有机肥与氮肥配施对膜下滴灌西瓜生长、产量和品质的影响

为确定优质高产西瓜有机肥与氮肥配施的适宜比例,设置6个处理:不施氮肥(CK)、单施有机肥(M)、有机肥与化肥氮肥减施30％(N1 PKM)、50％(N2 PKM)和70％(N3 PKM)配施、单施化肥(NPK),研究了有机肥与氮肥配施对西瓜不同生育时期生长、产量、品质和养分吸收与积累量的影响.结果表明:适宜的有机肥与氮...     

菌肥与有机肥配施对拱棚西瓜土壤的改良效果

针对宁夏半干旱农区地力薄弱、西瓜连作土壤障碍等问题,通过田间试验和室内分析,研究了不同有机肥和菌肥配施对拱棚西瓜土壤质量的影响。结果表明:有机肥配施菌肥有利于降低耕层土壤容重,增加田间持水量,改善土壤孔隙状况,并显著降低土壤p H值,尤其生物有机肥配施菌肥和豆饼粉配施菌肥使表层土壤的p H比CK分别下降5.66%~9.45%和2.24%~2.54%。施用生物有机肥能显著增加土壤有机质和速效氮磷钾含量,相应提高土壤水溶性盐含量,表层土壤中养分平均增幅为有机质84.98%,碱解氮68.05%,速效磷586.11%和速效钾80.11%。施用有机肥和菌肥能显著提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,其中生物有机肥配施菌肥的表层土壤分别提高了180.00%~220.00%、467.80~703.39%、190.91~245.45%和18.46%~21.80%,豆饼粉配施菌肥分别提高90.00%~150.00%、154.24%~174.58%、0.00%~163.64%和19.30%~20.97%。有机肥配施菌肥有利于增加土壤细菌和放线菌数量,降低真菌数量,生物有机肥配施菌肥和豆饼粉配施菌肥的表层土壤细菌数量增幅分别为303.92%~339.23%和135.29%~203.92%,放线菌增幅分别为225.00%~270.00%和30.00%~92.50%,真菌降幅分别为54.12%~56.47%和44.71%~45.88%。通过比较,各施肥处理以生物有机肥配施解淀粉芽孢杆菌为改良培肥瓜田土壤的最优配施方案。     

生物有机肥对土壤养分和土壤微生物的影响

采用盆栽实验,分析了木霉菌和北虫草废弃培养基生物有机肥对小白菜的增产效果、土壤养分、土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响.结果表明:生物有机肥能够显著提高盆栽小白菜的产量,且随着施肥量增加,产量呈显著增加趋势,其中15 t·hm-2的常量生物有机肥将产量提高了85.06％.小白菜产量在常量生物有机肥处理下比等氮量化肥处理显著低了32.03％,而比常量牛粪处理高了49.07％.生物有机肥能够显著提高土壤有机质、总氮磷钾和速效氮磷钾含量,同时还能够显著提高土壤木霉菌、细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性,且随着施肥量的增加而增大.常量生物有机肥处理的土壤有机质、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于等氮量化肥处理,高于或相当于常量牛粪处理;土壤木霉菌、细菌、真菌数量高于等氮量化肥和常量牛粪处理;土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性高于等氮量化肥处理,相当于常量牛粪处理,过氧化氢酶则比两个处理都高.相关性分析表明,土壤木霉菌、细菌、真菌数量与土壤有机质、总氮、总磷、速效磷、速效钾之间呈显著正相关关系.综合而言,由木霉菌和北虫草废弃培养基堆肥制备的生物有机肥,能够提高小白菜产量和土壤质量,是一种具有良好效果的生物有机肥.     

