麦草生物化制浆技术

我国造纸工业中非木材浆占纸浆总产量的80％1以上。生产方式以碱法制浆和含氯漂白为主，由于碱回收设备投资大、黑液提取率低，在实际应用中草浆碱回收量仅占行业总碱回收量的1％～1．5％，宏观碱回收率只有0．5％～1％．99％以上的残碱随着黑液排放，时周围的水系及     

厨房废水净化箱

废水净化箱是千家万户厨房废水除渣除油的装置，属环保用品。长期以来，厨房洗涤水总是直接排入下水道，废水中的残渣、杂质、油亏容易堵塞下水道，严重污染环境，也是对可利用资源的白白浪费，尤其是饭店、饮食店、宾馆等大量排出废水，使污染现象更为严重。推广应用新型厨房废水净化箱的目的，在于克服了厨房用水污染的不良状况，有效地清除厨房洗涤水中的杂物的油污，并对其有效回收。用于养殖业、化工业、肥料行业，避免了下水道堵塞。推广应用该产品，避免了千家万户对环境造成污染的局面。该产品的造价，每台800元～5000元（分小中大…     

专利集锦

无毒快餐、食品包装容器专利号：94115473．4目前，在餐饮业及食品业多使用塑料制品作为包装容器。此种制品中可制成一次性产品，使用方便卫生，但用后的处理不及时，不仅会污染环境，还会成为病菌传播源。另外，此种制品被丢弃后无法回收再利用。为克服上述不足，我们研制成功了可一物多用的一次性快餐、食品包装容器。无毒快餐、食品包装容器原料是由糯米、大米和植物纤维组成。植物纤维可选用麦杆、稻草、秸杆或豆秸中至少一种，当选用两种以上时，其重量总组分为80％～97％。原料中各组重量组分为：糯米1％～10％，大米1％～5％，玉米1…     

提高巴桃杏坐果率和产量的试验

巴桃杏糖度高、香味浓、口感好．市场供不应求，但主要缺点是全花比率极低又易受晚霜冻害，坐果率和产量很低。我们选择盛果期的巴桃否树，自9月上句开始．每7天叶面喷一次0.5％的磷酸二氢钾、0.5％尿素混合液，完全花率提高15%～20％；早春进行枝干涂白．浇透水后地表全面疆盖草苫．降低地温2℃～4℃．延缓开花3～5天，可避开晚霜危害，明显提高了坐果幸和产量。     

广西林纸公司废水回收利用取得好效果

广西发林业造纸有限责任公司展水回收利用取得好效果，年可减少排放工业污水200多万方，节约资金100多万元。随着世界各国对环境保护的日益重视，我国政府提出要求，所有工业企业至2000年都要实现“三废”达标排放。该公司是国家大型企业，耗水量大，为保护环境采取了许多积极有效的措施。今年6月，投入数万元进行废水回收利用技改，将造纸白水用于打装、洗浆、稀释浆液，碱回收的蒸发冷凝水用于洗涤白泥和织奖n康水回收利用材叨工程回过一段时间运行，污水排放量、清水用量以及浆流失量明显减少，取得了保护环境和节能降耗双重效益。广西林…     

沉淀／电解集成处理高盐冶金废水实验研究

通过沉淀／电解集成处理高盐冶金废水进行了实验，研究表明：以CaCl2作为沉淀剂，处理冶金萃取废水脱除SO4^2-离子，当原水SO4^2-离子浓度为103．0g／L，投加CaCl2 82．18g／L，出水SO4^2-最低880mg／L，去除率在99．15％；回收CaS04纯度95％～98％，经沉淀处理后的上清液在pH—11．2，极板间距为7mm，电解时间60min，获得氯离子浓度为3200mg／L，氢氧根浓度为40g／L的回用水，可完全满足回用要求。     

浅谈医院废水的水质特征

对不同规模医院给排水量和污染物浓度进行了监测，结果表明：东北地区大规模医院冬春两季日用水量比较大，医院废水的主要污染因子为COD、BOD5，其中首要污染因子是COD ，不同规模的医院COD的当量负荷比均达到了59％以上。BOD5的当量负荷比为33％～34％，氨氮的当量负荷比为3．5％～4．5％，总磷的当量负荷比为1．5％～1．6％，总汞的当量负荷比为1％。     

螯合树脂在重金属废水资源化处理中的工艺应用

采用螯合树脂对废水中的钴锰铁镍等重金属离子进行了吸附分离,验证了树脂处理重金属废水的资源化工艺可行性,结果表明:通过树脂的吸附—再生—富集工艺过程可以将回收的钴锰浓度分别从8mg/L、4mg/L提浓至11000mg/L、4900mg/L以上,铁镍的杂质含量在0.5‰以下。研究了树脂吸附再生出水的颜色变化与水质数据的规律性和工艺操作条件,提出了可采用颜色变化对树脂吸附再生过程的参数加以调整,以供参考。     

稠酒西冰淇淋

冰淇淋通常是一种冷冻乳制品、混合料由乳品、糖、固体或液体玉米糖浆和水配成。冷冻时搅拌该混合料以掺合空气膨胀并保证稠度均匀即成。冰淇淋中可加入蛋或蛋制品及食用香料、添加剂等。其成份在不同的市场和不同地区各不相同。一般成份是：脂肪１２％，非脂乳固体１１％，糖１５％，稳定剂和乳化剂０．３％及总固体３８．３％，此外还可含有其它食物如水果汁、果仁和糖果等。冰淇淋作为一种可口的冷冻乳制品，具有三个特点．一是高脂肪，脂肪量是牛奶的３倍～４倍；二是高蛋白．蛋白质含量比牛奶多１２％～１６％；三是高糖。这些成份全部…     

超临界水氧化处理难降解废水的中试研究

指出了高浓度难降解有机废水对环境危害很大，此类废水采用常规技术一般无法处理或者处理效果差且运行费用高。超临界水氧化（SCWO）是一种新兴的，很有前景的处理高浓度难降解有机废水的环保技术，具有很多特色和优势。介绍了处理高浓度、难降解、小流量有机废水的超临界水氧化处理中试装置，采用该装置对造纸黑液、制药废水、化工废水和军工废水等不同种类的高浓度难降解有机废水进行了处理。最大处理量为12．5L/d ，化学需氧量（COD）的去除率＞99％，处理后的排放水质可以达到国家规定的排放标准。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.