近54 a来甘肃省河东地区气候时空变化特征

用甘肃省河东及其周围地区近54 a来26个观测站气温、降水量资料,分析气温和降水的时空变化特征及其突变情况。结果表明：近54 a来甘肃河东地区气温呈明显的上升趋势,年平均气温倾向率为0.26 ℃/10 a,特别是20世纪90年代以来气温明显升高;空间分布上,年平均气温变化总体上呈增加趋势,以陇东高原中北部和陇中高原北部地区升温幅度最为明显;季节上气温均呈升高趋势,其中以冬季气温升高最为显著。近54 a来全区年平均降水量呈减少趋势,平均每10 a减少12.01 mm,其东南部地区减少的幅度高于西北部。此外,甘肃河东地区气温在1997年发生了由冷到暖的突变,而降水量突变不明显。进而讨论了气温升高和降水减少对该地区农业生产的影响。     

新疆艾比湖流域近40年来气候变化特征分析

本文通过艾比湖流域分布的5个气象台站有关气温、降水、蒸发的多年数据,分析了近40a来艾比湖流域的气候变化特征。结果表明:近40a来年平均气温及春、夏、秋、冬四季气温均呈上升趋势,其中以冬季最为明显;年平均降水量及春、夏、冬季降水自90年代后出现增加趋势;年及四季蒸发量呈上升趋势,但90年代的年及各季蒸发量较80年代呈减少趋势,其中以夏季最为明显。该地区近10多年来气候发生了明显的变化,主要表现在气温升高,降水增多,蒸发量却有减少的趋势。     

黄河上游玛曲地区近40a蒸发量变化特征分析

利用黄河上游玛曲气象站1969-2008年的蒸发量观测资料,用线性趋势分析、小波分析及突变分析等方法,分析了玛曲近40a蒸发量的变化特征。结果表明:近40a来玛曲年蒸发量呈较为明显的减小趋势,倾向率为-44.3mm/10a,其中90年代这种减小的特征更为突出。玛曲年蒸发量存在较为明显的准10a周期变化和25a较长周期变化特征。年蒸发量在1974年发生了由高向低的突变。40a中玛曲各季节蒸发量普遍呈减小的趋势,其中尤以夏季蒸发量减小的趋势最为明显,春季蒸发量变化较平缓,减少的趋势在各季节中表现最微弱。通过对蒸发量与环境因子之间的相关关系分析表明,气温日较差和风速是影响蒸发量的最重要的因子,气温日较差和风速的明显减小,可能是引起蒸发量下降的主要原因。     

阜康绿洲环境变化的气候特征

利用月气象资料,对过去近30 a阜康绿洲气候变化特征进行分析和比较,结果表明:阜康绿洲气温具有显著的增暖趋势,年平均气温增加约0.6 ℃,对年气温变暖贡献最大的是春冬两季,分别升高1.2 ℃和1.3 ℃;阜康绿洲变暖的主要特征是最低气温升高,最低平均气温增幅达0.7 ℃;在20世纪80年代中期之前,不论是年还是季节的日照时数均呈上升趋势,之后呈下降趋势,并且总体呈下降趋势;蒸发量呈明显的下降趋势,90年代比70年代蒸发量下降约537.9 mm,夏季是年蒸发量下降的主要季节;降水量呈明显的上升趋势,90年代比70年代降水增加约60.54 mm,春夏两季是年降水量增加的主要季节.     

藏西北地区气候变化及其对草地畜牧业的影响

近40 a（1971-2010年）藏西北地区气温明显升高,尤其是旱季气温显著增高;大部分地区降水量增多,蒸发量减少。从地区分布来看,藏西北中东部各地气温明显升高、降水增多、蒸发减小,气候呈暖湿化趋势;西部的狮泉河等地气温升高、降水减少、蒸发量增大,气候呈现暖干化趋势。近40 a藏西北地区牧草生长季、青草期提前,结束期推迟,持续日数增多,期间积温和降水量也呈显著增多趋势;大部分地区牲畜抓膘期日数显著增多〔倾向率为2.7 d•(10a)^-1〕,掉膘期日数显著减少〔倾向率为6.1 d•(10a)^-1〕,气候变化趋势对藏北草地畜牧业十分有利。合理调整畜种结构,有效控制牲畜数量,尤其是山羊数量,对遏制藏西北地区草地退化具有重要意义。     