滴灌条件下穴施生物有机肥对土壤酶活性时空动态分布的影响

在滴灌条件下,将穴施和均施两种生物有机肥施肥方式,水肥一致和不一致两种滴水位置两两组合,共4个处理：穴施水肥一致（B0）、穴施水肥不一致（B30）、均匀施肥（BU）和对照（CK）。分别在施肥后的3、7、15、30、60 d,选取距肥料0、5、15、30 cm的水平位置和0~20、20~40、40~60 cm的垂直位置土钻取样,测定土样的脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性。结果表明：各土层脲酶活性分别在处理后15 d达到最大值17.52、12.59 mg·kg^-1·h^-1和5.74 mg·kg^-1·h^-1,蔗糖酶活性峰值出现在处理后3 d和15 d,而各土层碱性磷酸酶活性变化规律不一致。随着土层深度加深,生物有机肥对3种土壤酶活性的影响逐渐减小,水平方向上,B0和BU处理脲酶、蔗糖酶及碱性磷酸酶活性由肥际（H0）位置向四周分别降低了42.12％、29.73％、25.76％,B30处理3种酶活性前期以滴头（H30）为中心向四周降低幅度分别为5.87％、11.30％、3.51％,随着处理时间延长,土壤酶活性变化趋势与B0、BU一致。穴施生物有机肥显著提高了0~40 cm土层土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性49.40％、39.51％,同时更有利于施肥后期碱性磷酸酶活性的提高,40~60 cm土层不同水平位置酶活性差异不显著。     

肉蛋白生物有机肥对胡麻干物质积累、产量及品质的影响

以不施肥为对照,通过田间试验,研究了单施化肥、单施肉蛋白生物有机肥和不同比例肉蛋白生物有机肥与化肥配施对胡麻干物质积累分配规律、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:肉蛋白生物有机肥增加了株高和茎粗,促进了胡麻干物质积累进程,现蕾期以后30%肉蛋白生物有机肥替代化肥(T4)处理的干物质积累速率明显增加,盛花期、子实期、成熟期分别比不施肥CK(T1)增加102.33%、55.16%、58.68%(P0.05);肉蛋白生物有机肥提高了胡麻产量,单位面积实际产量T4处理比不施肥CK(T1)、单施化肥(T2)和单施肉蛋白生物有机肥(T3)处理分别增加了73.66%、17.49%、13.74%(P0.01);不同比例肉蛋白生物有机肥与化肥配施改善了胡麻品质,T4处理下胡麻含油率最佳,60%肉蛋白生物有机肥替代化肥(T5)的处理胡麻籽粒亚麻酸及亚油酸含量较高。综合考虑,30%肉蛋白生物有机肥替代化肥的效果最佳。     

西瓜主要病虫害健身栽培防治技术

西瓜是深受欢迎的一种消暑保健果品，但在生产中病虫害发生频繁，尤其是病害。重视健身栽培，可有效地控制和降低病虫的为害。1栽培技术　　1)选地、整地。西瓜耐旱，怕涝，忌连作，选地应选通气良好的肥沃砂质壤土为宜，一般不选连续种植西瓜的园地。整地要深耕细作，畦沟、腰沟、围沟三沟相通，以利排灌。　　2)肥水管理。施足基肥，合理追肥是西瓜高产、优质的前提。基肥约占总用量的60％～70％，施用方法以行间沟施或穴施为佳，以有机肥为主，每667m2饼肥100kg，骨粉50kg(如缺饼肥、骨粉可用三元复合肥50～80kg)、厩肥2000kg、优质堆肥2…     

几种生化物质与西瓜抗蚜性的相关性

为了初步探讨西瓜抗蚜性的营养与次生代谢物质防御效应,采用分光光度法测定并分析了几种生化物质与西瓜抗蚜性的相关性。结果表明,抗性品种黑皮、绿美人、黑美人和惠兰的游离氨基酸、脯氨酸和可溶性氮含量分别为2.22~2.27、0.23~0.26和1.88~3.03 mg/g,显著低于感性品种金美人、小玲、甜美人和花绿的3.24~3.83、0.67~0.87和5.26~5.82 mg/g;抗性品种的糖/氮比为5.38~7.94,显著高于感性品种;抗、感品种间可溶性糖和维生素C(Vc)含量无显著差异;瓜蚜为害4 d后的抗性品种叶组织中的总酚和单宁酸含量显著增加,感性品种显著降低;丙二醛含量增加幅度显著高于抗性品种。研究表明,西瓜品种抗蚜性与糖/氮比及总酚、单宁酸含量均呈显著正相关,与可溶性氮、游离氨基酸、脯氨酸及丙二醛含量均呈显著负相关,但与可溶性糖和Vc含量无显著相关性。     

