杂交粳稻亲本产量性状优异配合力的标记基因型筛选

提高杂交粳稻竞争优势的关键是改良其恢复系产量性状的配合力。为使之更富成效,选用115个SSR引物扩增6个粳稻BT型不育系和12个恢复系的标记基因型,并按NCII遗传设计配制72个F1组合,分析18个亲本的单株日产量、单株有效穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、千粒重5个性状的配合力,结合亲本SSR分子标记数据和性状配合力数据筛选了5个性状优异配合力的标记基因型。结果发现20个SSR标记基因型与亲本产量及其构成性状配合力显著相关。其中8个与亲本单个性状配合力相关;6个同时与亲本2个性状配合力相关;4个同时与亲本3个性状配合力相关;2个同时与亲本4个性状配合力相关。同时与多个性状配合力相关的标记基因型,对各性状的作用方向有正有负。RM152-165/170是单株日产量和单株有效穗数优异配合力效应最大的标记基因型,可使F1的相应性状值增加20.6%和12.7%。优异配合力的标记基因型可直接用于粳稻恢复系配合力的分子标记辅助改良。     

杂交粳稻亲本米质性状优异配合力的标记基因型鉴定

杂交粳稻米质整体水平不如常规粳稻也是限制杂交粳稻广泛种植的原因之一。本研究选用115个SSR引物扩增6个粳稻BT型不育系和12个恢复系的标记基因型,并分析72个F₁组合谷粒长、谷粒宽、糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白米率、垩白度、糊化温度、胶稠度和直链淀粉含量10个米质性状的配合力,结合亲本SSR分子标记数据和性状配合力数据筛选了10个米质性状优异配合力的标记基因型。结果共鉴定出30个SSR标记基因型与亲本10个米质性状配合力显著相关,其中25个与亲本米质性状不良配合力相关,5个与优异配合力相关。标记基因型RM263-175/180和RM444-230/240可以使F₁整精米率分别提高3.2%和2.5%。RM3-120/150可以使F₁谷粒长缩短2.4%,RM444-180/240可以使F₁谷粒宽增加2.1%。RM428-273/294可以使F₁植株上的杂交稻米直链淀粉含量减少7.0%。有8个标记基因型同时也影响产量性状配合力。RM3-120/150同时可以使F₁的每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数分别增加15.9%和10.9%。RM1211-150/160可使F₁的糙米率和精米率分别减少0.9%和1.1%,同时使F₁的每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数分别增加21.8.%和20.4%。RM23-150/160可使F₁的垩白米粒率和垩白度分别增加44.1%和45.7%,同时使F₁的单株日产量和每穗总粒数分别增加11.2%和11.6%。这些结果可用于指导亲本米质性状和产量性状配合力的分子标记辅助改良以及未来杂交粳稻组合配置中的亲本选配。     

新质源两系杂交早稻10个性状的配合力及遗传力分析

采用两套新质源亲本,按3×6NCⅡ遗传设计,分析了3个不育系与6个恢复系配制的18个两系杂交早稻组合的株高、穗长等10个性状的配合力和遗传力。结果表明,除单株有效穗外,其余9个性状组合间的差异均达极显著水平;恢复系除单株有效穗和小区产量外,其余性状的一般配合力方差均达显著水平;不育系株高、穗长、单株有效穗、小区产量和长宽比的一般配合力方差达到显著水平。恢复系R 76/鹏超1号和不育系标广占63S表现出较好的一般配合力,组合标广占63S/（R 76/鹏超1号）的特殊配合力表现最佳。10个性状中单株有效穗、穗实粒数、小区产量的狭义遗传力较小,容易受到环境的影响。     

杂交粳稻几个数量性状的配合力分析

利用6个粳型不育系和6个恢复系，采用不完全双列杂交法配制了36个杂交组合，对其8个数量性状的一般配合力及亲本间组合的特殊配合力效应进行了分析。结果表明，株高、穗长、穗总粒数、穗实粒数、稳秕粒数、千粒重这几个性状受亲本一般配合力的影响，单株粒重受特殊配合力的影响，单株稳数的一般配合力和特殊配合力作用相近。其中不育系552A的穗总粒数、稳实粒数、单株粒重等一般配合力的相对效应值较大，恢复系FR796、2002FR24的穗总粒数、穗实粒数、单株粒重的一般配合力的相对效应值较大。     

