5种杀菌剂对大豆霜霉病的防效初报

在大豆霜霉病始发期,间隔10 d,连续喷施3次58%甲霜灵锰锌可湿性粉剂600倍液,或72%霜霉疫净可湿性粉剂600倍液,或72%甲霜·锰锌可湿性粉剂600倍液,或72%霜脲·锰锌可湿性粉剂600倍液,或69%烯酰·锰锌可湿性粉剂600倍液,观察其对大豆霜霉病的防效及保产效果。结果表明,58%甲霜灵锰锌可湿性粉剂600倍液处理的防效及保产效果最好,最终防效为81.4%,较对照(清水处理)增产27.8%;72%霜霉疫净可湿性粉剂次之,最终防效为74.2%,较对照(清水处理)增产21.8%。     

克菌丹、甲霜灵拌种剂在马铃薯上的应用效果探究

通过田间药效试验,探讨通过药剂拌种防治马铃薯晚疫病的途径。结果表明,每667 m~2用80%克菌丹可湿性粉剂100 g+35%甲霜灵种子处理干粉剂40 g与每667 m~2用50%克菌丹可湿性粉剂100 g+35%甲霜灵种子处理干粉剂40 g对马铃薯晚疫病防治效果较好,防效均达到60%以上,二者防效之间无显著差异;与每667 m~2用80%克菌丹可湿性粉剂180 g和每667 m~2用35%甲霜灵种子处理干粉剂60g防效之间差异显著,且对马铃薯生长安全。     

五种药剂防治水稻细菌性条斑病效果研究

试验研究了五种药剂对水稻细菌性条斑病的防治效果,结果表明,防治水稻细菌性条斑病效果较好的药剂是20%叶枯灵可湿性粉剂或20%叶青双可湿性粉剂或1000万单位农用链霉素,防效均达80%以上,可用于大面积防治水稻细菌性条斑病。     

9种杀菌剂对甜瓜细菌性果斑病的田间防效

为筛选高效低毒且对甜瓜细菌性果斑病防效较佳的农药试剂,以砂地甜瓜为研究对象,对9种高效低毒杀菌剂进行了田间筛选试验。结果表明,供试的9种药剂对甜瓜细菌性果斑病均具有一定的防治作用。77%硫酸铜钙可湿性粉剂500倍液第1次和第2次喷药7 d后防效均在70%以上,且第2次防效比第1次上升1.55个百分点,防治效果最佳。建议在白银市甜瓜果斑病防治中优先选用77%硫酸铜钙可湿性粉剂500倍液喷雾防治。     

陇东旱塬区复种马铃薯田蛴螬及金针虫防治药剂筛选试验

陇东旱塬区种植冬油菜和冬小麦后，土地闲置期可复种马铃薯，但蛴螬、金针虫等地下害虫对马铃薯为害严重，科学合理防治蛴螬、金针虫对保证马铃薯产量非常重要。为筛选出陇东旱塬区复种马铃薯田防治蛴螬、金针虫危害的低毒高效的适宜药剂，以马铃薯品种陇薯7号为指示品种，蛴螬、金针虫为防治对象，选用3种高效低毒杀虫剂对各药剂的拌种或喷沟处理进行田间防效试验，调查各处理蛴螬、金针虫虫口基数，出苗期的出苗率、受害率、安全性和成熟期的受害率、安全性。结果表明，35%噻虫嗪种衣剂、60%帮巧时种衣剂防效均达85%以上，且拌种处理和喷沟处理无显著差异。60%帮巧时悬浮种衣剂拌种和喷沟防效均好，分别为88.44%、90.36%；折合产量高，分别为16 407.41、17 066.14 kg/hm2，较空白对照分别增产16.71%、21.40%，较常规药剂对照分别增产12.07%、16.57%；保产效果好，分别为95.39%、96.20%。见于此，60%帮巧时悬浮种衣剂可作为陇东旱塬区复种马铃薯田蛴螬、金针虫防治的候选杀虫剂；并建议用48.00 mL的药量稀释10倍液后拌种薯100 kg，将525.00 mL的药量稀释250倍液，按225 L/hm2喷沟。     