近50a西北干旱区气候变化趋势及对荒漠化的影响

西北干旱区干旱少雨,生态环境脆弱,土地荒漠化严重。本文根据近1951-2000年的逐月平均气温和月降水量资料研究了我国西北干旱区气候变化趋势,并结合近年来西北干旱区地表径流量变化,分析其对准噶尔盆地、塔里木盆地、河西走廊和柴达木盆地土地荒漠化影响。研究结果表明:(1)近50a西北干旱区气温都升高,变暖最显著的是北疆和柴达木盆地。降水量有增加趋势,其中南疆降水量增加趋势最大。北疆蒸发量有减少趋势外,其他区蒸发量都在增加,尤其南疆蒸发量增加趋势最大。(2)近50a来由于气候变暖,使蒸发量增大,塔克拉马干沙漠、河西走廊沙漠区和柴达木沙漠区的干旱危害加剧,这必然导致沙漠化的易发和其进程的加速。北疆气温升高,降水量增加,而蒸发量减少,有利于古尔班通古特沙漠区沙漠化进程的减缓。(3)气候变化和地表径流量变化有利于准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地的土地荒漠化逆转,而使河西走廊和柴达木盆地的土地荒漠化发展迅速。     

肃北县戈壁过渡带降水量对气候变化的响应

采用肃北气象站1973-2010年降水量和相关气候要素的实测资料,利用小波分析等统计方法,分析肃北戈壁过渡带降水量对气候变化的响应。结果表明：① 近年来,肃北戈壁过渡带降水量呈显著上升趋势,其中年、春季、秋季和冬季降水量距平趋势系数分别为0.260、0.792、0.507和0.063,夏季降水量趋势系数为-1.396,说明夏季降水量有下降的趋势。② 通过对降水量的多时间尺度分析发现,小尺度4～5 a的周期存在于20世纪90年代末期以后的时域中,降水量变化表现为3个偏多期和4个偏少期;大尺度10～19 a、30～35 a的周期震荡非常明显,分别经历了偏少→偏多6个循环和偏多→偏少的交替变化过程。③ 夏季降水量与气温、日照时数、蒸发量和地表温度均存在着较为显著的响应关系。根据降水量的变化状况,在一定程度上可以反应出其他气象要素的变化规律,它们共同影响着当地的气候变化。气温、日照时数、蒸发量和地表温度随着降水量的变化,均表现出负增长的变化特征,其中蒸发量与降水量的变化关系最为密切,相互的影响也最大,这是因为夏季日照时间长且较强,从而引起了降水量与蒸发量的变化较大。     

晋西黄土高原地区近47年降水量的统计分析

利用晋西地区1955~2001年年降水量、月降水量资料,采用线性趋势法和累积距平曲线法分析了该地区近47年降水变化趋势。结果表明:年降水量变化呈减少趋势,降水倾向率为-28.16mm/10a;汛期降水变化也呈减少的趋势,20世纪90年代减少趋势显著;降水的季节变化各季均呈减少趋势;年降水量无明显的突变。     

基于Z指数的陇东黄土高原干旱特征分析

选取甘肃陇东地区10个代表站1961～2008年48年逐月降水量资料,根据计算出的Z指数按旱涝等级划分标准,把Z指数划分成7个等级,确认陇东干旱强度,研究发现在过去48 a中,陇东年Z指数有显著的下降趋势,即陇东地区近48 a来总的趋势是向干旱发展的,20世纪90年代干旱强度明显增强.春秋干旱严重,总趋势为增多,夏冬干旱较轻,总趋势为减少.分片干旱特征显示48 a中的Z指数变化有显著的下降趋势,年干旱具有连续性,综合分析春、夏、秋冬四季最严重的干旱都发生在90年代,1997年春夏秋冬四旱相连,对农业的危害最重.     

陕南地区近47年来气温、降水变化特征分析

利用陕南地区7个气象站1961～2007年的气温和降水记录,运用线性趋势、距平分析、5年滑动平均,Morlet小波分析等方法,研究了陕南地区近47年来的气候变化特征。结果表明:近47年来,陕南地区气温呈波动上升趋势,其增长率为0.14℃/10a。春、秋、冬季气温在增加,并且冬季增暖最为明显,夏季气温略有降低。气温变化有明显的周期性,普遍存在着20a和3～5a的周期振荡信号;降水量呈减少趋势,平均每10a减少2.9mm。降水量的年际变幅表现为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,春季和秋季降水减少,夏季和冬季降水增加,减少量大于增加量,导致春旱、秋旱加剧。Morlet小波分析表明降水在20a和4～9a的尺度上也有较强的周期振荡。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.