新选粳稻BT型同质恢复系农艺和品质性状的配合力研究

利用4个粳稻BT型不育系和5个新选粳稻BT型同质恢复系及4个非同质恢复系通过NCⅡ设计共配36个组合,对杂种一代8个农艺性状和10个品质性状的表现及亲本的配合力进行了研究。结果表明：（1）除播抽历期、千粒重和单株有效穗三性状外,同质恢复系所配杂种的其他农艺性状与非同质恢复系所配杂种相比,均有所降低,但就单株产量而     

SSR标记遗传距离与杂交稻农艺性状一般配合力的相关性分析

利用SSR分子标记检测了15个杂交稻亲本间的遗传多样性和遗传距离,结合配合力试验分析了这些亲本间的遗传距离与产量相关主要农艺性状的一般配合力的相关性。结果筛选到35个多态性好的SSR标记,根据SSR标记检测数据,按UPGMA聚类方法将15个亲本分为不育系和恢复系两大类群,与这些亲本的恢保特性相符合。两类亲本间的平均遗传距离为0.4945,宜恢7633与Ⅱ-32A、明恢63与川香29A间的遗传距离最大(D=0.5485),宜恢3551与宜香1A、珍汕97A间的遗传距离最小(D=0.4360)。这些亲本NCII设计的配合力分析表明,产量相关的农艺性状多数受加性效应和非加性效应的共同控制,性状的一般配合力贡献率较大,但是单株产量的非加性效应作用更大。单株产量一般配合力较高的亲本是蜀恢527、川香29A和宜香1A,效应值分别为17.77、10.82和10.49。亲本间的平均遗传距离与主要性状的GCA效应值的相关系数为-0.15~0.15,有一定的相关性,但是都没有达显著水平,分子标记遗传距离与一般配合力的相关性还有待于进一步探讨。     

粳型光敏核不育系主要农艺性状的配合力及杂种优势

用４个不同来源的粳型光敏核不育系和８个恢复系组成４×８不完全双列杂交，分析了抽穗期、株高、穗长、每穗总粒数、单株有效穗数、每穗实粒数、结实率和千粒重等９个主要农艺性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力效应以及Ｆ１优势表现。结果表明，杂种性状主要受亲本一般配合力的作用，用亲本的一般配合力可预测杂种优势。一般配合力较强的不育系是９１－３２ｓ，恢复系是Ｃ８４２０、９０２２和９２０１６等，单株产量特殊配合力好的组合是９１－３２Ｓ／Ｃ８４２０和９１－３２Ｓ／９２０１６分别比生产上大面积应用冀梗８号增产５６．５７％和５１．８１％。     

粳稻单株产量及其构成因素的关联分析

水稻的单株产量由有效穗数、每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重等因素构成。为了剖析粳稻产量及其构成因素的遗传基础、明确单株产量的改良重点,本研究以226个黑龙江省粳稻品种构成的自然群体为试验材料,调查了2013和2014年各品种的单株产量及其构成因素等性状,并结合153个SSR标记的基因型鉴定结果进行单株产量及其构成因素的关联分析。结果表明,两年共检测到30个与单株产量及其构成因素显著关联的标记,能够解释的表型变异率为2.36%~12.38%;有14个标记在两年中均被检则到,其中RM481,RM1220和RM23083同时稳定控制2个性状。相关分析和关联分析结果表明单株有效穗数的变异对黑龙江省单株产量影响最大。本研究为黑龙江省改良粳稻单株产量提供了理论基础。     