高海拔区青稞田除草剂组合筛选试验

为解决甘南州青稞田杂草滋生的问题，验证除草剂组合5%唑啉草酯乳油+20%苯磺隆可湿性粉剂在青稞田的使用效果和使用剂量，采用裂区设计，5%唑啉草酯乳油和20%苯磺隆可湿性粉剂均分别设3个用量水平，进行了2种除草剂不同剂量配比筛选试验。结果表明，5%唑啉草酯乳油1 500 mL/hm2+20%苯磺隆可湿性粉剂75.0 g/hm2兑水450 kg处理不仅对青稞田安全无药害，而且对青稞田野燕麦和阔叶杂草防除效果好，药后25 d株防效分别达到92.22%、91.87%，药后60 d鲜重防效分别达94.76%、92.33%。同时该处理的折合产量最高，为5 450 kg/hm2，较空白对照(不施用除草剂)增产32.28%。综合考虑认为，5%唑啉草酯乳油1 500 mL/hm2+20%苯磺隆可湿性粉剂75.0 g/hm2为甘南州青稞田防除野燕麦和阔叶杂草的最优除草剂组合。     

哈茨木霉协同秸秆对马铃薯黑痣病及根际土壤微生态的影响

为探究哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)M-33协同小麦秸秆对马铃薯黑痣病的生防效果,及其对马铃薯根际土壤微生物区系的影响,应用平皿对峙法和扫描电镜技术研究哈茨木霉M-33对立枯丝核菌的拮抗机制,通过盆栽试验研究哈茨木霉M-33协同小麦秸秆对马铃薯黑痣病的防治效果和对马铃薯植株生长的影响,基于稀释平板法和高通量测序技术测定协同处理对马铃薯根际土壤微生物区系的影响。结果表明,哈茨木霉M-33对立枯丝核菌的拮抗机制表现为空间竞争和重寄生;协同处理马铃薯出苗率为100%,对马铃薯黑痣病的防效高达70.26%,明显高于对照;协同处理的马铃薯株高、茎粗和分枝数分别为43 cm、0.82 cm和3.89,均明显高于对照;同时,协同处理后马铃薯根际土壤真菌数量较对照降低了29.54%,而细菌、放线菌和木霉菌数量分别较对照提高了75.36%、60.58%和 1 407.27%; 协同处理对真菌群落多样性、群落结构组成影响较大,对细菌群落多样性、群落结构组成影响较小;协同处理能够促进马铃薯根际土壤中有益微生物的聚集。本研究结果可为生防木霉菌高效利用和马铃薯黑痣病的生物防治提供理论基础。     

4种杀虫剂对马铃薯二十八星瓢虫的田间防效

田间试验观察了4.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、1.8%阿维菌素乳油、20%氯氟毒死蜱水乳剂对马铃薯二十八星瓢虫的防治效果。结果表明,4.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油300 mL/hm2兑水750 kg和10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂450 g/hm2兑水750 kg于5月10日、7月20日、8月25日各喷药1次的杀虫效果好,校正防效分别为93.6%、93.4%,较药剂对照(80%敌敌畏乳油,CK1)分别高8.9、8.7百分点。平均折合产量分别为34 455.3 、33 583.8 kg/hm2;较药剂对照(CK1)分别增产57.5%、53.5%,较空白对照(CK2)分别增产206.6%、198.8%。其次是1.8%阿维菌素乳油450 mL/hm2兑水750 kg和20%氯氟毒死蜱水乳剂675 mL/hm2兑水750 kg处理,校正防效分别为89.7%、88.9%,平均折合产量分别为30 894.0、28 580.0 kg/hm2;较药剂对照(CK1)分别增产41.2%、30.6%,较空白对照(CK2)分别增产174.9%、154.3%。     

