吉林西部一年两茬种植模式的作物产量及经济效益研究

本文以吉林省西部地区长岭县和通榆县为研究区域,探讨了半干旱地区小麦、燕麦与白菜、芥菜型油菜一年两茬种植模式的作物产量及经济效益,以期为适合当地的高效农作物栽培模式提供理论指导。研究以当地常规"玉米一年一茬"种植模式为对照,以小麦/白菜、小麦/芥菜型油菜和燕麦/芥菜型油菜一年两茬种植模式为试验处理,第一茬种植前青小麦、小冰麦、澳麦和加燕2号,第二茬种植白菜、芥辣菜和黑芥末。结果表明,一年两茬种植模式较玉米一年一茬种植模式作物总生长期延长了25～49 d,总产值提高了42.4%～94.0%。其中,加燕2号/芥辣菜和加燕2号/黑芥末种植模式的产值较高,分别达51 092元·hm~(-2)和50 042元·hm~(-2),是一年一茬玉米种植模式的1.94倍和1.90倍。加燕2号的最佳种植密度为245株·m~(-2),芥菜型油菜的最佳灌水量为4.52×104mm·hm~(-2)。因此,加燕2号/芥菜型油菜一年两茬种植模式适宜在吉林西部半干旱地区推广种植。     

基于种植制度利用MODIS数据提取冬小麦种植面积

为了及早获取冬小麦种植面积,为国家制定相关政策提供科学依据,该文基于山东省种植制度,将山东省冬小麦划分为“机播冬小麦—玉米”和“人工撒播冬小麦—水稻”两种类型,利用MODIS影像数据,分析冬小麦播种后、越冬期前冬小麦、大蒜、温室蔬菜的归一化差值植被指数（NDVI）值特征,结合9月中旬前茬作物NDVI特征建立当年机播冬小麦提取条件;鉴于稻茬麦播种后、越冬前的光谱特征与温室蔬菜光谱特征极为相似,则在水稻种植区利用拔节期冬小麦生物量迅速增长的特点提取上一年稻茬麦种植面积,由于“人工撒播冬小麦—水稻”这种耕作模式在山东特定地区较为固定,因此将上一年稻茬麦面积作为当年稻茬麦种植面积;合并两种类型冬小麦面积,用284组定位点数据对提取结果进行检验,精度达到了94.01%,结果表明：于越冬期前提取冬小麦种植面积是可行的,提取时间较利用拔节期NDVI值方法提前4个月。     

秋玉米高产栽培技术要点

栽培秋玉米是一年两熟向一年三熟过渡的重要途径,是变一田一用为一田多用、一地一茬为一地多茬的耕作制度,能充分利用温、光、水等自然资源,提高复种指数,增加年生产总量和经济效益。简析秋玉米高产栽培技术要点:科学选种、确定适宜的种植密度、合理施肥、加强病虫害防治等。     

发酵床垫料栽培基质重复利用对辣椒生长和基质性状的影响

以发酵床垫料为主要原料的有机基质作为栽培基质,采用槽式栽培方式,研究其在辣椒种植上的应用效果以及种植不同茬次辣椒后基质理化和微生物学性状的变化情况;并研究该有机基质的重复利用效果。结果表明:基质栽培的辣椒与土壤对照相比,在株高、根长、整株鲜重和产量方面均无显著差异,且用完1茬的旧基质继续种植第2茬辣椒不影响其产量。种植第1茬辣椒后对基质理化性状影响最大,其中,EC值、速效氮和速效钾含量与新基质相比变化最为显著,分别降低了81.17%、92.15%和85.16%,种植2茬辣椒后基质理化性状与1茬时相比变化不显著。Real-Time PCR结果表明:连续种植2茬辣椒对基质中细菌数量影响不大,而真菌数量1茬后显著降低,2茬后真菌数量与1茬时相比差异不显著。PCR-DGGE结果表明种植第1茬辣椒明显改变了基质中细菌和真菌群落结构,并能明显提高真菌的群落多样性,但种植第2茬辣椒对基质中细菌和真菌多样性影响较小,细菌和真菌群落结构与1茬时相比变化不大。     

大棚蔬菜两年七茬高效轮作栽培模式

为减轻蔬菜连作障碍,使广大农民通过种植蔬菜获得相对较高的经济效益,从种植模式方面介绍了河南省南阳市社旗县绿康现代农业开发有限公司开发的一种新型高效的大棚蔬菜两年七茬蔬菜轮作种植模式,即番茄—小白菜—芹菜—小白菜—黄瓜—豆角—生菜.     