利用耐低磷选择回交导入系群体定位水稻产量性状QTL

水稻磷素利用率低是影响水稻产量的重要因素之一。为了发掘水稻耐低磷有利基因、培育磷高效品种,选用生产上大面积推广应用的恢复系‘蜀恢527’、‘明恢86’作为轮回亲本,以‘爷驼崽’为供体亲本,构建了2个BC2F4耐低磷选择回交导入系群体。分别在正常施肥量条件下和低磷条件下对2个群体进行产量性状鉴定和分析,同时对2个群体进行了分子标记检测,利用性状-标记间的单向方差分析,对耐低磷选择回交导入系群体的产量性状进行QTL定位。分析结果表明：在不同环境、不同遗传背景下单株有效穗数、每穗实粒数与单株产量之间呈极显著正相关;产量构成因素中,单株有效穗数受低磷胁迫影响较大,是造成低磷条件下减产的主要原因。2个群体在正常条件和低磷条件下共检测到控制单株有效穗数QTL 11个,控制每穗实粒数QTL 10个,控制结实率QTL 10个,控制千粒重QTL 9个,控制单株产量QTL 13个;检测到一因多效的位点12个。研究结果对低磷品种的选育、相关有利基因的发掘利用和分子标记辅助选择有重要参考作用,选择导入系也为耐低磷育种提供了材料。     

粳稻三系亲本的性状特征与杂种优势分析

收集具有代表性的BT型粳稻不育系、保持系及恢复系各16个,共配制229个杂交粳稻组合,就三系亲本的性状特征、粳稻的杂种优势、不同性状亲子间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明：(1) 恢复系和保持系的潜在库容相近,但恢复系分蘖性较弱、结实率和千粒重较低,单株产量显著低于保持系。恢复系的垩白度显著高于保持系,直链淀粉含量极显著低于保持系。改良外观品质和提高结实率是今后恢复系选育的主要目标。(2) 杂交粳稻普遍存在较强的中亲优势,多数性状的超亲优势不强,但在生长势上则表现非常明显的竞争优势。杂交粳稻大穗优势突出,但结实率多表现负向优势,是目前制约杂交粳稻产量优势发挥的主要限制因素。(3) 杂种的多数性状由不育系和恢复系共同决定,杂种与中亲值的相关性最好。比较而言,抽穗期、穗总粒数等性状与不育系关系较为密切,株高、穗实粒数、结实率、品质性状与恢复系关系较为密切。     

Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci for fiber quality and yield trait by RIL approach in Upland cotton

The improvement of cotton fiber quality has become more important because of changes in spinning technology. Stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for fiber quality will enable molecular marker-assisted selection to improve fiber quality of future cotton cultivars. A simple sequence repeat (SSR) genetic linkage map consisting of 156 loci covering 1,024.4 cM was constructed using a series of recombinant inbred lines (RIL) developed from an F₂ population of an Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cross 7235 × TM-1. Phenotypic data were collected at Nanjing and Guanyun County in 2002 and 2003 for 5 fiber quality and 6 yield traits. We found 25 major QTLs (LOD ≥ 3.0) and 28 putative QTLs (2.0 < LOD < 3.0) for fiber quality and yield components in two or four environments independently. Among the 25 QTLs with LOD ≥ 3, we found 4 QTLs with large effects on fiber quality and 7 QTLs with large effects on yield components. The most important chromosome D8 in the present study was densely populated with markers and QTLs, in which 36 SSR loci within a chromosomal region of 72.7 cM and 9 QTLs for 8 traits were detected.     

杂交粳稻产量性状与品质性状相关性分析

为了探明杂交粳稻的产量性状与品质性状间的关系,以5个千粒重介于23.5~27.4 g之间的BT型不育系和40个千粒重介于18.7~31.2 g之间的三系粳稻恢复系,采用5×40 NCⅡ设计方式,配制200个杂交组合为试验材料,对产量性状、品质性状及其相互关系进行了分析,主要结果表明：单株谷重与单株有效穗数、每穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重均呈极显著正相关（r=0.47**,0.63**,0.53**,0.35**）,与穗长呈显著正相关(r=0.15**);对单株产量贡献最大的是每穗实粒数。垩白粒率和垩白度2个性状是杂交粳稻品质改良的重点,其次是精米率和整精米率;糙米率、精米率、整精米率相互间均呈极显著正相关,糙米率与垩白粒率和垩白度呈极显著正相关（r=0.33**,0.25**）。产量性状对品质性状的影响不大,通过筛选,可以将高产、优质的性状聚合到同一杂交组合中。     

