 相似文献
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翻耕有利于秸秆还田,为了探究秸秆全量还田下不同耕作措施对双季稻产量和温室气化排放的影响,在晚稻季设置浅旋耕和翻耕2个处理,采用静态暗箱–气相色谱法连续监测当季晚稻和第2年早稻季稻田温室气体排放,以阐明秸秆全量还田下晚稻季翻耕对稻田甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放及产量的影响。与浅旋耕处理相比,晚稻季翻耕显著降低了当季晚稻CH4累积排放量(19.04%)、综合温室效应(19.19%)和温室气体排放强度(22.02%),而对N2O累积排放量无显著影响。晚稻季翻耕对第2年早稻季稻田温室气体排放无显著影响。可见,翻耕的减排效应只体现在当季。此外,浅旋耕和翻耕处理对当季晚稻和第2年早稻产量及其构成均无显著影响。短期来看,秸秆全量还田下晚稻季翻耕有利于协同实现双季稻稳产和稻田温室气体减排。 相似文献
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[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the dynamics of cotton rhizosphere bacterial community structure in cotton continuous cropping field soil. [Method] 16S rDNA genes were sequenced by high-throughput sequencing technology to determine the community structure of cotton rhizosphere bacteria in different developmental stages using an upland cotton cultivar (Gossypium hirsutum cv. TM-1). [Result] Four dominant phyla were found in the cotton rhizosphere bacterial community including Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Bacteroidetes. The four dominant phyla and Firmicutes were largely influenced by cotton root. The relative abundances of Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes were promoted, and Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were inhibited, by cotton root. There were significant differences in community structure, but not species richness or α-diversity among different developmental stages of the cotton rhizosphere bacterial community; the differences between the flowering stage and the budding stage were greater than the differences between the budding stage and the seedling stage. The diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial community in cotton continuous cropping field soil was significantly higher than that of the bulk soil; the β-diversity values of both the rhizosphere and bulk soil bacterial communities were highest in the flowering stage. [Conclusion] The structure and dynamics of the cotton rhizosphere bacterial community in cotton continuous cropping field soil was defined by high-throughput sequencing. The effect of cotton on the rhizosphere bacterial community structure was most significant in the flowering stage. 相似文献
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C. M. Cherr J. M. S. Scholberg R. McSorley O. S. Mbuya 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2007,193(1):1-9
Legumes used as green manure (GMN) may provide on‐farm sources of N for subsequent crops. In warm‐humid climates on sandy soils, however, there is a need to evaluate effects on growth and yield of subsequent crops when GMN substitutes for chemical N fertilizer. We collected time‐series data for 2 years to evaluate growth and ear yield response of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. Rugosa) in annual rotation with GMN (summer, winter or summer plus winter GMN) and supplemented with 0, 67 or 133 kg chemical N ha−1. Control treatments receiving 0, 67, 133, 200 or 267 kg chemical N ha−1 were used for comparison. Rotation with summer plus winter GMN resulted in more growth and yield benefit for sweet corn than did the other GMN rotations. Compared with control treatments receiving the same chemical N rates, rotation with summer plus winter GMN increased sweet corn ear yield, leaf area index and total plant dry weight and N content by 15–30 %. Despite these benefits, use of high chemical N rate (267 kg chemical N ha−1) resulted in ear yields at least 20 % greater than sweet corn rotated with any GMN and fertilized with reduced N rates. Largest increases in sweet corn dry weight and N content occurred between 4 and 6 weeks after emergence in all treatments. After this period of rapid growth, sweet corn fertilized with 267 kg chemical N ha−1 showed higher N content than all other treatments. Prior to this period of rapid growth, multiple rainfall events in excess of 30 mm may have resulted in leaching of N from GMN residue. Considering the high rainfall levels, low water and N retention capability of sandy soils and rapid N release from GMN during decomposition, future research of GMN in this environment should evaluate options to better match GMN termination with time of greatest potential N uptake from a subsequent crop. 相似文献
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本文主要以高砷硫铁矿区周边农田中的真菌群落为研究对象,研究利用Miseq高通量测序技术系统的分析了矿区周边不同区域土壤中真菌的群落特征,对硫铁矿区周边土壤真菌群落的适应机制进行了探究分析。结果表明,(1)砷、铁复合污染土壤可促使土壤真菌丰富度降低,而对土壤真菌多样的影响则表现为先促进后抑制;(2)砷、铁复合污染抑制土壤中Ascomycota(子囊菌门)代谢,促进Basidiomycota(担子菌门)代谢,而对Zygomycota(接合菌门)则表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制,对Fusarium(镰刀菌属)、Pseudallescheria(假霉样真菌属)、Cryptococcus(隐球菌属)也呈现“低浓度促进、高浓度抑制”作用;(3)砷、铁的复合物污染使土壤中真菌群落结构产生了明显差异,环境因子对土壤环境真菌群落结构差异影响大小依次为有效砷、总砷、总铁。 相似文献
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在植物根际生态系统中,土壤微生物的作用不可忽视,栽培措施的改变会影响根际微生物群落结构,进而影响植物生长。野生条件下,东北山樱嫁接后几十年表现良好,与栽培条件下差异显著。为此,研究野生条件下嫁接对东北山樱根际微生物群落结构以及多样性的影响,对改善樱桃栽培环境及可持续发展具有重要意义。笔者利用选择性培养基,研究野生条件下嫁接与砧木东北山樱根际细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量、群落组成以及种群多样性。结果表明,嫁接对东北山樱根际微生物数量、群落结构及多样性影响差异显著。嫁接显著增加东北山樱根际微生物数量,并形成了以细菌芽孢杆菌属、固氮菌属;真菌木霉菌属、毛霉菌属;放线菌(链霉菌属)吸水类群、烬灰类群和青色类群为主的优势菌属;发现特有细菌埃希氏菌属、节杆菌属、不动杆菌属、德克斯氏菌属、葡萄球菌属。 相似文献
16.