生物熏蒸配施微生物菌剂对西瓜生长发育及枯萎病的影响

以生物熏蒸、微生物菌剂和化学熏蒸（棉隆）为处理,对3年连作西瓜生长发育和枯萎病的防治效果进行研究。结果表明：（1）试验条件下,各处理对西瓜出苗率无显著影响,且未出现药害现象;（2）生物熏蒸配施微生物菌剂或棉隆对西瓜生长发育均具有一定的促进作用,增加了株高（蔓长）,提高了叶绿素含量;（3）生物熏蒸配施微生物菌剂或化学药剂棉隆两个处理对西瓜枯萎病均有良好的防效,且持效期较长;（4）生物熏蒸配施微生物菌剂处理显著提高了西瓜的品质和平均单果重。结论：生物熏蒸配施微生物菌剂不仅能有效防治西瓜枯萎病,还可以促进西瓜的生长发育,提高西瓜单果重,同时显著改善西瓜品质。     

生物有机肥GSJ-1对马铃薯土壤疮痂病病原菌分布影响及生防效果研究

为了确定生物有机肥 GSJ －1对连作马铃薯土壤疮痂病病原菌分布影响及对马铃薯疮痂病的防治效果,本试验进行了土壤疮痂病病原菌含量测定、马铃薯疮痂病病情田间调查。结果表明,连作土壤疮痂病病原菌在盛花期之前向根际富集,盛花期之后向匍匐茎和薯块富集。施用生物有机肥 GSJ －1显著降低了土壤疮痂病病原菌含量,比对照下降了19．6％～74．9％,且改变了土壤中疮痂病病原菌原有的分布规律：从连作处理的根际多于非根际改变为生物有机肥 GSJ －1处理的根际少于非根际,且对疮痂病的防效达到47．2％。     

秋季白菜有机肥替减化肥田间试验总结

笔者开展了秋季白菜有机肥替减化肥试验,结果表明,有机肥替代化肥可以有效增加白菜产量,有机肥替代量越多,产量越高,且对土壤有机质和碱解氮含量也有明显改善效果,但投入产出比下降.全部施用有机肥相较于全部施用化肥,产量增加488.1 kg/667 m2,增幅15.9％;土壤有机质增加2.9 g/kg,增幅13.0％;碱解氮增...     

Research on Plant Protection in Indonesia

Abstract

A protocol for biological control of weeds is described. It consists of preintroductory studies on the distribution and ecology of the weed, the discovery of organisms adapted to it, the estimation of their effectiveness, the selection of the most damaging strain and the examination of their safety as biological control agents and post-introductory studies to obtain establishment of non-infected stocks and to observe their effect on the weed populations.

Recent biological control studies on weeds are shown to support the proposals and the biological basis underlying the proposals is discussed. It is shown that where these have been ignored biological control has not been successful whereas when the protocol has been fully applied the weed has been successfully controlled.     

辽西旱农区深层水肥调控对土壤主要物理性质和玉米产量的影响

针对辽西旱农区耕地土壤存在的“旱、薄、瘦”问题,进行了机械化秸秆深还和化肥深施试验以及翌年免耕种植玉米的组合技术试验.结果表明:(1)处理间表层(0～10cm)容重变幅均在1.25～1.27 g·cm-3之间,土层10～ 20 cm处理之间差异明显,对照区容重1.55～1.57 g·cm-3,秸秆深还和化肥深施处理土壤容重大幅降低,秸秆深还处理秸秆集中的层次(20～ 30 cm)土壤容重在1.2 g·cm-3以下,且比较稳定.(2)试验的第一年,秸秆深还和化肥深施处理的土壤含水量随耕深的增加而上升,到20～30 cm土层秸秆深还处理由于秸秆吸水而土壤含水量陡然降至11.45％,翌年干旱的情况下,降水量由193.9 mm下降到35.1 mm,对照区各层次土壤含水量明显低于其他两种处理,秸秆集中层次的土壤含水量仍保持在16.39％.(3) 2010年秸秆深还和化肥深施处理的玉米平均产量分别达到13094.3 kg·hm-2和12 782.66kg·hm-2,分别比传统耕作增产9.04％和6.44％.2011年全年的降水量比上一年减少了158.8 mm,两项新技术的玉米平均产量仍能保持在12 053.10 kg·hm-2和11 523.45 kg·hm-2,分别比传统耕作增产9.64％和4.82％.由此可以看出,两项技术具有松土扩容功能、深层蓄水的缓冲功能、御旱增产功能.     

