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1.
Summary A study of the geographical distribution of two species of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus and A. caillei, shows that both are cultivated in almost all villages from the Gulf of Guinea to the southern limit of the Sahel. If the cultivars of both species, collected in the same village, are sown simultaneously, as often is the case, study of flowering reveals the possibility of interspecific pollination during about 7 weeks to 2 months. Interspecific hybrids can be obtained artificially, but at experimental stations and in the field very low rates of cross fertilization are observed. In addition, the sterility of the F1 hybrids makes their genetic participation in subsequent generations unlikely. In this study, we show that: 1) although grown for the same purpose, the two species are clearly managed as two separate crops by local growers; 2) the conditions which allow gene flow between both crops exist, and 3) the rate of spontaneous introgressions is low. The genetic integrity of the two species does not, therefore, seem threatened and the relative balance between them is mainly tied to the choice of the growers. 相似文献
2.
Summary The breeding system of Abelmoschus species is not well known. Although being self-compatibles allogamy reaches 63%. The aim of the study was to place four Abelmoschus species on the log P/O scale devised by Cruden (1977). On this scale P = pollen grains per anther × anthers per flower and O = ovules production. Pollens and ovules productions were therefore assessed for 68 accessions of two cultivated species, A. esculentus and A. caillei, and two wild, A. manihot and A. moschatus. Extreme log P/O values ranged from 1.69 for the variety Clemson Spineliss (A. esculentus) to 2.94 for ORS 278 (A. manihot). Averages of wild species A. moschatus (2.17) and A. manihot (2.19) indicate facultative autogamy. Averages for cultivated species A. esculentus (2.00) and A. caillei (2.05) suggest more autogamy. 相似文献
3.
M. Abdullah Yousuf Akhond M. Abul Hossain Molla M. Obaidul Islam Mohammad Ali 《Euphytica》2000,114(3):175-180
Interspecific cross compatibility between cultivated and wild okra (Abelmoschus esculentus and A. moschatus) and pollen tube growth behaviour in the crosses among a local cultivar of A. esculentus, A. moschatus and their F1s were studied. Fruit set was observed in all the crosses except one and seed setting was absent in two of the crosses which
set fruit. All seed produced were shrivelled but F1 plants were obtained from two crosses where cultivated okra was used as the seed parent. The F1 plants were perennial in nature with very low pollen viability and seed set. A high percentage of pollen germination and
profuse pollen tube penetration in the style were observed in the cross A. esculentus × A. moschatus but low pollen tube penetration with abnormal pollen tubes was observed in the reciprocal cross. The number
of pollen tubes was very low but they appeared to be normal in the backcross A. esculentus × F1, but were generally abnormal in the reciprocal cross. Both pre- and postzygotic barriers seemed to occur in crosses between
the two species. The present studies indicate that these barriers can be overcome and desirable characters from A. moschatus transferred to cultivated okra using conventional hybridisation techniques.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
Omolayo J. Ariyo 《Euphytica》1990,47(2):99-105
Summary Twenty selected okra genotypes were evaluated in four different environments for stability of performance, measured by days to flowering, number of branches per plant, plant height, number of pods per plant, pod weight, and pod yield per plant. An analysis of the components of G × E interaction showed that it might not always be adequately explained by a linear function of the environment. The heritability estimates for the response of the characters showed that the number of branches per plant was under strong genotypic influence. The stability variance parameters, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiqbeo8aZzaaja% WaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaaaa!3A18!\[\hat \sigma ^2\]and W-mean square and the deviation MS employed in the analyses of stability indicated that most of the genotypes were unstable in respect of the characters. The % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiqbeo8aZzaaja% WaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaaaa!3A18!\[\hat \sigma ^2\]and W-mean square produced similar results which were different from those of deviation MS; the two stability-variance techniques were more discriminatory than the regression technique. 相似文献
5.
Summary The resistance to cotton jassid in okra was found controlled by dominant genes. Both additive and dominance gene effects were significant but both additive gene effects and dominance x dominance type of interactions appear to be more important than other effects. The former could be exploited for developing genotypes resistant to jassids in okra. 相似文献
6.
