甜菜膜下滴灌应用初探

甜菜是农九师垦区的支柱产业，面积达6667hm^2左右。由于水资源严重不足，长期以来水成为影响甜菜产业发展的关键因素，严重制约了甜菜的稳产增产。为了解滴灌在甜菜生产中的节水效果，2003～2004年，农九师一六七团进行了甜菜膜下滴灌示范推广，其中：2003年甜菜常压滴灌6．67hm^2，2004年常压滴灌90．58hm^2，应用情况如下。     

色素甜菜滴灌丰产栽培技术

色素甜菜是极佳的天然色素原料之一,被广泛用于药品、保健品及食品行业,随着农业产业化发展和农业种植结构调整的需要,红旗农场不断引入色素甜菜、色素甘蓝、色素胡萝卜等多种特色作物。     

膜下滴灌条件下高产甜菜灌溉的生理指标

甜菜是我国重要的糖料作物,其生物产量高,需水量大,合理灌溉是节约用水、提高产量的有效措施之一。本试验连续两年研究了内蒙古半干旱地区膜下滴灌条件下,不同灌水量甜菜块根产量与叶面积指数、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶水势、土壤含水量和耗水量之间的关系,以及不同灌水量对甜菜产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,高产甜菜的叶面积指数在叶丛快速生长期大于7.37,在块根糖分增长期和糖分积累期分别为6.08~6.51和4.19~5.57,在叶丛快速生长期、块根糖分增长期和糖分积累期叶水势分别为–0.09~–0.22、–0.18~–0.39和–0.26~–0.48 MPa,净光合速率分别为21.28~28.23、21.90~28.75和22.06~26.58μmol m–2 s–1,蒸腾速率在叶丛快速生长期和块根糖分增长期分别为9.36~10.21 mmol m–2 s–1和6.37~7.73 mmol m–2 s–1,在糖分积累期大于4.69 mmol m–2 s–1,耗水量分别为140.15~312.78、44.93~200.45和56.32~113.06 mm。甜菜产量、产糖量、水分利用效率均高的合理灌溉量,在丰雨年份(生育期降雨量500 mm)为1350 m3 hm–2,在少雨年份(生育期降雨量300 mm)为1800 m3 hm–2,为甜菜节水灌溉提供了理论依据和生理指标。     

甜菜膜下滴灌高产栽培技术

<正>六十七团属于大陆性北温带半荒漠气候区,地势开阔、热量丰富、光照充足、四季分明,冬春长,夏季炎热,降水量少,蒸发量大。全年无霜期130～199d,昼夜温差大,日照时间长,全年平均日照时数2943.5h,年降雨量225.7mm,年平均气温9.3℃,≥10℃的有效积温3400℃左右。水资源较匮乏是     

高纬度地区加压滴灌甜菜高产栽培技术

<正>新疆福海县公安农场水资源相对丰富,但土层较薄,砂性较大,部分土壤又特别黏重,春季雨水少,蒸发量大,风期占全部春季天数的75%左右,是一个环境条件比较恶劣的半农半牧业区。因此,这个地区的作物种植不能靠原墒出苗,播种后需灌水或滴水,所以搞好加压滴灌就显     

干旱荒漠地区滴灌甜菜高产栽培

农四师六十三团位于新疆霍城县境内的塔克尔穆库尔沙漠腹地,属中温带干旱荒漠气候,气温日年较差和年较差大。团场近0．67万hm^2耕地以沙壤土为主,土质瘠薄,随着团场棉花产业的发展,农业用水日趋紧张。近年来,为缓解用水矛盾,团场加大了农田滴灌改造的力度,目前,全团近80％的耕地采用加压滴灌。     

甘薯块根膨大期的管理要点

正要点一:加强水分管理做好水分管理是保证甘薯茎叶健壮生长、薯块快速膨大的重要措施。甘薯块根膨大前期正值七八月份的梅雨季节,首先要注意排水防涝,田间水分过多,土壤通气不良,易造成秧蔓徒长,妨碍块根膨大。甘薯是怕涝作物,当田间积水超过24小时,减产30%以上;积水超过3天,则可造成烂薯。因此,要提前挖好排水沟,及时排除田间积水。其次是遇旱浇水,如出现秋旱,会对薯块增重造成障碍,应及时浇水抗旱,保证薯块发育对水分的需求。浇水时水     

