长江经济带稻田耕作制度绿色发展探讨

实施长江经济带发展战略,推动长江经济带绿色发展、高质量发展、可持续发展,是当前我国正在实施的区域协调发展战略之一。稻田耕作制度是长江经济带整个农业耕作制度的重要组成部分。实现长江经济带稻田耕作制度绿色发展,对于维护长江经济带乃至全国的粮食安全、食品安全和生态安全均具有重要意义。长江经济带稻田耕作制度具有起源的古老性、模式的多样性、结构的复杂性、功能的高效性和影响的国际性的显著特点。当前,长江经济带稻田耕作制度发展面临着熟制缩减、投入过量、资源浪费、养地削弱、基础脆弱和效益下降等突出问题与挑战。为实现长江经济带稻田耕作制度的绿色发展,应在遵循―共抓大保护、不搞大开发‖―生态优先、绿色发展‖原则的前提下,采取如下对策与措施:1)绿色覆盖,做到稻田―一年四季,季季皆绿‖; 2)绿色培肥,充分利用绿肥、农家肥、沼液、沼渣,以及生物肥料、专用肥料等培肥稻田土壤,提高稻田地力;3)绿色防控,应用农业防治技术(如实行作物轮作换茬)、生物防治技术、生态调控技术和理化诱控技术等防治稻田作物病、虫、草、鼠、鸟害; 4)绿色修复,采用轮作休耕、深耕深松、保护性耕作、秸秆还田、增施有机肥、施用修复剂、种植绿肥和修复植物等多种措施,对已―退化稻田‖―污染土壤‖进行修复; 5)绿色利用,包括对稻田农业资源及废弃物的立体利用、综合利用和循环利用;6)绿色产品,将长江经济带稻田―打造‖成为无公害农产品、绿色农产品、有机农产品的生产基地。     

现代农业发展过程中土壤肥力资源合理利用的思考与对策

土壤是农业生产的重要基础,也是人类赖以生存的保障,其不仅关系食物安全供应,而且直接影响生态环境。土壤肥力是发展现代农业的重要支撑,其有效的培育涉及多学科与多专业,需要系统创新与联合攻关,如今人们对土壤肥力的认识已经从农业生产向环境安全、资源利用、生态健康及全球变化等方向转变与提升。本文从土肥长期定位研究、土壤肥力培育技术、现代农业发展等方面阐述内在关系及其特点,同时分析了现代土壤学研究领域所面临的重要挑战与发展趋势,并提出若干建议与对策。     

提升对土壤认识, 创新现代土壤学

土壤是农业生产的基础,是人类赖以生存的基石,也是人类食物与生态环境安全的保障。随着现代科技和国家社会经济的快速发展,土壤的地位与功能正在发生变化。本文基于土壤与土壤学科及国民经济发展需求的关系为出发点,指出了当前对我国土壤的重要性认识正在从农业生产向环境安全、资源利用、生态健康及全球变化等方向转变与提升。同时,明确了现代土壤学的内涵和创新现代土壤学的战略思想,全面、系统、前瞻性地提出了现代土壤学的研究前沿与特点,以及现代土壤学研究领域所面临的挑战与展望,为我国现代土壤学的发展指明了方向。     

水稻土特性的发展和水稻田的绿肥耕作制

过渡时期农业建设对农业科学提出的要求是:建立一套先进的科学的耕作制度。这个制度必须能够不断提高土壤的肥力,这个制度要有实践基础,要有不断发展的前途,要与农业生产合作化的发展相适应,这样才能保证不断地提高农业生产,获得高     

现代农业形势下蚕桑产业发展思路探讨

我国自古以来就是农业发展大国,但是现阶段的农业发展与传统的发展模式相比发生了一些潜移默化的改变,大机器生产、杂交水稻、无人机喷射等先进技术已引入农业生产。同样,新技术给蚕桑产业带来积极影响的同时,也带来了挑战。在市场环境日趋激烈、新技术无处不在的背景下,蚕桑产业必须及时创新生产方式。基于此,重点探讨了现代农业形势下蚕桑产业的发展思路。     

东北地区旱地农业研究进展与发展对策

系统总结了40多年来东北地区旱地农业研究取得的进展,分析了当前东北地区旱地农业面临的问题,揭示了影响东北地区旱地农业生产的气候变化、水分供需、农田侵蚀和面源污染规律,重新制定了东北地区耕作制度区划,突破了一系列旱地农业生产关键技术,形成了多套适合东北不同区域的旱地农业综合技术模式,明确提出了现阶段东北旱地农业所面临的挑战,并指出了未来东北旱地农业的发展对策。     

延安南部高塬区草木樨作麦田绿肥的几点意见

无产阶级文化大革命,有力地推动了“农业学大寨”群众运动的深入发展。随着农田基本建设的开展,耕作制度的改革,作物良种的推广和复种指数的增加,肥料不足成为当前农业生产中的一个重要问题,特别是麦田表现更为突出。     

自然条件和传统耕作制度的形成

一我国的农业历史悠久,各个主要的农业地区大都形成了各自的传统耕作制度。历史上,这些耕作制度虽有发展演变,但是相对比较稳定。例如黄河流域历史上多以一年一熟制为主,二年三熟制虽早有零星种植,但直到明朝以后至解放前五、六百年间,才在一些地区发展为主要的耕作制度,一直到本世纪六十年代,还没有大的改变。只是在近十几年,很多地方的耕作制度发生了迅速变     

建立具有中国特色的耕作制度

随着我国农业经济发展，为实现农业高效益，过去旧的耕作制度概念已不适应。从我国自然资源及社会经济条件的现实出发，耕作制度概念须拓宽和充实，不只局限于作物的种植及获得其稳产、高产，其内涵应包括养殖、加工及产品的销售在内的多业结合为一体。即生物生产（种、养）——工（加工）——贸（商）三者结合统一，富有我国农业经济发展的特色，最后获得三大效益（社会、经济、生态）俱佳的统一。     

耕作制度对土壤特性和玉米产量的影响

土壤和地形变异严重影响山区农业生态系统的农业生产力和粮食安全。了解土壤空间差异对于进行合理的土地利用规划和采取适宜的保护措施来确保山区农业生产力是非常重要的。研究通过实地调查和采样,评估了普遍耕作制度对试验区土壤特性和玉米产量的空间动态变化和影响。同时评估了3种耕作系统——综合耕作、牲畜耕作和机械耕作对土壤性质和玉米产量的影响。结果表明,不同的耕作制度对山区土壤特性及玉米产量影响具有显著差异。采取适当的土壤耕作制度能够提高土壤有机质含量和持水力,保护土壤结构,防止水土流失,同时也有利于山区粮食产量和生态安全。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.