螯合态多元复合微肥

微量元素和氮磷钾一样都是植物所必需的营养元素,虽然在植物体中含量很低,但是不可缺少.许多研究表明,我国微量元素缺乏的土壤分布普遍,微量元素缺乏已成为限制农作物产量提高的重要限制因子之一.施用微肥已引起重视,并得到广泛应用.但是,无机盐产品的微量元素施入土壤往往因受多种因素的影响而肥效不高,因此,在平衡施肥中提高微肥的有效性是微肥施用中的一个关键问题.     

微量元素对丹参生长发育及有效成分的影响

微量元素与中药活性分子在人体内起着相互协同、互相渗透,互相制约的作用,并参与体内各种生化反应,促进机体自身调节; 中药有效成分可能是其中的某种或某几种有机成分或微量元素,更可能是它们之间形成的配合物[1],如中药补血药材中的铁、锰、锌、铜的含量较高[2].中药的生长环境对中药生长及所含微量元素含量有着直接的影响.微量元素可作为植物体内某些有机合成反应的催化剂或参与植物有效成分的结构功能而影响植物化学成分的形成和积累,从而最终影响药材的药理活性[3].中药的采收期直接影响其产量和品质,其生长年龄对所含微量元素有重要的影响,因此可以通过对中药的不同生长期微量元素含量的不同而选择适宜的采收期,以提高中药的临床药效[4].我国北方石灰性土壤和沿海的盐泽土以及南方的部分土壤因微量元素缺乏而成为当地农业生产的限制因素之一,施用微量元素肥料不但能克服土壤中微量元素的含量不足,而且能提高土壤氮磷等养分的有效性[5].     

高硼胁迫对油菜光合作用的影响研究

硼是作物必需的一种微量元素，土壤缺硼会导致作物生长不良，产量低下［1］，因此硼肥的施用已成为当前提高油菜作物产量与品质的有效农业措施。     

复合型缓释微肥—通丰20对农作物品质的影响

微量元素Zn、B、Mo、Cu、Fe、Mn、Cl其含量虽然很低,但是不可缺少.当土壤中缺乏某种微量元素时植物便会产生缺乏症状,使其产量减少,品质下降,甚至颗粒无收.我国有5%～51.5%的土壤缺乏一种或多种微量元素,而常年得到施肥补充的只占缺素面积的11.1%.开发研制高品位的微肥品种,提高微肥肥效,是实现平衡施肥,促进农作物高产、优质的重要途径之一.     

土壤氮、磷营养过剩对微量元素锌、锰、铁、铜有效性及植株中含量的影响

土壤过量施用肥料,使部分菜地特别是保护地土壤中氮、磷养分积累过剩,导致蔬菜品质变劣,肥效下降,病虫害增多[1-2]。上世纪80年代日本已报道菜地过剩营养的不利影响,发现在土壤磷过高时,微量元素锰和铁出现异常[3]。据统计,京郊菜地土壤氮、磷养分已有明显积累,全市平均保护地土壤有效磷(P)含量达97·1mg/kg,个别区县高达165·8 mg/kg;土壤NO3-N含量平均为88·8 mg/kg,个别区县高达168 mg/kg[4]。在这种高氮、磷含量的土壤中,其它养分的变化也有必要进行研究。相对于大量元素,菜地土壤微量元素的研究较少[5],而且一般都是在常规施肥量的条…     

矿质镁对水稻产量及品质影响的研究

镁对作物正常生长发育、生理代谢、提高产量、改善产品品质具有重要作用.我国有关镁素的研究始于60年代,多见于南方红壤地区土壤镁素状况调查和镁肥肥效的研究报道.谢建昌等调查结果表明,我国广东、广西、福建等大部分植胶地的胶树出现不同程度的缺镁症状,在生产实践中镁肥效果得到了进一步的验证[1].随着农业高产品种的应用和氮、磷、钾化肥施用量的增加,作物产量不断提高,土壤养分的供给与作物对养分的需求,出现了不平衡的矛盾.为了达到平衡施肥,促进我省优质高效农业的发展,利用黑龙江省东宁县丰富的蛇纹石资源,通过特殊工艺处理,生产可被植物吸收利用的矿质镁肥,为水稻科学施肥提供依据.     