施钾量对膜下滴灌甜菜光合性能以及对产量和品质的影响

膜下滴灌技术被广泛应用于内蒙古冷凉干旱地区的甜菜生产中。为探明施钾量对膜下滴灌甜菜光合生理特性和产质量的影响及其适宜钾肥用量, 于2014?2015年在内蒙古凉城县设K₂O 0、90、180、270和360 kg hm ^-25个施肥处理进行了研究。结果表明, 钾素能够提高甜菜的光合性能, 如促进株高、叶面积指数、净光合速率的增加; 施钾肥180、270和360 kg hm ^-2显著提高了叶丛快速生长期甜菜的净光合速率, 影响净光合速率的最主要因素是RuBPCase活性, 其次是气孔导度, 净光合速率与甜菜产量呈极显著正相关。适宜的钾肥用量有利于块根、叶柄和叶片干重的增加及产量增加, 但施钾过量, 块根干物质分配比例下降, 含糖率下降, 块根干物质分配比例与甜菜含糖率呈显著正相关。施钾量270 kg hm ^-2时产量最高, 90 kg hm ^-2时含糖率最高, 当施钾量大于180 kg hm ^-2时, 块根中K ⁺、Na ⁺含量增加, 大于270 kg hm ^-2时, 块根中α-氨基酸含量增加, 施钾量180 kg hm ^-2时产糖量最高。综合考虑施钾量对膜下滴灌甜菜产量和品质的影响, 内蒙古甜菜种植优势区域的钾肥推荐施用量为180 kg hm ^-2。     

华北平原不同年代小麦品种旗叶光合特性对水分亏缺的响应

为探讨华北平原不同年代小麦品种对水分亏缺的反应及适应机制,选取20世纪50年代以来的代表品种碧蚂1号、济南2号、泰山1号、冀麦26、冀麦38和济麦22,比较其在灌溉和雨养条件下旗叶光合特性。结果表明,当前品种济麦22的产量显著高于上述5个品种,产量的提高伴随着净光合速率和气孔导度的显著提高,二者密切相关;在灌溉条件下,济麦22的产量比上述5个品种分别增加54.4%、39.4%、23.4%、18.9%和4.2%,花后平均净光合速率分别增加30.0%、15.9%、15.2%、9.8%和5.5%,气孔导度分别增加46.1%、35.9%、23.1%、7.3%和6.6%;在雨养条件下,济麦22的产量比这5个品种分别增加46.0%、37.6%、21.5%、18.8%和3.2%,花后平均净光合速率分别增加41.5%、29.1%、19.8%、11.2%和6.7%,气孔导度分别增加68.4%、48.7%、30.6%、10.7%和10.6%。与灌溉条件下相比,雨养条件下不同年代小麦品种旗叶净光合速率和气孔导度均表现为降低的趋势,但济麦22的降低幅度低于上述5个品种,表明当前品种的旗叶光合特性对水分亏缺的适应性较强。雨养条件下,碧蚂1号、济南2号、泰山1号、冀麦26、冀麦38和济麦22的产量分别比灌溉条件下降低6.6%、10.5%、10.3%、11.6%、10.8% 和11.7%,济麦22的下降幅度最大,表明当前品种的产量对水分亏缺的敏感性较强,在水分充足的条件下增产潜力较高。     