杀菌剂对苹果树腐烂病的田间防效

为筛选苹果树腐烂病高效防治杀菌剂,采用病疤刮治、药剂刷干以及不同药剂交替刷干的方法,研究了6种杀菌剂对苹果树腐烂病的田间防治效果。结果显示,100万孢子/g寡雄腐霉菌可湿性粉剂500倍液的刮治效果最好,防效达89.58%,且促进病疤愈伤组织形成能力较强,愈合度达24.28%,显著优于其他杀菌剂。100万孢子/g寡雄腐霉菌可湿性粉剂500倍液与430 g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂300倍液交替刷干的效果明显优于单一药剂刷干,防治效果达93.06%,新生病疤减少率95.83%。寡雄腐霉菌与戊唑醇交替刷干可以显著降低新生病疤的发生数量,从而起到对苹果树腐烂病的预防作用,再结合病疤刮治措施,可有效促进腐烂病病疤愈合。     

防治水稻白叶枯病、水稻细菌性条斑病药效试验

水稻白叶枯病、水稻细菌性条斑病是化州市为害水稻的重要细菌性病害,近年来常常暴发成灾为害,对水稻高产稳产构成极大威胁。按照田间药效试验方法比较50%氯溴异氰尿酸可溶粉剂两种处理和对照药剂的防治效果。结果表明,每667 m~2施用50%氯溴异氰尿酸可溶粉剂50～80 g,第2次药后14天对水稻白叶枯病、水稻细菌性条斑病的防效分别为73.61%～76.58%、61.43%～66.76%,优于对照每667 m~2施用20%叶枯唑可湿性粉剂100 g(防效分别为60.11%、49.05%)。50%氯溴异氰尿酸可溶粉剂在水稻细菌性病害田间防治上可以推广使用。     

Relative effects of biological amendments and crop rotations on soil microbial communities and soilborne diseases of potato

Various biological amendments, including commercial biocontrol agents, microbial inoculants, mycorrhizae, and an aerobic compost tea (ACT), were evaluated, alone and in conjunction with different crop rotations, for their efficacy in introducing beneficial microorganisms, affecting soil microbial community characteristics (SMCC), and reducing soilborne diseases of potato in greenhouse and field trials in Maine. Most amendments successfully delivered microorganisms into the soil, altering microbial populations and activity in accordance with the particular organisms added, and significantly altering SMCC (as determined by FAME analysis) to various degrees from 2 to 24 weeks. Amendment effects were greatest early on (2 weeks after amendment), but effects associated with crop treatment became more dominant at subsequent assessments (10 and 24 weeks after amendment). In field trials, effects on microbial characteristics, soilborne diseases and tuber yield were variable, with some microbial inoculants and a biostimulant producing no significant effects, whereas arbuscular mycorrhizae, reduced stem canker and black scurf by 17–28%. When used in three different 2 yr crop rotations (barley/ryegrass, barley/clover, and potato, all followed by potato), biological amendments reduced soilborne disease and improved yield in some rotations, but not others. Soil-applied ACT and the combination of ACT with a mixture of beneficial microorganisms (Mix) reduced stem canker, black scurf, and common scab on tubers by 18–33% and increased yield 20–23% in the barley/ryegrass rotation, but not in the other rotations. Mix also reduced disease (20–32%) in the barley/clover rotation only. None of the amendments significantly reduced disease in continuous potato plots. Both crop rotation and amendment treatments significantly affected SMCC, but rotation effects were more dominant. These results indicate that certain rotations were better able to support the added beneficial organisms from amendments and enable more effective biological control, and also that favorable crop rotations may be more effective than amendments in manipulating or altering SMCC. Establishment and persistence of amendment effects may depend on many factors, but an effective and supportive crop rotation is apparently important.     

