近50年来渭河干流中段径流变化特征研究

利用渭河干流咸阳站1960—2009年径流及降水数据,采用Kendall秩相关系数、R/S分析法、M-K突变检验法等数理统计方法,分析了渭河干流中游四季径流变化趋势及突变特征,得出结果：(1) 渭河干流中游四季径流均呈极显著递减趋势,尤其是秋季径流减少最为明显,并且未来流量变化与现在保持相同的态势,即有持续递减的特征;(2) 渭河干流中游段年均流量的集中期主要分布在8月中旬左右,年降水量集中期主要分布在7月底左右,径流从降水开始经过停蓄、漫流、河槽集流,然后汇流至下游河道大概需要32 d左右的时间,径流对降水的滞后期在不断延长,50年来渭河干流中游径流系数呈下降趋势;(3) 采用M-K突变检验法和滑动t检验法得出年均流量的突变时间点 为1987年,春季与秋季突变时间一致,夏季突变时间与年均突变时间较为接近。     

嫩江径流年内变化特征分析

在气候变化和人类活动的影响下,嫩江径流年内分配特征也发生了一些变化,直接影响人类开发利用和生态环境建设,根据嫩江石灰窑、同盟、江桥、大赉四个水文站1956~2006年月径流资料,分析了嫩江年内分配不均匀系数、完全调节系数、集中度、集中期及变化幅度特征。结果表明:1970~1979年(石灰窑除外)无论是年内分配完全调节系数还是年内分配集中度都比较小,径流分配比较均匀。1980年后,年内分配不均匀性增加,集中度也增大。就空间而言,由上游向下游,年内分配不均匀系数逐渐减小、集中度也逐渐减小,集中期后延,嫩江流域月径流量变化幅度不大,总体来看,下游的大赉站变化幅度明显大于中、上游。且中、上游1970~1979年变化幅度较大。     

新疆天山北麓奎屯河流域径流变化特征研究

奎屯河流域水资源总量为17.83×108m3,其中地表径流量为16.21×108m3,占水资源总量的90%以上。因此,研究径流补给来源及变化特征有助于掌握水资源的变化趋势,为水资源的开发利用提供可靠的依据。本文采用奎屯河流域各水文站径流系列资料,选取变差系数、年际极值比、集中度、集中期等参数,分析了奎屯河流域径流补给特性、来源、年内分配规律及年际变化特征。分析结果表明:奎屯河流域径流补给具有地带性和多样性特点,补给来源主要以冰川融水和雨水补给为主;年内分配极不均匀,集中程度高;年际变化相对稳定,变幅小,多年呈微弱增加趋势。     

呼图壁河径流过程对气候变化的响应

为了研究呼图壁河径流过程对气候变化的响应,文中对石门水文站和呼图壁县气象局1978～2011年日径流、降水、温度数据进行了统计分析,采用Mann-Kendall法对年天然径流进行了突变趋势检验,并将变点前后的径流量与流域气温、降水进行相关性分析,得出:(1)年径流量在1987年发生突变,变点前呈下降趋势,变点后呈上升趋势,其中1998～ 2004年上升显著.(2)变点后径流量年际变幅增大、枯水年变少;径流量年内变化不均匀、变幅大.(3)温度、降水与径流量均呈正相关,相关系数均在0.58以上,且温度对径流变化的贡献率更大,这说明高山冰雪融水是呼图壁河的主要补给方式,随着高山区冰雪储量的减少,呼图壁河的生态安全将会受到很大威胁.     