优化滴灌制度下不同品种糖用甜菜产质量及光合特性响应研究

为了研究不同灌溉定额下不同品种（标准型、丰产型和高糖型）糖用甜菜的产量、质量和光合特性的响应,在东北地区甜菜4个生长时期进行了7个滴灌处理水平的试验研究,测定不同处理对标准型、丰产型和高糖型甜菜品种的生长情况、光合特征、产量质量及灌溉效率的响应。结果表明,不同灌溉量对不同类型甜菜生长指标、光合参数及产质量影响不同。标准型和高糖型甜菜品种对其生长性状各指标有利的灌溉定额为320~360 m3/ha,3个品种甜菜叶绿素含量对灌溉定额的最佳响应为300~320 m3/ha。标准甜菜品种随着灌溉量的增加并不利于其进行光合作用,而高糖型与丰产型甜菜品种随灌溉量的增加在叶丛快速生长期对叶片蒸腾速率的影响显著,在320 m3/ha灌溉量处理下光合效率较好。随着灌溉量的增加,标准型甜菜品种根产量增加;当灌溉量达320 m3/ha时,丰产型甜菜品种根产量不再升高而保持平稳、高糖型甜菜品种糖度下降。叶片水分利用效率在生育期前期总体上要高于生育后期,增加灌溉量并不能提高不同类型甜菜品种的灌溉水生产效率。在本研究特定区域内优化不同品种甜菜的灌溉制度可改善甜菜生长和产质量,并为建立甜菜灌溉模型提供理论基础。     

Root Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in Relation to Plant Population

Introduction of genetic monogerm seed and the advancement of agricultural techniques raised the possibility of eliminating costly thinning operations in sugar beet farming. However, this requires high and uniform seedling emergence to provide prerequisite plant populations in the field. This work investigated the minimum levels of seedling emergence for non-thinned sugar beet farming. The experiment was carried out in a loamy soil to investigate the effects of three levels of emergence (60, 50 and 35%) and two intra-row spacings (8 and 15cm) with or without thinning using seed source of graded viability of cv Eva in 1992 and 1993 under field conditions in Eastern Anatolia. Plant population throughout the growing period was monitored and data were taken of yield and quality parameters. On average, 60, 50 and 35% emergence levels were achieved using seed source of 90, 72 and 54% viability range, which resulted in different levels of plant stands depending on intra-row spacing and thinning. Plant density at harvest ranged between 49 500 and 124 500 ha⁻¹ on average depending on initial establishment, intra-row spacing and thinning. Root yield and sugar yield were the highest at plant stands between 90 000 and 100 000 ha⁻¹, below or above of which declined. Impurity contents (e.g. Na, K and a-amino N contents) and extractable sugar content decreased but sugar content and clear juice purity enhanced as plant stands at harvest increased.     

甜菜源库关系的研究

为阐明源、库的关系对甜菜产量形成的影响。运用比较生理学的方法,研究了不同特性甜菜品种群体源、库的形成及其相互关系以及源、库发展在产量形成中的作用。结果表明,甜菜群体LAI和LAD可作为衡量源大小及能力的重要指标。光合源的同化能力直接影响着块根库容的大小,后期较大的光合源会抑制块根库的扩大,影响甜菜产量的形成。揭示了丰产、高糖甜菜品种的源库关系,LAI峰值出现在块根及糖分增长期,最大LAI应在4.3以上,达到峰值后要有20 d左右的相对稳定持续期,糖分积累后期LAI应保持在2.4左右。群体LAD应在块根及糖分增长期达到19.3 m2.d以上,后期呈缓慢下降变化。以上结果可为指导甜菜生产实践提高产量提供理论依据。     

栽培甜菜雌配子体发育中的超微结构

应用透射电镜技术研究栽培甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)雌配子体发育过程的超微结构特征, 丰富被子植物生殖生物学方面的资料, 并为甜菜相关研究提供借鉴。观察结果表明,栽培甜菜雌配子体发育类型为蓼型。功能大孢子时期核糖体密集, 线粒体和质体分裂以增加数目;单核胚囊时期, 细胞体积增大, 小液泡融合为2个大液泡,分别位于珠孔端和合点端,细胞核增大, 核仁显著, 至发育后期核膜呈微裂齿状,细胞器数量不断增加,珠孔端形成明显的壁内突;二核胚囊时期, 胚囊迅速扩张, 形成中央大液泡, 胞质中细胞器增多;四核胚囊时期除细胞器的数量继续增加外,质体中开始出现淀粉粒;八核胚囊时期相当短暂, 很快细胞化,初期的七细胞八核胚囊中各细胞均以初生壁相隔, 壁上存在胞间连丝, 沿细胞壁分布着众多伸展状粗面内质网和活跃分泌小泡的高尔基体;细胞化后期, 卵、助细胞出现极性分化, 胞质中的众多小泡与细胞膜融合, 参与细胞壁及丝状器的建成;中央细胞在珠孔端与胚囊壁相邻的部位形成壁内突。栽培甜菜雌配子体发育进程中胚囊体积不断增大,细胞器种类与数量呈增加趋势,表明各时期代谢较活跃。在功能大孢子及单核胚囊早期是通过合点端的胞间连丝与珠心细胞以共质体形式相通;在单核胚囊发育后期至细胞化胚囊,是通过珠孔端所形成的壁内突来扩展质膜表面积, 以加强非共质体之间物质的运输。     