水管理与有机肥对稻田甲烷排放的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
应用甲烷自动测试系统,在水稻生长季两个小时一个轮回持续监测了三种水管理和两种施肥措施的水稻田甲烷排放通量。结果表明:稻田甲烷排放早晨低,午后高,日变化与气温及稻田表层土壤温度的变化大体一致;甲烷的季排放高峰发生在水稻分蘖期;稻田水管理和有机肥的施用对稻田甲烷排放有剧烈影响,稻田排水晒田,甲烷排放剧减,稻田施用有机肥,甲烷排放倍增;采用常规灌溉、湿润灌溉、淹灌和常规灌溉不施有机肥的水稻田甲烷排放通量分别为10.83mg m~(-2)h~(-1),6.25mg·m~(-2)h~(-1),14.5mg m~(-2)h~(-1)和0.81mg m~(-2)h~(-1)。本研究提出水稻田实行合理水管理,结合施用适量有机肥是确保水稻持续高产、减少稻田甲烷排放的有效途径。 相似文献
17.
Soil Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities as Influenced by Organic Manure Incorporation into Soils of a Rice-Rice System 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A fertilizer management study involving incorporation of poultry manure, farm yard manure, sesbania and gliricidia into soils of a rice-rice system was initiated in May 1993. In order to determine the effects of organic manure incorporation on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity, soils were collected from the respective plots at the end of the second rice crop in February 1996. and were incubated with and without the respective organic manure at the rate of 15 Mg ha−1 at 25°C, under submergence. The total viable microbial counts, bacteria, actinomycetes, N flush, biomass C and activities of urease, amidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and L-glutaminase were determined after 60 days of incubation.
Soils freshly amended and soils previously amended with organic manures registered significantly greater microbial biomass and enzyme activity than the unamended control. The microbial biomass and enzyme activity, however, varied with the type of organic manure incorporated into the soil. Except for acid phosphatase, which showed slight inhibition, all the other enzymes were activated to different degrees by organic manure incorporation. A significant and positive relationship of enzyme activity with organic C and total N suggested that the addition of organic manure to soils increased C turnover, N availability and microbial activity which in turn led to greater enzyme synthesis and accumulation in the soil matrix. 相似文献
Soils freshly amended and soils previously amended with organic manures registered significantly greater microbial biomass and enzyme activity than the unamended control. The microbial biomass and enzyme activity, however, varied with the type of organic manure incorporated into the soil. Except for acid phosphatase, which showed slight inhibition, all the other enzymes were activated to different degrees by organic manure incorporation. A significant and positive relationship of enzyme activity with organic C and total N suggested that the addition of organic manure to soils increased C turnover, N availability and microbial activity which in turn led to greater enzyme synthesis and accumulation in the soil matrix. 相似文献
18.
Root and Shoot Growth of Maize (Zea mays) as Affected by Incorporation of Crotalaria juncea and Tithonia diversifolia as Green Manures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
U. R. Sangakkara M. Liedgens A. Soldati P. Stamp 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2004,190(5):339-346
Crop establishment, determined by shoot and root growth during early growth is a vital component in procuring desired plant populations and high yields in rainfed tropical smallholder farming systems, where green manures help maintain soil fertility and sustainability. As green manure incorporation could affect early seedling growth, studies were conduced in a plant house using soils from fields, to evaluate the impact of incorporating two popular tropical green manures (Crotalaria juncea and Tithonia diversifolia) into soil under rainfed field conditions over 3 years, on selected physico‐chemical properties of the soils and on establishment and early shoot and root growth of maize (Zea mays), with and without inorganic fertilizers. In a given year, green manure was grown in one season while maize was grown in the other. A soil that did not receive green manures but was left fallow during the period of green manure cultivation was used as the control treatment. The incorporation of green manures over the 3 years showed trends of increasing soil physical properties, and also the available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents. Incorporation of Crotalaria, with its higher nitrogen content, promoted shoot growth, while Tithonia induced the development of an extended root system. The use of inorganic fertilizers stimulated the beneficial impact of the green manures in promoting shoot and root growth. The use of green manures, especially Tithonia, promoted the development of seminal and nodal roots of maize seedlings, both in the form of length and thickness (based on root surface area) and root length densities, which could assist in successful crop establishment and resource utilization, rather than primary roots. The benefits of using green manures, especially Tithonia, in promoting root growth and Crotalaria in shoot development of maize seedlings even without inorganic fertilizers is presented. 相似文献
19.
研究土壤动物群落的多样性,为蔬菜大棚土壤生态系统的健康维持提供参考材料。对延安5个不同蔬菜大棚的土壤动物群落进行调查,采集180个定点土壤样品,通过手拣法和干漏斗法,共获得大、中小型土壤动物标本3442只,隶属13个目。其中寄螨目、弹尾目为优势类群,两者占总捕获量的87%,常见类群为正蚓目和真螨目,其余为稀有类群。对调查结果分析表明:土壤动物的群落数量垂直分布有明显的表聚现象;土壤动物的多样性指数与均匀度指数呈正相关,与优势度指数呈负相关。 相似文献