The effect of autumn ridging and inter-row subsoiling on potato tuber yield and quality on a sandy soil in Denmark

Autumn ridging is a modified version of the ridge tillage system. Instead of setting up ridges during the growing season, they are established in autumn and left for the winter. Previous studies have documented positive effects of autumn ridging on potato yield and we hypothesized that subsoiling could enhance these effects. To determine the effect of autumn ridging and inter-row subsoiling on potato yield and quality a field experiment was conducted on sandy soil from 2001 to 2003. Autumn ridging resulted in an average total and marketable tuber yield of 25.6 and 9.2 t ha⁻¹, which was not significantly different from the average total and marketable yield of 25.6 and 8.9 t ha⁻¹ with ploughing. However, autumn ridging significantly reduced the incidence of black scurf from 2.5% to 2.2%. Inter-row subsoiling in the growing season significantly increased marketable potato tuber yield from 8.4 to 9.6 t ha⁻¹ and reduced the occurrence of malformed potatoes from 9.3% to 7.5%, irrespective of tillage treatment and irrigation level. There was no significant interaction between autumn ridging and subsoiling. The beneficial effect of subsoiling on marketable yield was driven by a 48.5% increase in the dry year of 2001. Subsoiling reduced the incidence of common scab from 7.8% to 6.9% when irrigation was reduced. It is concluded that at least three factors may modify the effects of subsoiling: Soil water status in the growing season, precipitation immediately before and after the subsoiling operation, and crop growth stage at the time of subsoiling.     

基于多源信息融合技术的马铃薯痂疮病无损检测方法

为了提高马铃薯痂疮病无损检测识别精度,基于机器视觉和近红外光谱的多源信息融合技术,该文提出DS（dempster shafer）证据理论结合支持向量机的马铃薯痂疮病无损检测方法。试验以360个马铃薯为研究对象,在图像特征分割时,确定了差影法结合马尔可夫随机场模型法为最佳分割方法;在光谱特征提取时,确定主成分分析方法为最佳降维方法。采用支持向量机识别方法分别建立机器视觉和近红外光谱的马铃薯痂疮病识别模型,模型对测试集马铃薯识别率分别为89.17%、91.67%。采用DS证据理论与支持向量机相结合的方法对获取的图像特征和光谱特征进行融合,建立了基于机器视觉和近红外光谱技术的多源信息融合马铃薯痂疮病检测模型,该模型对测试集马铃薯识别率为95.83%。试验结果表明,该技术对马铃薯痂疮病进行检测是可行的,融合模型比单一的机器视觉模型或近红外光谱模型识别率高。     

旱作区富锌马铃薯绿色高质高效生产技术

为进一步做好富锌马铃薯的示范推广工作，增强甘肃省马铃薯市场竞争力，实现由马铃薯大省向强省转变，通过多年试验研究总结出的旱作区富锌马铃薯绿色高质高效生产技术，该技术以黑色地膜全覆盖垄作侧播栽培作为核心技术，综合配套富锌马铃薯品种、锌肥基施与喷施、病虫害绿色综合防控、全程机械化等关键技术，同时对富锌马铃薯生产中使用的所有废旧地膜进行全部回收再利用，以减少地膜对土壤和生态环境造成的污染。     

Effects of residues of lime and phosphorus fertilizer on cadmium uptake and yield of potatoes and carrots

Potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) were grown in the field on Tasmanian ferrosols (humic eutrudox) which had been limed either 2, 3, or 5 years earlier, and where tuber cadmium (Cd) concentrations in potatoes grown a few months after the liming had shown no lime response. In the current crops lime decreased potato tuber Cd by about 30% and carrot root Cd by about 50%. We attributed the decrease to more even and deeper mixing of the lime with the soil by the harvest of the first potatoes. Phosphorus (P) fertilizer residues from the earlier potato crops did not significantly affect tuber or root Cd, but there was a positive effect at 1 site where some high Cd P fertilizer had earlier been used. Neither lime nor P fertilizer residues affected potato or carrot yields. Analysis at one site of potato tubers from the upper part of the soil ridges showed that they had slightly higher Cd concentrations than did deeper tubers near the fertilizer band, whether P fertilizer was in the band or not. This suggests that either the Cd in the fertilizer band was relatively unimportant as a Cd source for the current crop, or that Cd was redistributed within the plant during the season, or both. Liming may be a suitable medium to long‐term strategy for decreasing Cd uptake by root crops, but site to site and seasonal variation can still be great, and knowledge of other major influences is needed for assurance of produce quality. Our observations need to be extended to sites which gives rise to higher Cd concentrations in agricultural produce, and to other soil types. Potato common scab was severe in the limed plots at one site. However, this site had grown 3 potato crops in 5 years, which probably exacerbated the disease. Potato processors in Tasmania demand a minimum of 5 years between successive crops which should slow any build up of scab due to liming, but more work on possible interactions between lime and rotation length on scab incidence is needed before liming can be recommended as a Cd control measure for potatoes.     