内生真菌对甜菜主要农艺性状及氮糖代谢关键酶活性的影响

采用内生真菌F11液浸种、喷叶及灌根处理方法,调查其对甜菜栽培品种KWS2409的主要农艺性状及对甜菜氮、糖代谢关键酶即硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、蔗糖合酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)活性的影响。结果表明,内生真菌F11菌株对甜菜的含糖量有明显的提高作用,其中以灌根处理效果最好,其叶鲜重、叶绿素含量、单根重、含糖率和产糖量的平均值分别提高了66.67%、47.42%、6.96%、17.46%和25.63%。在整个生育期,内生真菌F11显著提高了氮糖代谢酶活性,其中NR和GS活力分别呈“M”型双峰曲线和抛物线型变化,而SS和GS活力呈单峰曲线变化,后期根部SS合成活力明显高于分解方向活力,生育前期SPS活力高于后期。叶丛形成期达到最高峰,说明NR、GS、SS和SPS活性的增强是甜菜含糖量升高的主要生理原因。     

甜菜蔗糖代谢两种相关酶的活性变化及其相互关系

为了研究不同类型甜菜品种蔗糖代谢能力存在明显差异的生理机制,以糖用甜菜(高糖)和饲用甜菜(丰产)为试验对象,测定了不同生育阶段叶片、叶柄和块根中的蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性。结果表明:叶片、叶柄和块根中存在蔗糖合成与降解过程,不同类型甜菜在生长期蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性存在差别,同一品种不同部位,块根中蔗糖的代谢强度高于叶片和叶柄,糖用甜菜两种酶活性高于饲用甜菜,蔗糖代谢相关酶活性差异是品种特性,可用于甜菜的选种实践。     

氮素形态对甜菜氮糖代谢关键酶活性及相关产物的影响

用营养液培养的方法, 以甜研7号为试验材料, 研究了同一氮素水平不同氮素形态比例对甜菜氮、糖代谢关键酶: 硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性及相关产物的影响. 结果表明叶片中NR活性随NO-3比例增加而增加; 根和叶片中GS活性, 当NH+4小于NO-3时, 随NH+4比例增大而增加, 当NO-3∶NH+4为1∶     

Seasonal Development of Genotypic Differences in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and Their Interaction with Water Supply

Depending on genotype, sugar beet can differ considerably in yield and quality characteristics. These are additionally modified by environmental conditions with drought stress recently gaining in importance, restricting growth and altering the chemical composition of the beet. The occurrence and development of these genotypic differences during the vegetation period and their possible interaction with environmental conditions were investigated. In 2002 and 2003, four sugar beet genotypes differing in yield and quality and putative different with regard to drought tolerance were tested in field trials, partly under irrigated conditions, in a total of 10 environments with consecutive harvests starting in early summer. In 2 years of stress and non-stress conditions they exhibited significant differences for taproot and leaf dry matter and the concentration of sucrose, K, Na and α-amino nitrogen in the taproot. These differences existed already in mid-June and virtually did not change any more from this time on. Accordingly, interactions between genotype and harvest date did not occur. For sugar beet, genotype by environment interactions generally do not exist. Water supply, as an important single determinant of the effect of the environment, was studied separately analysing data from selected locations. Under drought conditions, withholding irrigation reduced leaf and taproot growth and root-to-leaf ratio, decreased the percentage of sucrose in dry matter and resulted in an accumulation of α-amino N. Interactions between genotype and water supply did not occur for any of the parameters under study. A genotype-specific high α-amino N content, which might be of advantage for osmoregulation, did not improve the adaptation to drought. Differences in leaf maintenance or taproot-to-leaf ratio during drought also did not affect yield response. Due to the lack of interaction between genotype and harvest date as well as between genotype and irrigation it is concluded that harvest date or climatic factors of the growing region do not have to be taken into consideration when choosing a variety.     