农田土壤二氧化碳释放量的测定

<正> 近年来随着“大气-土壤-作物”模式研究的开展和田间小气候研究工作的深入,不少学者开始重视土壤co_2释放的问题。本文就目前土壤co_2释放量测定方法的研究和测定结果提出看法,以便共同讨论。一、前言大气中co_2的浓度通常是0.03％,一般农田土壤中,由于作物根系呼吸及土壤微生物活动等多方面原因,co_2浓度增高约为     

含硝酸根化肥对黄瓜叶片脱落酸含量及叶绿体超微结构的影响

硝酸根(NO-3)是化肥中常见的阴离子,也是设施土壤中积累的主要离子成分[1 - 2].硝酸盐过多不仅降低农产品品质[3],危害人类身体健康[4],还影响生态环境[5 - 6].尽管硝酸盐过多时对蔬菜作物生长发育的影响已有许多研究[7],但很少涉及作物的内源激素及叶绿体.在内源激素中,对植物逆境最敏感的是ABA[8].为此,本试验以我国北方日光温室主栽作物黄瓜为研究对象,探讨含NO-3化肥的不同施用量对其叶片ABA含量及叶绿体的影响,进一步揭示NO-3 对作物的危害机理,以期为农业生产中含NO-3化肥的合理施用提供理论依据.     

富磷垃圾肥对大豆营养及产量、品质的影响

我国有74%的耕地土壤缺磷,在农业种植中磷素的利用率又极低,当季利用率仅为10%～25%,是作物产量的重要限制因子[1].目前,我国农用磷肥主要是磷矿粉经加工而成,需要大量硫酸,生产成本较高,长期施用不仅造成土壤板结,也会污染环境.磷矿粉如直接施用于土壤时,肥效又受许多因素限制[2].如何在我国磷资源有限的情况下研究和总结一套能在农业生产中应用的生物学途径,以维持土壤的磷供应水平,是广大科研工作者普遍关心的课题.城市生活垃圾在堆肥过程中将产生大量的有机弱酸类物质,其对难溶性磷的溶解能力已在土壤中得到证实[3-5];另外堆肥过程中产生的腐殖酸类物质也可以对难溶性磷有一定的络合能力[6];同时,堆肥过程中微生物的活动也可将一部分磷固定在体内.因此,通过生活垃圾堆肥对难溶性磷进行转化,可使堆肥中形成较多的易矿化的有机态磷及可溶性磷,施用于土壤后可提高磷素的有效性.本研究通过利用生活垃圾堆肥与难溶性磷生产富磷垃圾肥,并进行田间试验,探讨富磷垃圾肥对大豆营养物质的积累、作物产量及质量的影响.     

化肥基施对转基因抗虫棉营养器官发育、干物质积累和产量的影响

转基因抗虫棉由于抗虫基因的导入,转录和翻译要消耗光合产物和矿物质营养,因此,需要增施肥,以满足棉花对矿物质营养的需求.棉花是需K量较多的作物[1-3],而氮磷钾的均衡供给才能确保棉花生长发育,稳产高产.然而,自20世纪80年代以来,关中棉区推行"稳氮增磷"施肥技术,很少施钾,加之复种指数不断提高,使土壤中的钾消耗加快,入不敷出,出现土壤中钾含量下降的趋势[4],土壤养分比例失调,导致病害加重,早衰减产.因此,针对土壤养分的变化特点及转基因抗虫棉自身特殊的生育特性,开展了单施钾肥及钾与氮磷配施作基肥,对转基因抗虫棉营养器官发育、干物质积累和产量影响的研究,为制定转基因抗虫棉科学施肥技术提供依据.     