新垦沙地绿肥改土试验

在黄河故道区新垦沙地上连续两年种植箭Ｋｕｏ豌豆、秣食豆和草木樨三种绿肥作物，采用压青、留茬、割覆和秋耕休闲四种方式，结果表明：三种绿肥作物在压青、留茬和割覆三种利用方式下均能对新垦沙地的土壤肥力和结构有不同程度的改良作用，留茬和割覆还能有效地防止土壤风蚀。     

黔中岩溶地区幼龄蜜柚园免耕套种紫花苜蓿技术

在黔中岩溶地区幼龄蜜柚园免耕套种紫花苜蓿,每年可刈割5茬,4月份(第1茬)产量最低,7月份(第3茬)产量最高,之后逐渐降低,5茬刈割平均667 m~2鲜草产量393.16 kg,年总产量1 965.82kg。平均667 m~2年总干草产量为536.88 kg,年产值达805.32元,且种植1次可持续收获6~8年,经济效益显著。同时,紫花苜蓿可以改善蜜柚园土壤环境,促进生态平衡,调节小气候,促进蜜柚树苗生长发育,实现岩溶地区经济效益和生态效益共赢。     

长期留茬免耕对河西绿洲灌区春小麦产量及稳定性的影响

为探寻河西绿洲灌区春小麦高效可持续生产耕作措施,基于2004年设置的长期留茬免耕田间定位试验,针对单作小麦、春小麦/玉米、春小麦/大豆3种典型春小麦种植方式,在长期留茬免耕和传统翻耕条件下,通过分析2004－2018年小麦产量、产量构成要素及农艺性状的演变特征来诠释长期留茬免耕对春小麦产量的影响,同时分析评价产量的稳定性和可持续性,旨在为区域内春小麦的高效可持续生产提供理论依据。结果表明,单作小麦、春小麦/玉米和春小麦/大豆3种种植方式下的春小麦籽粒产量在年际间变动较大,呈锯齿状波动。与传统翻耕处理相比,留茬免耕的增产效应随种植年限的延长而不断增强,长期留茬免耕可以提高春小麦产量的稳定性和可持续性,而且间作相比单作可以更好地维持产量的可持续稳定生产能力。产量构成要素之间的叠加效应可以显著提高小麦籽粒产量,其中,2004－2012年留茬免耕主要通过显著提高穗粒数来增加小麦产量;2013－2018年,单作小麦和春小麦/大豆时,留茬免耕主要通过显著提高千粒质量来增加小麦产量,春小麦/玉米时,留茬免耕主要通过显著增加穗长来促进小麦生长,进而显著提高小麦产量。气温、降雨量和穗粒数在春小麦产量中起主要作用,收获指数和气温在春小麦产量稳定性中起主要作用,穗长和产量在春小麦产量可持续性中起主要作用。综上,留茬免耕是河西绿洲灌区单作小麦、春小麦/玉米和春小麦/大豆3种春小麦种植方式下切实可行的耕作措施。     

土壤中不同形态硫的生物有效性研究

在温室条件下连续种植 4茬玉米和水稻幼苗 ,分别研究好气和淹水条件下土壤无机硫(MCP-S)和有机硫包括酯键硫 (C-O-S)、碳键硫 (C-S)和未知态有机硫 (UO-S)的转化及生物有效性。结果表明 ,植物吸硫总量和植株含硫量从第一茬至第四茬逐渐下降 ,这与土壤MCP-S含量下降有关 ,而与土壤有机硫各组分的变化无关。种植期间土壤MCP-S的含量也是逐渐下降 ,种植水稻时下降的幅度小于种植玉米 ;土壤有机硫组分如C-O-S、C-S和UO-S从第一茬到第四茬逐渐下降 ,种植 4茬后 ,玉米和水稻的吸硫总量远大于土壤MCP-S的下降量 ,其高出部分来源于土壤有机硫的矿化。C-O-S、C-S和UO-S对植物都是有效的 ,各组分有机硫对玉米和水稻幼苗吸硫的表观贡献为:C-O-SC-SUO-S。淹水条件下有机硫对水稻的贡献大于好气条件下对玉米的贡献     