栽培甜菜雌配子体发育中的超微结构

应用透射电镜技术研究栽培甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)雌配子体发育过程的超微结构特征, 丰富被子植物生殖生物学方面的资料, 并为甜菜相关研究提供借鉴。观察结果表明,栽培甜菜雌配子体发育类型为蓼型。功能大孢子时期核糖体密集, 线粒体和质体分裂以增加数目;单核胚囊时期, 细胞体积增大, 小液泡融合为2个大液泡,分别位于珠孔端和合点端,细胞核增大, 核仁显著, 至发育后期核膜呈微裂齿状,细胞器数量不断增加,珠孔端形成明显的壁内突;二核胚囊时期, 胚囊迅速扩张, 形成中央大液泡, 胞质中细胞器增多;四核胚囊时期除细胞器的数量继续增加外,质体中开始出现淀粉粒;八核胚囊时期相当短暂, 很快细胞化,初期的七细胞八核胚囊中各细胞均以初生壁相隔, 壁上存在胞间连丝, 沿细胞壁分布着众多伸展状粗面内质网和活跃分泌小泡的高尔基体;细胞化后期, 卵、助细胞出现极性分化, 胞质中的众多小泡与细胞膜融合, 参与细胞壁及丝状器的建成;中央细胞在珠孔端与胚囊壁相邻的部位形成壁内突。栽培甜菜雌配子体发育进程中胚囊体积不断增大,细胞器种类与数量呈增加趋势,表明各时期代谢较活跃。在功能大孢子及单核胚囊早期是通过合点端的胞间连丝与珠心细胞以共质体形式相通;在单核胚囊发育后期至细胞化胚囊,是通过珠孔端所形成的壁内突来扩展质膜表面积, 以加强非共质体之间物质的运输。     

Leaf Carbon Isotope Discrimination and its Relation with Qualitative Root Traits and Harvest Index in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

Twenty commercial sugar beet varieties were grown at two sites in central Greece during the 2001 growing season (March to October), in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in sugar beet leaves was found to be affected by site and marginally by variety. No relation was found between fresh root yield and Δ, but significant correlations were found between Δ and sucrose content (positive) and between Δ and root α‐amino‐N (negative). Also, the harvest index, determined at one site, was negatively correlated with Δ.     

Effect of N Fertilization Rate on Sugar Yield and Non-Sugar Impurities of Sugar Beets (Beta vulgaris) Grown Under Mediterranean Conditions

For three successive growing seasons (1999–2001), a completely randomized block design experiment was established at the surrounding area of each of four sugar beet processing plants of Hellenic Sugar Industry SA, Greece (a total of 12 experiments). Nitrogen was applied at five rates (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha⁻¹) and six replications per rate. Nitrogen fertilization had site-specific effects on quantitative (fresh root and sugar yields) and qualitative (sucrose content, K, Na, α-amino N) traits. When data were combined over years and sites, fresh root and sugar yields were maximized at high N rates (330.75 and 295 kg N ha⁻¹ respectively), as derived from quadratic functions fitted to data. In three trials, increased N rates had negative effects on root and sugar yield. These sites were characterized by high yield in control plots, light soil texture (sand > 50 %) and low CEC values. When data were converted into relative values (the ratio of the trait values to the control mean of each experiment), root and sugar yield was found to be maximized at higher N rates (350 and 316 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively). Sucrose content was strongly and linearly reduced by the increased N rates when data were combined but a significant reduction with increasing N rates was found in only two sites. Non-sugar impurities (K, Na, α-amino N) were positively related to the increased N rates when data were combined. Sodium and α-amino N showed to be most affected by N fertilization as positive relationships were found in six and eight of 12 locations, respectively. Increased N supply resulted in higher soil NO₃-N concentrations (0–90 cm depth) at harvest which were related with amino N contents in sugar beet roots (in 1999 and 2001).