7个粳稻SSR和SRAP分子标记遗传距离比较及其与产量性状杂种优势的关系

本研究选用产量性状有显著差异的7个粳稻品种,按照Griffing双列杂交方法Ⅳ配制21个杂交组合,用SSR和SRAP分子标记分析亲本遗传距离及其与粳稻产量性状杂种优势问的关系,并比较分析两种分子标记在估算遗传距离时的差别.结果表明,每对SSR引物产生1～11条多态性带,平均3.8条,而每对SRAP引物组合产生1～15条多态性带,平均5.2条.SRAP引物所扩增的条带数和多态性何点数分别是SSR引物的3.3倍和1.3倍.两种分子标记对遗传相似系数较小的品种进行聚类分析时可获得一致的结果,但对遗传相似系数较大的品种进行聚类分析时所得结果并不一致;粳稻产量性状杂种优势的表现大小因件状和杂交组合不同而异;F_1杂种产量性状的表现与亲本自身的性状特点和互补关系密切,用SSR和SRAP分子标记遗传距离难以预测粳稻杂种后代的产量表现和杂种优势强弱.     

印水型杂交粳稻产量及产量构成因素的配合力分析

为确定新育成印水型杂交粳稻亲本的潜力,并为印水型杂交粳稻育种提供理论基础,本研究以4个不育系和4 个恢复系为亲本进行不完全双列杂交,研究产量及其构成因素的配合力。结果表明：产量性状一般配合力(GCA)方差均达到极显著水平,除结实率外,父本的一般配合力方差大于母本,单株产量、有效穗和结实率的特殊配合力(SCA)方差达到显著或极显著水平。139A和晚轮422 的GCA效应较高,产量性状以Ⅱ类为主,139A×晚轮422 和辽粳10A×晚轮422 的单株产量水平及组合SCA效应较高。父本GCA效应和组合SCA效应对产量性状的影响较大,母本GCA效应对产量性状的影响相对较小。本研究中,父本的遗传差异大于母本,对产量性状的影响也大于母本,139A和晚轮422 有较大的应用潜力。     

Development of high yielding IR64 × <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza rufipogon</Emphasis> (Griff.) introgression lines and identification of introgressed alien chromosome segments using SSR markers

Modern rice varieties that ushered in the green revolution brought about dramatic increase in rice production worldwide but at the cost of genetic diversity at the farmers’ fields. The wild species germplasm can be used for broadening the genetic base and improving productivity. Mining of alleles at productivity QTL from related wild species under simultaneous backcrossing and evaluation, accompanied by molecular marker analysis has emerged as an effective plant breeding strategy for utilization of wild species germplasm. In the present study, a limited backcross strategy was used to introgress QTL associated with yield and yield components from Oryza rufipogon (acc. IRGC 105491) to cultivated rice, O. sativa cv IR64. A set of 12 BC₂F₆ progenies, selected from among more than 100 BC₂F₅ progenies were evaluated for yield and yield components. For plant height, days to 50% flowering and tillers/plant, the introgression lines did not show any significant change compared to the recurrent parent IR64. For yield, 9 of the 12 introgression lines showed significantly higher yield (19–38%) than the recurrent parent IR64. Four of these lines originating from a common lineage showed higher yield due to increase in grain weight and another three also from a common lineage showed yield increase due to increase in grain number per panicle. For analyzing the introgression at molecular level all the 12 lines were analyzed for 259 polymorphic SSR markers. Of the total 259 SSR markers analyzed, only 18 (7.0%) showed introgression from O. rufipogon for chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 11. Graphical genotypes have been prepared for each line and association between the introgression regions and the traits that increased yield is reported. Based on marker trait association it appears that some of the QTL are stable across the environments and genetic backgrounds and can be exploited universally.     