菜心平衡施肥技术研究

在土壤缺钼和硼、其它养分为中上至丰富水平条件下进行连续两茬菜心不同养分配施试验.结果表明,不施氮菜心产量与种植效益极显著下降,不施磷也有一定下降;不施钾则增产增收.施有机肥、喷钼和喷硼提高第一茬菜心产量和种植效益,第二茬则稍有下降,菜心Vc、总糖和亚硝酸盐含量均下降.根据菜地土壤养分状况,平衡施用氮、磷、钾、钼、硼和有机肥,才能获得高产、高效、安全的蔬菜生产.     

Intrinsic soil physical parameters influencing intensity of cultivation procedures for sugar beet seedbed preparation

Despite relatively narrow ranges in soil physical properties and in climatological conditions, the intensity of cultivation treatments necessary for sugar beet seedbed preparation in Ireland varies considerably. In an attempt to understand some of the underlying causes and reasons for this phenomenon, experimental treatments of autumn deep loosening and spring seedbed preparation for sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) were imposed on 12 sites in 1982, 1983 and 1984. Seedbed preparation methods studied included powered rotary, disc harrow and spring-tine cultivation on deep loosened and non-loosened soil. Seedbed aggregate size distributions were influenced by cultivation treatment and intrinsic soil physical parameters. The intrinsic parameters (clay content, fine sand/coarse sand ratio, organic-matter content, water stable aggregates, moisture content at field capacity, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index and plastic limit/field capacity ratio) of the 12 sites were closely correlated with each other. They exerted a large influence on soil workability and explained why some soils required more intensive tillage operations. Prediction equations for moisture content at cultivation time, number of cultivation passes and aggregate size distribution were derived, based on the intrinsic soil physical parameters. The equations provided indicators of which soil physical properties are most important in sugar beet seedbed preparation on a range of Irish tillage soils.     

参地水土流失与防治措施

吉林省南部山区是我国人参的主要产区,现有已参地和近三年参后地近20万亩。人参种植业在整地、栽培和参后地的三个阶段中都产生水土流失,尤以作业道上最明显、最严重。预防措施是,栽培前控制地类、坡度和坡长;栽培期间采取挖水平截水沟、蓄水池等工程措施与植物措施相结合的办法;参后地要及时还林种草。     

秸秆“五料化”中基料化的概念和定义探讨

秸秆基料(基质)化是秸秆"五料"资源化技术之一,明确其定义及内涵有利于秸秆基料化利用的潜力开拓与技术创新。在分析国内秸秆基料化表述的基础上,对秸秆基料的概念、内涵进行了更加明确的定义。其主要内容包括:食用菌生产栽培基质,植物育苗与栽培基质,动物饲养过程中所使用的垫料,固体微生物制剂生产所用的吸附物料,逆境环境条件下用于阻断障碍因子或保水、保肥等功能的秸秆物料。最后,深入阐述了秸秆基料化利用的潜力与发展前景。     

Tillage systems for cotton on Mississippi river delta and loessial plains soils

Abstract

With the economic need for conservation of fuel, equipment, time, and labor, reducing inputs becomes increasingly important. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of cultural practices such as in‐the‐row subsoiling, reduced preplant tillage, and reduced post‐plant tillage on silt loams and clay soils of the Mississippi River Delta and loessial plains. The experiment was conducted at the same sites on four soils for five growing seasons. The yield response of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to these cultural practices was determined. Minimum seedbed preparation averaged two tillage trips less than conventional seedbed preparation and post‐plant mechanical cultivations averaged 3.3 trips each year. At harvest, no significant difference due to cultural practices were found with plant population, plant heights, or percent lint at first picking. Lint yield differences as influenced by seedbed preparation were nonsignificant. Post‐plant cultivation resulted in 100 kg/ha higher lint yield on those soils that restricted root penetration. No differences due to tillage were found in the seasonal petiole nitrate concentrations indicating that mechanical tillage did not appreciably influence the ratio of nitrogen (N) to dry matter in the cotton plants. Soil water content of the conventional seedbed preparation with post‐plant cultivation was generally higher than the reduced seedbed preparation. This was attributed to an increase in infiltration and decrease in evaporation of water.     