Soil zinc and pH effects on leaf zinc and the interaction of leaf calcium and zinc on zinc toxicity of peanuts

Abstract

Zinc toxicity of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), resulting from excessive amounts of Zn applied to previous crops, has been observed for many years in a limited number of peanut fields in Georgia. A tentative critical value of 12 mg/kg of Mehlich No.1 extractable soil Zn has been reported, but soil pH should be considered in establishing a more precise critical value since availability of soil Zn is affected greatly by soil acidity. A 3‐year study was conducted on a Tifton loamy sand (thermic, Plinthic Paleudults) to evaluate the relationship between soil pH and soil Zn on concentration of Zn in peanut leaves. Factorial treatments were 0, residual, medium, and high rates of Zn and soil pH levels near 5.5, 5.9, 6.2, and 6.8. Pod yields were not affected by treatments and Zn toxicity was not observed. Leaf Zn was affected more by soil pH than by soil Zn, but correlation coefficients were highest where both soil pH and soil Zn were included in the determination. A regression equation, based on soil pH and soil Zn, showed that an increase in soil Zn from 1.0 to 10.0 mg/kg increased leaf Zn 202 mg/kg at soil pH 4.6 and only 9 mg/kg at pH 6.6. Data from growers’ fields, in which samples were collected from eight healthy and toxic areas, indicated that a leaf Ca:Zn ratio of 50 or less was required for Zn toxicity of peanuts rather than high concentrations of leaf Zn per se.     

Comparison of soil zinc extractants for detection of applied zinc and prediction of leaf zinc concentration

Abstract

Many soil extractants have been developed for determination of zinc (Zn) availability to plants. The optimum soil Zn extractant should be useful not only for prediction of plant Zn concentration but also for detection of applied Zn levels. The objectives of this study were: i) to compare soil Zn extradants for detecting applied Zn and for predicting peanut leaf Zn over a range of soil pH levels, and ii) to correlate other soil‐extractable Zn levels with Mehlich‐1. Soil and peanut leaf samples were taken from a field study testing pH levels as the main plots and Zn application rates in the sub‐plots. Extractable Zn was determined on soil samples using Mehlich‐1, Mehlich‐3, DTPA, MgNO₃, and many dilute salt extradants of varied strength and pH. Correlation of extractable soil Zn to cumulative applied Zn levels revealed Mehlich‐1, Mehlich‐3, DTPA, and AlCl₃ extradants to be among the best indicators of applied Zn. Leaf Zn concentration was best correlated with soil Zn extracted by dilute salts, such as KCl, CaCl₂, NH₄Cl, CaSO₄, and MgCl₂. Including soil pH as an independent variable in the regression to predict leaf Zn considerably improved R‐square values. The DTPA‐extractable soil Zn levels were very well correlated with Mehlich‐1‐extractable Zn. Mehlich‐3 extracted about 20% more soil Zn than Mehlich‐1, but Mehlich‐3 soil Zn was not as well correlated to Mehlich‐1 soil Zn as DTPA soil Zn. Lower pH solutions extracted more of the applied Zn, but more neutral solutions extracted Zn amounts which were better correlated with Zn uptake. On the other hand, Mehlich‐1, which had a lower pH, had better correlations with both applied Zn and leaf Zn than did Mehlich‐3. Shortening the DTPA extraction time to 30 minutes resulted in better correlations than the standard two hour extraction time. Chloride (Cl) was the best anion tested in relation to soil applied Zn recovery in combination with potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and aluminum (Al), and Cl optimized leaf Zn correlations for ammonium (NH₄), K, Ca, and magnesium (Mg). The larger the valence of the cation, the better the correlation with applied Zn and the poorer the correlation with leaf Zn.     

Effects of zinc complexes on the distribution of zinc in calcareous soil and zinc uptake by maize