J. H. Heering 《Euphytica》1993,74(1-2):143-148
Summary The reproductive biology of Sesbania sesban, S. goetzei and S. keniensis (Leguminosae; Papilionoideae) was studied. Fifty percent flowering was observed at 102 to 153 days after germination for S. sesban accessions; 96 to 146 days for S. goetzei and 131 to 176 days for S. keniensis accessions. Flowers opened in the afternoon and remained fresh for 2–3 days. Bee species including Xylocopa sp., Apis mellifera, Megachile bituberculata and Chalicodoma sp. visited the flowers. Hand pollination experiments showed that all three species were self and cross compatible. The percentage of fully developed seeds was greater in pods formed after cross pollination compared to self pollination. No evidence was found for stigmatic or stylar self incompatibility. Outcrossing is probably the common method of reproduction under natural conditions, although in isolated trees substantial seed set by selfing might occur. Pod production under natural conditions was 34% for S. sesban; 49% for S. goetzei and 39% for S. keniensis. Considerable variation was found in pod production under open pollination between accessions of the same species. Selective abortion was observed within pods, with more mature seeds formed at the distal end of the pod. 相似文献
7.
Summary Investigations were conducted on the identification and distribution of yam natural pollinators, flowering pattern and hybridization of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, in order to provide informations for producing hybrid seeds needed for vam genetic improvement.Insects belonging to the Coleoptera (48.0%), Diptera (20.4%), Hymenoptera (20.0%), Hemiptera (5.8%), and Thysanoptera (5.8%) were caught around yam plants and presumed to be pollinators: they entered open-receptive-flowers and their presence on yam plants coincided with the duration of the flowering period.Studies on the flowering pattern revealed that: (i) Male and female clones differed in their periods of flower initiation as well as the flowering duration; (ii) Seed production and conventional breeding methods are feasible if staggered planting, water and soil fertility could be managed to ensure that flowering periods of males and females nick and also extend flowering.Artificial pollinations within white yam and between white yam and yellow yam (D. cayenensis Lam) using the camel hair brush method were successful, but resulted in a relatively low fruit set (31.8% maximum). This method was more effective than natural pollination (19.2%) and can thus supplement it for the production of hybrid seeds for introducing genetic variation in yam breeding populations. 相似文献
8.
Summary The possibility of combining anew the genomes of wild and cultivated progenitors of triploid S. x juzepczukii and pentaploid S. x curtilobum by following the known evolutionary pathway of these species was investigated.The resynthesis of S. x juzepczukii was easy, and a wide range of synthetic forms was bred. Among these were forms with higher frost resistance (-5°C) than has been found in natural S. x juzepczukii. The total tuber glycoalkaloid content of several synthetic hybrids was lower than or as low as that of natural clones. Most synthetic hybrids were more vigorous than natural S. x juzepczukii and produced about the same types of tubers as are found in the natural range of variation. The best diploid parents were found in the species S. goniocalyx.The attempt to resynthesize pentaploid S. x curtilobum has not been successful but tetraploid plants were obtained in the process. An explanation for the occurrence of tetraploids resulting from triploid x tetraploid and/or diploid crosses is offered.The newly bred tetraploids contain at least one genome from S. acaule (possibly two) and hybridize easily with ssp. andigena. They thus provide a means for the transfer of S. acaule germ plasm into the tetraploid cultivated gene pool which would profit from the frost resistance of S. acaule. 相似文献
9.
Merja Veteläinen Eero Nissilä P. M. A. Tigerstedt Roland von Bothmer 《Euphytica》1996,92(1-2):267-273
Summary Utilization of exotic germplasm is one way to broaden genetic variation in breeding populations. This approach has recently been adopted in Sweden and Finland, where experimental barley populations has been established for research and pre-breeding purposes. The aim of the project is threefold: (1) to increase overall genetic diversity of Nordic barley breeding material; (2) to develop breeding material which possesses a high level of resistance for various barley diseases; and (3) to study effects of exotic germplasm on adaptation and agronomic performance. Both the Finnish and the Swedish barley populations include the same exotic material i.e. unadapted landraces from different parts of Asia and wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) accessions. Locally adapted high-yielding barley lines were included in the populations. The establishment of these populations involved six crossing generations in order to promote recombination and enhance the break-up of linkage blocks. The paper discusses the third aim of the project. Studies on agronomic performance and adaptation showed that (1) agronomically valuable genotypes can be constructed through recombination using exotic germplasm for Nordic conditions, (2) that incorporation of exotic material is most successful when made in a local genetic base and (3) that exotic germplasm has an effect on adaptation. 相似文献
10.