渭河流域气象及水文旱涝演变规律分析

降水是径流的基本来源,分析极端旱涝条件下降水与径流之间演变规律的异步性,可有效表征径流丰枯变化对人类活动的响应。基于渭河流域降水、径流资料,采用泰森多边形法计算渭河流域面降水量及12个月标准化降水指数(SPI12),对比典型频率下SPI12的空间分布特征及其对径流系数的影响;采用经验正交函数和时间序列分析法挖掘SPI12和年径流量的演变规律,对比演变规律的同步及异步变化特征。结果表明:在25%、50%、75%频率下,流域面降水量分别为582.5 mm、518.6 mm、467.5 mm。SPI12第一主成分减少趋势显著,自1991年7月开始突变,于1962-09(1962年9月,下同)—1969-07—1983-02—1985-08—1991-07—1999-12呈现湿润~正常~湿润~正常~干旱状态。渭河年径流量呈显著减少趋势,自1989年开始突变,且分别于1950—1968和1982—1993年经历湿润和正常阶段,于1970—1974、1976—1980、1994—2007年经历干旱阶段。以流域内大规模水利、水土保持措施及城市化等为代表的人类活动使流域年径流量较SPI12第一主成分突变年份提前,使二者于1970—1996年间旱涝类型不匹配,年径流量相对SPI12第一主成分呈现旱化趋势。     

河西走廊东部汛期降水集中度和集中期特征分析

利用河西走廊东部5个站点1961-2013年4-9月逐日降水资料,通过对降水量集中度(PCD)和集中期(PCP)的计算,分析了河西走廊东部汛期降水空间和时间上非均匀性分布特征.研究发现:汛期降水PCD呈非常微弱的逐年递增趋势,汛期降水PCP则有一个微弱推后趋势;汛期降水PCD和汛期降水PCP在整个周期变化过程中都存在9a左右主周期变化;M-K检验显示,汛期降水PCD在近52 a内有一个显著上升趋势,汛期降水PCP发生一次显著下降突变;由于河西走廊东部降水时空分布的不均匀性,如果候内降水较少,PCD偏大,PCP偏迟,则发生干旱的概率较大;如果候内降水过多,PCD偏大,PCP偏早,则发生洪涝灾害的可能性比较大.     

黄河上游天然径流变化特性分析

利用黄河上游唐乃亥水文站1956~2012年57年的径流时间序列资料,采用统计分析法、趋势分析法、Mann-Kendall非参数检验法和小波分析法分析了黄河上游径流年内分布特征、径流年际变化趋势、突变特征及其周期性。结果表明:黄河上游多年平均径流量为627.9m~3/s,径流在年际间表现出较大的差异性,极值比K达到3.1;径流在年内分布不均匀,其中7~9月三个月的径流占全年径流量的46.75%;年径流量总体呈下降趋势,下降率为2.65m~3/s/年;黄河上游年径流量在1992年发生突变,突变前后年平均径流量分别为666.05m~3/s和545.75m~3/s,相差120.3m~3/s;黄河上游径流变化存在着多层次的时间尺度结构,径流演变的第一和第二主周期分别为12年和22年,它们控制了流域径流的演变过程。     

耦合融雪的新安江模型在干旱区径流模拟研究

在西营河九条岭站以上流域内,利用2011—2018年格点降水和气温数据集的逐日资料,通过降水径流成因关系探索出格点降水异常点修正方法,并将融雪模块与三水源新安江模型耦合,研究流域日径流模拟过程.采用确定性系数和相对误差两个评估准则进行模拟效果的评价,将降水修正后以及融雪耦合后的模拟效果与未改进的模型模拟效果进行比较,分...     

近51年西柳沟流域水沙变化特征分析

选取1960-2010年西柳沟流域降水、径流与输沙资料,采用滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall趋势分析及突变检验法、滑动t检验方法及距平法等方法,分析了西柳沟流域近51年水沙的变化趋势和突变。趋势分析表明,降水量年际变化呈缓慢的上升趋势,径流量与输沙量年际变化呈显著下降趋势。突变分析表明,降水量序列没有出现突变,径流量与输沙量序列在下降过程中出现突变,但突变年份不一致,径流量发生在2004年,输沙量发生在2000年。     

洮河流域径流年内分配变化规律分析

依据洮河流域上、中、下游的下巴沟、岷县、李家村、红旗四个控制水文站点实测月、年径流量资料,运用不同指标对洮河径流的年内变化规律和趋势进行分析。研究表明：50年代至今,洮河流域径流年内分配不均匀性越来越低,上游向下游逐渐由均匀向不均匀变化。运用年内分配不均匀系数、年内分配完全调节系数、集中度和集中期、变化幅度等指标对径流...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.