The movement and availability of Zn from six organic Zn sources in a Typic Xerorthent (calcareous) soil were compared by incubation, column assay, and in a greenhouse study with maize (Zea mays L.). Zinc soil behavior was studied by sequential, diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, and Mehlich-3 extractions. In the incubation experiment, the differences in Zn concentration observed in the water soluble plus exchangeable fraction strongly correlated with Zn uptake by plants in the greenhouse experiment. Zinc applied to the surface of soil columns scarcely moved into deeper layers except for Zn-ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) that showed the greatest distribution of labile Zn throughout the soil and the highest proportion of leaching of the applied Zn. In the upper part of the column, changes in the chemical forms of all treatments occurred and an increase in organically complexed and amorphous Fe oxide-bound fractions was detected. However, the water soluble plus exchangeable fraction was not detected. The same results were obtained at the end of the greenhouse experiment. Significant increases were found in plant dry matter yield and Zn concentration as compared with the control treatment without Zn addition. Increasing Zn rate in the soil increased dry matter yield in all cases but Zn concentration in the plant increased only with Zn-EDTA and Zn-ethylenediaminedi-o-hydroxyphenyl-acetate (EDDHA) fertilizers. Higher Zn concentration in plants (50.9 mg kg(-)(1)) occurred when 20 mg Zn kg(-)(1) was added to the soil as Zn-EDTA. The relative effectiveness of the different Zn carriers in increasing Zn uptake was in the order: Zn-EDTA > Zn-EDDHA > Zn-heptagluconate >/= Zn-phenolate approximately Zn-polyflavonoid approximately Zn-lignosulfonate.     

玉米幼苗对短暂供锌的反应及缺锌后再供锌的恢复

用溶液培养的方法研究了玉米幼苗对短暂供锌的反应及缺锌后再供锌的恢复效果.结果表明:10～12小时的正常供锌后再缺锌培养,对玉米幼苗的危害比一直缺锌的还大;缺锌培养使玉米幼苗出现缺锌症状后再正常供锌,可使之恢复,低锌使玉米出现的缺锌症状比缺锌培养的更难以恢复,证明低锌比缺锌对玉米造成的危害更大,缺锌使玉米的有机酸分泌增加,低锌增加的更多.     

锌对不同基因型玉米缺锌后的恢复效果及胚乳在缺锌中的作用

用溶液培养法研究不同Zn浓度对玉米缺Zn后恢复效果及胚乳在缺Zn中作用结果表明,不同基因型玉米缺Zn后恢复所需的适宜Zn浓度不同,敏感品种比非敏感品种要求更高的Zn浓度。缺Zn后恢复所需适宜Zn浓度高于正常培养所需适宜Zn浓度,低浓度Zn(0.1μmol/L)无恢复作用(生物量)。带上胚乳使敏感品种在缺Zn、低Zn下受抑程度(缺Zn与供Zn生物量差值)提高,而非敏感品种受抑程度反而减小。缺Zn与低Zn培养时体内P含量提高,胚乳可缓解这种影响。缺Zn后再供Zn可使体内Zn含量提高,而P含量降低,玉米对Zn产生奢侈吸收,使体内Zn含量超过正常供Zn水平,表明缺Zn后植物对Zn的要求提高。0.1μmol/L Zn恢复对“吉单120”玉米Zn含量无明显影响,但“辽单22”玉米Zn含量显著提高,这表明非敏感品种比敏感品种利用低Zn的能力更强。     

不同白菜品种对锌的响应及锌利用效率研究

采用盆栽试验研究了白菜[Brassica campestris L.ssp.Chinensis(L.)Makino]4个品种对不同浓度锌(Zn 0、1、10 mg/kg)的响应.结果表明,白菜的生物量及体内锌含量随锌水平的增加而增加;但白菜品种对锌营养反应的敏感性不同.地上部锌含量、锌积累量和锌吸收效率均以日本华冠(J...     

Soil zinc and pH effects on zinc concentrations of corn plants

Abstract

Z1nc (Zn) deficiency of corn (Zea mays L.) has been detected in 20 or more states 1n the United States including Georgia. Since soil pH is a major factor in assessing the availability of soil Zn, this measurement has been included with acid extractable soil Zn in developing calibration Zn soil tests in North Carolina and Virginia. The objectives of this study were to develop a reliable soil test for Zn based on soil pH and Mehlich 1 soil Zn for corn gown on coarse‐textured soils and to compare our soil test values with those recently published from North Carolina where Mehlich 3 was the extractant. The study was conducted 1n 1979 to 1981 on a Tifton loamy sand (Plinthic Paleudult) site which had been used to study the influence of lime rates on micronutrient availability since 1970. Treatments consisted of four soil pH levels ranging from 5.3 to 6.6 and soil Zn levels ranging from 0.5 to 4.9 mg/kg. The Zn levels were established from the previous study where 5.6 kg Zn/ha had been applied annually for eight years (residual treatment) and by applying 3.36 or 6.72 kg Zn/ha during 1979, 1980 and 1981.