Using selected soil physical properties of seedbeds to predict crop establishment

Seedbed preparation can involve a wide range of tillage methods from intensive to reduced cultivation systems. The state or quality of the soil to which these tillage methods are applied for cereal crop management is not easily determined and excessive cultivations are often used. Seedbed preparation is crucial for crop establishment, growth and ultimately yield. A key aspect of the soil condition is the soil physical environment under which germination, growth and establishment occur. Crucially this affects factors such as temperature, water content, oxygen availability, soil strength and ultimately the performance of a seedbed. The dynamics of soil physical properties of a range of seedbeds and how they relate to crop establishment are considered in this paper. Significant interactions between cultivation techniques, physical properties of the seedbed in terms of penetration resistance, shear strength, volumetric water content and bulk density and the interaction with crop establishment were identified. A soil quality of establishment (SQE) model was developed for the prediction of crop establishment based upon soil bulk density and cultivation practices. The SQE significantly accounted for ca. 50% of the variation occurring and successfully predicted crop establishment to a standard error of around 20 plants per m⁻² across contrasting soil types and environmental conditions.     

Cultivation and drainage performance on former opencast coal mining land

Abstract. The effect of various cultivation sequences on the performance of field drainage systems was investigated in a number of case studies carried out on former opencast coal mining land. Comparisons of drain flow patterns before and after cultivation indicated marked deteriorations in performance following preparation of the final seedbed. Neither mouldboard ploughing nor discing alone affected drain flow.
Soil moisture, hydraulic conductivity and drain flow data suggested that drainage performance may have deteriorated as a result, initially, of secondary drainage channels being blocked with fine materials translocated from the seedbed. A subsequent collapse of tilth to form a surface pan reinforced this adverse effect. It was not clear to what extent the failure of secondary drainage channels contributed to this collapse.
Implications for the management of former opencast land and the advantages of various cultivation techniques are discussed.     

Effect of seedbed cultivation and soil macrostructure on the establishment of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Soil physical properties affect the establishment of crops; these properties are influenced by cultivation incurred during seedbed preparation and vary greatly depending upon the intensity of applications. However, there is little quantified data concerning the influence of cultivation upon the precise soil structural arrangement and the effects of this on crop establishment. The dynamics of soil macrostructure properties on a range of seedbeds and how they relate to crop establishment are considered in this paper. Significant interactions between cultivation techniques, soil physical properties, the soil macropore structure of the seedbed and the interaction with crop establishment were identified. The relationship between soil structure and crop establishment was highly significant, with increased pore space reducing final establishment numbers. An improvement to a previously developed model (soil quality of establishment (SQE)) was developed following the addition of soil macrostructure properties, accounting for improved predictability of between ca. 6% and 19% of the variation accounted across soil types, environmental conditions.     

旱地谷子平膜穴播高产栽培技术

谷子在榆林南部黄土高原丘陵沟壑区及西南部梁状低山丘陵等旱作地区广泛种植。为了给干旱地区谷子生产提供支撑,提高谷子产量和效益。在榆林旱作农业区通过开展平膜穴播谷子高产栽培试验,从选地整地、施肥、品种选择、种子处理、播种、田间管理、病虫草鸟害防治和适时收获等方面总结提出了榆林旱作区谷子高产栽培技术。     

Analysis of soil microbial communities based on amplicon sequencing of marker genes

The use of cultivation independent methods has revolutionized soil biology in the last decades. Most popular approaches are based on directly extracted DNA from soil and subsequent analysis of PCR-amplified marker genes by next-generation sequencing. While these high-throughput methods offer novel possibilities over cultivation-based approaches, several key points need to be considered to minimize potential biases during library preparation and downstream bioinformatic analysis. This opinion paper highlights crucial steps that should be considered for accurate analysis and data interpretation.     

陇东地区旱地玉米套种柴胡高效栽培技术规程

玉米套种柴胡是陇东地区近年来试验研究推出的高效新技术，经济效益显著，为了使该技术的推广应用能发挥出最大效益。从范围、规范性引用文件、术语和定义、播前准备、播种、田间管理、病虫害防治、收获、残膜回收等方面规范了陇东地区旱地玉米套种柴胡高效栽培技术。