Introduction of an amylose-free (amf) mutant into breeding of cultivated potato,Solanum tuberosum L. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Summary Using an amylose-free (amf)mutant of diploid potato (Solanum tuberosum), diploid and tetraploid clones with different genotypes at the amf-locus were produced. In order to make use of the diploid material in analytic breeding of amf-potatoes, clones were selected that produced a considerable frequencies of 2n-pollen and 2n-eggs. Successful attempts were made to select normal synaptic as well as desynaptic clones producing 2n-gametes. Based on the phenotype of starch in the microspores, tetraploid clones with nulliplex, simplex and duplex genotypes at the amf-locus were selected. Prospects of using this material in conventional as well as in analytic breeding of potato are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Summary Investigations of the floral biology of Zanzibar type cloves were carried out on five mature trees. The majority of flowers opened in the afternoon. Anther dehiscence occurred shortly after anthesis and stamens were shed almost 2 days later. Nectar appeared around the base of the stigma as anthers dehisced and remained in evidence for approximately 60 hours. Three days after anthesis a constriction around the tip of the stigma became apparent. The stigma tip subsequently withered, turned brown and was shed after a further four days. Maximum pollen viability and stigma receptivity were attained simultaneously, 48 hours after anthesis. Indications concerning the breeding system in clove are discussed and a procedure for artificial pollination is suggested 相似文献
12.
Summary Nobilization in sugarcane is viewed from a genetic angle considering the significance of 2n gametes. The inbreeding coefficients resulting from 2n gametes, for first and second nobilizations are worked out. The implication of 2n gametes to sugarcane breeding are discussed. 相似文献
13.
F. Pank F. Matzk U. Kästner W.D. Blüthner E. Foltys de Garcia A. Meister U. Ryschka G. Schumann 《Euphytica》2003,134(1):77-84
St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatumL.) is a medicinal crop plant that reproduces by apomixis. To study the reproductive diversity within the initial breeding
material, 656 plants from 92 accessions of the species were analysed by flow cytometric seed screening (FCSS) and compared
to 66 plants of cv. ‘Topaz’ as a control. Among plants from the 92 accessions, 16 were obligate sexuals, nine were obligate
apomicts and all remaining ones were facultative apomicts. Among controls, there were six obligate and 60 facultative apomicts.
Tests of reproductive pathways indicated that, in the investigated collection, all apomictic plants were tetraploid and all
sexual plants were diploid. A strategy for a cross breeding program in St. John's wort is illustrated by crossing one diploid
obligately sexual mother plant with six tetraploid facultative apomicts. All 91 F1 progeny obtained were triploid with 58% being obligate sexuals and 42%
facultative apomicts. To quantify the different routes of seed formation within facultatively apomictic individuals, the reproductive
pathways were reconstructed from about 30 single seeds from each of five tetraploid and two triploid plants using FCSS. The
frequency of seed formed by apomixis ranged from 54% to 67% among four tetraploid genotypes. One triploid and two tetraploids
formed 23% to 73% of the so-called BIII hybrids (fertilization of unreduced eggs) and one triploid was obligately sexual. The results show that while the mode of
reproduction in H. perforatum is highly variable, tetraploid obligate apomicts as well as diploid and triploid obligate sexuals can be selected as starting
material for breeding purposes.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Summary Controlled hand pollinated pistils of rubber were observed using fluorescence microscopy to assess the efficiency of the universally-employed method for the production of progeny for plant breeding. The controlled hand pollination method conducted in the morning resulted in the deposition of a mean of 15.6 pollen grains on the stigma, with no stray pollination observed. Over 36% of the pistils had the potential to set fruit.Pollinations conducted in the afternoon at the normal time of anthesis, had double the fruit set potential of morning pollinations as measured by penetration of ovules by pollen tubes. Pollinator efficiency also varied, with excessive damage to stigmas resulting in reduced pollen germination and tube growth. There were differences between clones in both female and male fertility, in the proportion of pistils with more than three carpels and in the production of small abnormal stigmas. There was no difference in pollen tube growth following self- or cross-pollination, indicating that the self-sterility mechanism of rubber operates in the ovary. Pollen could be stored for 5 days at 5°C and 75% RH with a 22% loss of fertility. 相似文献
15.
Summary The gene for mildew resistance has been succesfully transferred into the cultivated oat from the wild oat species Avena barbata by means of an irradiation-induced translocation. The translocation has been shown to involve the long arm of chromosome ST21 of A. sativa, the short arm, the centromere and a segment of the long arm of the barbata chromosome.The transmission of the translocation is normal in the cultivar Manod in which it was originally isolated. When the translocation was transferred into other cultivars of oats, transmission through the male gametes was found to be impaired in some genotypic backgrounds. However, there was no evidence that the translocation had any deleterious effect on development and fertility in a range of cultivars.The translocation was shown to involve an exchange between nonhomoeologous chromosomes.The behaviour of the translocation in diverse genotypes indicated that the translocation was a new source of mildew resistance that could be easily used in a breeding programme. 相似文献
16.