Soil Zn, corn shoot, and ear leaf Zn values were reflective of the amount of Zn applied except that the residual Zn treatment resulted in Zn concentrations > than the annual application of 3.36 kg Zn/ha. Zinc tended to accumulate in the soil and in corn leaf tissue more from the residual Zn than the recently applied Zn treatments, especially at the highest pH levels. Increasingly more soil Zn was required to increase corn shoot and ear leaf Zn one mg/kg as soil pH increased. In the initial year, each unit (kg/ha) of applied Zn increased corn shoot Zn approximately 4 units (mg/kg) at pH 5.3 and only 0.3 unit at pH 6.6. Zinc deficiency symptoms developed in corn shoots for the two highest soil pH levels in two of three years. Corn yields were increased by Zn only in 1980 and were increased by residual or applied Zn at pH levels of 6.2 and 6.6. Regression equations from these studies were utilized to develop predictive corn shoot and ear leaf Zn values over wide ranges in soil Zn and pH. Our field research data using Mehlich 1 extractant could possibly be used satisfactorily in North Carolina regression equations where Mehlich 3 was the extractant; however, certain limitations would need to be imposed in the North Carolina equations.     

Effects of chelated zinc,soluble and coated fertilizers,on soil zinc status and zinc nutrition of maize

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) was greenhouse cultivated with doses of 5, 10, and 15 ppm of zinc (Zn) in order to test the effectiveness of laboratory‐prepared coated and uncoated Zn fertilizers with commercial Zn‐EDTA and Zn‐ligno‐sulphonate (LS). Large increases were achieved both in crop yield and in Zn uptake in all cases while a large part of the Zn applied remained in the soil in easily plant‐available forms. Positive significant correlations were obtained between available Zn and the first three sequentially extracted fractions (water soluble plus exchangeable, organically complexed and that associated to amorphous sesquioxides) and also between the variables, yield, Zn concentration, and plant Zn uptake. Zinc uptake by the maize plants can be fairly accurately predicted from its sequential fractioning in the soil using an equation obtained by multiple regression analysis. Consideration of the amounts of Zn remaining as available (DTPA extractable) in the soil and results of a plant analysis let us conclude that under the conditions of our tests, Zn‐EDTA is a better Zn source than Zn‐LS. In addition, coating of Zn‐EDTA products with rosin improves their performance.     

Prediction of residual effects of zinc sulfate on growth and zinc uptake of corn plants using three zinc soil tests

Abstract

A significant portion of chemical zinc (Zn) fertilizers applied to calcareous soils is not absorbed by the first crop and may, therefore, affect the growth and chemical composition of the subsequent crops. This is called the residual effect of Zn. Soil tests may be used to predict such effects. The present experiment was conducted to study the residual effects of zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) on the second crop of corn (Zea mays L.) grown on selected highly calcareous soils of Iran and to compare the suitability of three soil tests for prediction of the effects. Twenty highly calcareous soils of southern Iran (16–58% calcium carbonate equivalent; pH 7.9–8.5), previously treated with three levels of Zn (0, 10, and 20 mg Zn/kg as ZnSO₄) and under one crop of corn, was used in greenhouse to grow a second crop of corn without additional Zn fertilizer but with uniform application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and iron (Fe). Soils were sampled before the second crop and extracted with three Zn extradants, DTPA, EDTA‐(NH₄)₂CO₃, and EDTA. Dry weight of plant tops and Zn concentration and uptake after eight weeks under the greenhouse conditions were used as the plant responses to residual Zn. Statistical analyses including F‐test and multiple regression equations showed that the overall effect of previously‐applied Zn on dry matter was nonsignificant, but Zn concentration and uptake were significantly increased. The three soil tests predicted the Zn concentration and uptake equally well. Moreover, DTPA and EDTA soil tests could predict the dry matter of plants at the highest level of previuosly‐applied Zn (20 mg Zn/kg), especially when selected chemical properties of soil, namely, calcium carbonate equivalent or organic matter content, were considered in the regression equations.