Prediction of heterosis using QTLs for yield traits in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Three double low (erucic acid and glucosinolates) self-incompatible lines and 22 varieties from different origins were selected to produce 66 hybrids according to a NC II mating design. Field experiments for identification of hybrid performance and heterosis were conducted in two successive rapeseed growing seasons in Wuhan, China. After heterosis identifications, SI-1300 and Eagle were chosen to construct an F₂ segregating population. One hundred and eighty four F_2:3 lines were planted at Wuhan and Jingmen to test yield traits. F₂ plants and the 25 parents were analyzed using simultaneously AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) and SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers. A total of 270 and 718 polymorphic loci were detected in the F₂ population and among the 25 parental lines, respectively. Of the 718 polymorphic loci, 178 were significantly correlated to yield traits. With the use of one-way ANOVA, 84 common QTLs were detected for 12 traits at two trial locations. Although the genetic distances based on general/specific heterozygosities and single-locus QTLs showed significant correlations with hybrid performance and heterosis for some yield traits, the determination coefficients were low. The results suggested that neither heterozygosities nor QTLs for yield traits were suitable to predict hybrid performance and heterosis in Brassica napus.     

Breeding of widely compatible restorer lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through anther culture

Following anther culture of various F₁ hybrids of indica restorer (R) lines/wide compatible varieties (WCVs) and japonica R lines/WCVs, the homozygous diploid plants (2n) generated were test-crossed with indica WA type cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile (CMS) line Zhanshan 97A (WA), indica testers Nanjing 11 and Nante, japonica BT CMS line Hanfeng A (BT), and japonica testers Balilla and Akihikari to identify widely compatible restorer lines. The results of this study showed that among the diploid pollen plants generated from F₁ hybrids of indica R lines/WCVs, 36.7% and 64.7% possessed normal fertility restoration ability (rate of seed-setting > 80%) to Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A, respectively. 71.3% and 32.3% had normal fertility restoration ability to Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A, respectively, in diploid pollen plants derived from the japonica R lines/WCVs F₁'s anther culture. Several widely compatible R lines were selected from anther culture of F₁ hybrids of indica R lines/WCVs and japonica R lines/WCVs. These widely compatible R lines derived from diploid pollen plants showed good wide compatibility and restoration ability both to WA and BT type CMS lines. Strong standard heterosis of major agronomic traits and yield traits was observed in F₁ test-crosses of widely compatible R lines with Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A. The wide compatibility in widely compatible R lines H17, H158 and H281 was studied by a set of three-way crosses. Segregation of the fertile plants with seed-setting rate > 70% and semi-fertile plants with seed-setting rate > 69.9% agreed with a ratio of 1:1, indicating that wide compatibility in these widely compatible R lines is governed by a pair of major genes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Detection of quantitative trait locus for leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée)) resistance in rice on linkage group 1 based on damage score and flag leaf width

Rice leaffolder (RLF) (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) is a destructive and widespread insect pest throughout the rice growing regions in Asia. The genetics of resistance to RLF in rice is very complex and not thoroughly explored. The present study was conducted to detect the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with RLF resistance involving 176 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of F₈ generation derived from a cross between IR36, a leaffolder susceptible variety and TNAULFR831311, a moderately resistant indica rice culture. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to construct specific linkage groups of rice. All the RILs were screened to assess their level of resistance to RLF by measuring the leaf area damaged. Besides this, the length and width of the flag leaf of each RIL were measured since these two parameters were considered as correlated traits to the RLF resistance in rice. All the above parameters observed across the RILs showed quantitative variation. Correlation analysis revealed that damage score based on greenhouse screening was positively correlated with length and width of the flag leaf. Out of 364 SSR markers analysed, 90 were polymorphic between the parents. Multi-point analysis carried out on segregating 69 SSR marker loci linkage group wise resulted in construction of linkage map with eleven groups of 42 SSR markers. Through single marker analysis, 19 SSR markers were found to have putative association with the three phenotypic traits studied. Of these markers, RM472 was identified as a locus having major effect on RLF resistance trait based on length of the flag leaf. Interval mapping detected two QTLs on linkage group 1. Among these QTLs, the QTL flanked by RM576–RM3412 were found to be associated with width of the flag leaf and RLF resistance. The putative SSR markers associated with leaffolder resistance identified in the present study may be one of the loci contributing resistance to RLF in rice.