收获期马铃薯块茎碰撞恢复系数测定与影响因素分析

为了建立马铃薯块茎在土薯分离机构和振动筛上发生碰撞时的碰撞模型,该文基于质点对固定面的碰撞动力学理论在自制测定装置上对马铃薯块茎碰撞恢复系数进行了试验测定。对块茎碰撞恢复系数的主要影响因素碰撞材料、下落高度、块茎质量、含水率、跌落方向和马铃薯品种等进行了混合正交试验和单因素试验。混合正交试验结果表明,各因素对马铃薯块茎碰撞恢复系数的影响顺序为:碰撞材料、下落高度、块茎质量、含水率、跌落方向和马铃薯品种,其中碰撞材料、下落高度、块茎质量和含水率影响较为显著。单因素试验结果表明,马铃薯与65Mn钢、橡胶、马铃薯和土块间块茎碰撞恢复系数依次减小,其中新大坪的值分别为0.791 2、0.710 5、0.663 2、0.525 3,陇薯7号的值分别为0.762 7、0.695 2、0.690 4、0.563 1;马铃薯块茎碰撞恢复系数随着下落高度、块茎质量和含水率的增加而减小,回归方程决定系数均大于0.9。研究结果可为马铃薯收获机挖掘及土薯分离装置关键部件的优化设计提供参考。     

Chemical characterization of conducive and suppressive soils for potato scab in Hokkaido,Japan

Potato common scab induced by Streptomyces scabies is a serious constraint for potato-producing farmers and the incidence of potato scab depends on the soil chemical properties. We examined the chemical characteristics of conducive and suppressive soils to potato common scab with reference to the chemical properties of nonallophanic Andosols, recently incorporated into the classification system of cultivated soils in Japan. Allophanic Andosols with a ratio of pyrophosphate-extractable aluminum (Al_p) to oxalate-extractable aluminum (Al_o) of less than 0.3–0.4 were “conducive” soils with a high allophane content of more than 3%. On the other hand, nonallophanic Andosols with a Al_p/Al_a ratio higher than this critical value were “suppressive” soils, and their allophane content was less than 2%. The concentration of water-soluble aluminum (AI) was also a useful index for separating conducive from suppressive soils as well as the Al_p/Al_a value and allophane content. The suppressive soils showed a much higher concentration of water-soluble Al at pH 4.5 to 5.5 than the conducive soils. The high concentration of water-soluble Al may be responsible for the control of the incidence of potato common scab in Andosols.     

Quantifying potato pathogen DNA in soil

An improved method for the direct extraction of DNA from soil involving processing of a relatively large sample (60 g) was developed. The accurate and reliable detection and quantification of the soil-borne potato pathogens Colletotrichum coccodes (black dot), Rhizoctonia solani (black scurf) and Spongospora subterranea (powdery scab) following inoculation of soils was demonstrated. With this method, low levels of target DNA (30–40 pg DNA/g soil) could be detected in field soils. DNA recovery was proportionate across a wide range of inoculum (R² > 0.86) and there was no effect of soil type on the recovery of C. coccodes. The method was used to assess levels of naturally occurring pathogen DNA in 122 soil samples obtained from commercial potato fields.