Summary It was investigated what potentialities for mutation breeding of potato are offered by using adventitious sprouts that arise in vitro from leaf explants (rachis, petiole, leaflet-disc) after X-irradiation. Mutation frequency and chimerism were studied in subterranean and aerial parts in three vegetative generations (vM1, vM2, vM3). Plants obtained from irradiated series produced a very high mutation frequency, a wide mutation spectrum and a very low rate of chimerism. Mutations were observed also in control series, especially in plants derived from the rachis and petiole explant group. 相似文献
17.
Elaine McElhinny Eduardo Peralta Nelson Mazón Daniel L. Danial Graham Thiele Pim Lindhout 《Euphytica》2007,153(3):373-384
Summary Field trials were carried out in Ecuador with two indigenous communities, Ninín Cachipata and La Esperanza, to determine farmers’
preferences for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivars and to improve PPB processes. More women than men participated, reflecting that quinoa, a primarily subsistence
crop, is mainly managed by women. Farmers’ field selection criteria for quinoa in the field were mostly based on yield, earliness
and plant colour; however only breeders’ measurements of yield and panicle height significantly correlated to farmer selection
scores. Older women gave higher scores than younger women or men, apparently due to a concept of no cultivar being without
value. Working in same gender pairs improved evaluation richness. INIAP technicians were more discriminating in their evaluations
than farmers. They also used additional selection criteria of disease resistance and uniformity. At seed selection, farmers
from Ninín Cachipata, where food security is not assured, chose lines based on yield, while farmers from La Esperanza, where
resources are less limiting, also considered seed size, colour, saponin content and marketability. Field characteristics were
not taken into consideration at seed selection, signifying that farmers are less interested in those characteristics, or that
it was difficult for them to correlate field data when presented in tabular form with seed characteristics. Future trials
with small farmers should have fewer lines or replications to avoid farmer fatigue during evaluation. Farmers who grow primarily
for subsistence in semi-arid environments have more interest in growing quinoa, and more to gain from having improved cultivars;
therefore future participatory efforts should focus on them. 相似文献
18.
Roger T. Chetelat Ricardo A. Pertuzé Luis Faúndez Elaine B. Graham Carl M. Jones 《Euphytica》2009,167(1):77-93
Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages
of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and
threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color,
attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated
tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator
interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers. 相似文献
19.
Summary
Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (wild emmer wheat, AABB, 2n=28) and Aegilops squarrosa (goat grass, DD, 2n=14) comprise a rich reservoir of valuable genetic material, which could be useful for the breeding of common wheat (T. aestivum, AABBDD, 2n=42). Many accessions of both wild species, most of them selected for resistance to stripe rust, were used to make amphiploids. Two strategies were applied: (1) the production of autopolyploid cytotypes of the wild species, followed by hybridisation, and (2) the production of allotriploid interspecific hybrids, followed by doubling of the number of chromosomes. The first route was unsuccessful because of failure of the crosses between the autopolyploid cytotypes, possibly due to incongruity between the two species and to reduced fertility in the autopolyploid cytotypes. The second route yielded the desired synthetic hexaploids. However, the rate of success of the crosses was low and there were great differences between years, and within years between crosses. Embryo rescue was applied to obtain the primary hybrids (2n=21), which were highly sterile and had on average 0.3 bivalents and 20.4 univalents per pollen mother cell. Various abnormalities were recorded. Doubling of the number of chromosomes sometimes occurred spontaneously or was brought about by colchicine treatment. The large scale of the interspecific hybridisation programme ensured that one-third of the female and one-sixth of the male accessions were represented in the synthetic hexaploids. 相似文献
20.
Summary The vase-life in tulip (Tulipa L.) is an important character. Research was done on the possibilities of selecting for keeping quality. It was found that the keeping quality of undetached flowers was strongly correlated with the keeping quality of cut flowers at 17°C in a glasshouse. The period from flowering date till 50% discoloration appeared to be highly correlated with days to perianth drop. For practical reasons the latter trait has preference in selection work. The number of days to discoloration is also an effective selection criterion. Flower longevity in the field in April/May and in the glasshouse were significantly correlated; thus, already in the field a first selection on keeping quality can be carried out. The increase in height for flowering (adult) and non-flowering (juvenile) plants during forcing did not appear to be significantly correlated with flower longevity, so preselection on this character is not promising. Flower longevity was positively correlated with forcing period. This poses some problems in selection, as a long forcing period is considered an undesirable character. The daily water uptake of cut flowers was significantly correlated with flower longevity. 相似文献