Effects of cultural methods and physical weed control on intrarow weed numbers, manual weeding and marketable yield in direct-sown leek and bulb onion

Manual weeding of intrarow weeds in direct-sown leek and bulb onion crops grown organically can be very labour-intensive. Four field experiments, two in direct-sown leek and two in direct-sown bulb onion were made in this investigation to study the effects of physical and cultural methods on intrarow weed numbers, time consumption for hand-weeding and marketable yield parameters. The physical methods considered were: pre-emergence flaming and harrowing, and post-emergence hoeing close to the row (only leek) and vertical brush weeding. The cultural methods were: seed priming, slurry placement and cultivar choice (only leek). Generally, flaming plus brush weeding gave the highest intrarow weed control at 92% and 87%, respectively, in the two leek experiments and 39% (only brush weeding was effective) and 74%, respectively, in the two onion experiments. Time consumption for hand-weeding after the different treatments was linearly related to the remaining numbers of intrarow weeds, with no significant influences of the experimental factors on the general relationship. Generally, the cultural methods had no significant influence on the effects of physical weeding in terms of their effect against intrarow weeds. They did not affect the tolerance or robustness of the crop plants against negative impact from the physical control methods. However, generally, seed priming and cultivar choice did improve yield in the leek experiments and seed priming also did so in the one experiment with onion.     

Effect of growth medium, Striga seed burial distance and depth on efficacy of Fusarium isolates to control Striga hermonthica in Burkina Faso

Striga hermonthica is a destructive parasite of cereal crops in the semi‐arid tropical zone. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted at Kamboinsé, Burkina Faso, to investigate the effect of inoculum substrate and location of Striga seeds on the ability of 14 indigenous Fusarium isolates to control the parasite. In Expt 1, Fusarium isolates reduced emerged Striga number, Striga vigour and dry biomass. As a result, sorghum dry biomass and grain yield were enhanced. Inoculum substrate did not influence the ability of Fusarium isolates to control Striga. In Expt 2, Fusarium isolates, substrate and their interaction significantly influenced germination of Striga seeds at both 35 and 50 days after sowing. Isolates grown on compost were more effective at reducing germination of Striga seeds than those grown on chopped sorghum straw. The per cent germination of seeds 50 days after sowing, buried at 5 cm depth, was significantly lower than that of seeds buried at 10 cm. At 10 cm depth, Fusarium isolates still reduced Striga seed germination with respect to the control; horizontal planting distance, 5 or 10 cm from sorghum hills, had no effect.     

马铃薯晚疫病菌分子遗传及与寄主互作研究

近年来马铃薯晚疫病的重新暴发再次引起世界各国极大关注,特别对马铃薯晚疫病菌的分子遗传学的研究,包括病菌基因组遗传、转录和物理图谱的构建,病菌致病的分子机制以及马铃薯-马铃薯晚疫病菌互作分子机制等。本文就近几十年来对马铃薯晚疫病菌在生物学和病理学,分子遗传学等研究方面作简要综述,并对其研究趋势进行了展望。     

Products containing microorganisms as a tool in integrated pest management and the rules of their market placement in the European Union

Products containing microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses) can be used in plant production as an intervention as well as a prevention method for pest control. Their utilisation is strictly in line with the principles of integrated pest management, provided that they are effective and safe. The rules of registration of microorganisms for crop production in the European Union differ, depending on whether they are placed on the market as plant protection products or not. For over 20 years, uniform rules for registration of plant protection products have been in force. Currently, 36 microorganisms marked up to the strain are approved for use in pest control in the Community. The decision concerning market placement of plant protection products containing approved microorganisms is issued for each member state separately. The approaches to market placement of other products with microorganisms differ within the EU, ranging from a complete lack of requirements to long and costly registration procedures. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

Application method of nitrogen fertilizer affects weed growth and competition with winter wheat

The management of crop fertilization may be an important component of integrated weed management systems. A field study was conducted to determine the effect of various application methods of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on weed growth and winter wheat yield in a zero-tillage production system. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 50 kg ha⁻¹ at the time of planting winter wheat over four consecutive years to determine the annual and cumulative effects. The nitrogen treatments consisted of granular ammonium nitrate applied broadcast on the soil surface, banded 10 cm deep between every crop row, banded 10 cm deep between every second crop row, and point-injected liquid ammonium nitrate placed between every second crop row at 20 cm intervals and 10 cm depth. An unfertilized control was also included. Density, shoot N concentration and the biomass of weeds was often lower with subsurface banded or point-injected N than with broadcast N. The winter wheat density was similar with all N fertilizer application methods but wheat shoot N concentration and yield were consistently higher with banded or point-injected N compared with broadcast N. In several instances, the surface broadcast N did not increase the weed-infested wheat yield above that of the unfertilized control, indicating that it was the least preferred N application method. Depending on the weed species, the weed seedbank at the conclusion of the 4 year study was reduced by 29–62% with point-injected N compared with broadcast N. Information gained from this study will be used to develop more integrated weed management programs for winter wheat.     

作物根活性格局及其在农田科学管理中的应用

综述了根活性格局的概念、测定方法及其在农田科学管理中的应用，并对相关研究进行了展望。根的活性格局是根的功能学指标，反映根系各个部位对其总体吸收能力的贡献大小，它与活性根的格局在本质上存在着区别，与根的形态格局常具有不一致性。在根活性格局测定方法中，^32P土壤注入法应用最为广泛，土壤水分消耗法主要限于干旱半干旱地区。根活性格局在农田科学管理甲的应用主要表现在：在土壤-植物水分运移模拟中，根活性格局对根系吸水能力的描述更为真实；通过调查作物根活性的高值区和高峰期，可确定施肥的最佳位置和时间；利用不同作物根活性时空分布特点指导物种和种植方式的选择．可实现作物在资源利用上的互补性，发挥某些作物的安全网和营养泵功能。进行作物根活性格局的不同同位素示踪研究、建立各种常见作物物种肋根活性格局数据库等工作还需进一步加强。     

Effects of pheromone loading, dispenser age, and trap height on pheromone trap catches of the oriental fruit moth in apple orchards

The effects of field aging (0–28 days) and pheromone loading rate on the longevity of red rubber septa loaded with the sex pheromone blend of the oriental fruit mothGrapholita molesta (Busck), were evaluated in North Carolina apple orchards in 2002. Separate field tests examined the influence of trap height and pheromone loading rate of rubber septa on trap catches of adultG. molesta males in an abandoned orchard. The loss of the major pheromone component, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8–12:OAc), from red rubber septa over a 4-week period exhibited a relatively constant release rate with 30, 100 and 300 μg pheromone. Trap catch was significantly higher in pheromone traps placed in the upper canopy than in those in the lower canopy. Pheromone traps baited with 100μg lures caught more moths compared with those loaded with 300 μg. There was no apparent relationship between pheromone trap catch and septa age, with trap catch appearing to be primarily a function ofG. molesta population density. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 14, 2006.     

除草剂对作物的药害研究

在我国农业生产中,除草剂已经大面积应用了半个多世纪,它在杂草防治及作物增产中发挥了巨大作用,但在除草剂使用过程中,对作物的药害是一个不容忽视的问题。本文综述了除草剂药害产生的原因和出现药害后作物的症状,并介绍了发生药害后的救治方法以及预防药害产生的具体措施,以期为除草剂的安全使用提供科学依据。