22个冬小麦品种主要农艺和品质性状遗传多样性分析

为了解甘肃天水地区育成冬小麦品种的遗传多样性,提高种质资源的利用效率,以22份冬小麦品种为试验材料,研究了其主要农艺性状与品质性状的变异情况、遗传多样性指数,并进行了主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明,农艺性状中,穗粒数的变异系数最大(11.5%),千粒重的遗传多样性指数最高(1.75);品质性状中,沉降值的变异系数最大(31.3%),容重的遗传多样性指数最高(1.87)。说明供试材料的遗传多样性较丰富。8个性状的主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分的累计贡献率为82.636%,用类平均法(UPGMA)将22个品种聚为5类,其中第Ⅰ类群可作为提高品质的材料供育种选择,第Ⅴ类群可作为增产材料供育种选择。     

38份藜麦种质资源农艺性状与产量的关系分析

为了解藜麦种质资源在甘肃省陇中旱作区农艺性状和产量的关系,更高效的选育藜麦新品种,以38份藜麦种质资源为材料,采用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析方法对影响产量的主要农艺性状进行了分析。结果表明,藜麦产量与各个农艺性状的相关程度从高到低依次为冠幅、全生育期、籽粒直径、千粒重、株高,全生育期与其余农艺性状均存在极显著相关性。冠幅、全生育期、籽粒直径、千粒重、株高等5个农艺性状可以归为3个主成分因子,其累积贡献率为76.657%,同时在类间距离为17.5处,将所有种质资源可分为三大类群。     

寒地野生大豆资源农艺性状的相关性和主成分分析

评价和筛选优异野生大豆农艺性状可为大豆育种提供种质资源.本研究对204份寒地野生大豆资源9个农艺性状进行主成分分析,结果表明:农艺性状变异系数的变幅为14.0％ ～71.4％,多样性指数的变幅为1.46～2.06;筛选出27份特异材料,有8份材料聚集了2个以上特异性状;单株粒重与其它的性状(无效荚数除外)之间均存在显著...     

油用紫苏种质主要农艺性状及品质特征鉴定与评价

为筛选优异紫苏种质资源及优良育种亲本,提高紫苏育种效率,本研究以159份油用紫苏种质资源为试验材料,对不同紫苏种质11个主要农艺性状及5个关键品质特性进行了鉴定、变异分析、主成分及系统聚类分析等多元统计分析与评价。结果表明,供试紫苏种质主要农艺性状及品质特征的变异系数介于2.60%~35.42%之间,各种质间主要农艺性状及品质特性遗传变异丰富,类型广泛,选择利用的前景较好;主成分分析将主要农艺性状及品质特征聚为6个主成分,即分枝数因子、α-亚麻酸因子、油酸因子、生育期因子、千粒重因子和产量因子,总变异贡献率分别为40.943%、21.549%、12.332%、5.810%、4.486%和4.243%,累计贡献率为89.36%,可代表所考察性状的大部分信息;系统聚类将供试材料聚为五大类群,表明不同类群材料间各农艺性状及品质特征存在较明显的特异性;此外,本试验确定了主要农艺性状及品质特征划分标准,揭示了叶色、粒色等不同类型紫苏种质在产量、α-亚麻酸含量等关键指标上的差异性规律,评价筛选的高产及特异性明显的优异种质。本研究结果为生产中应用优异基因资源及改良育种亲本提供了一定的理论依据。     

番茄自交系农艺性状的表型分析

为探究番茄自交系种质资源的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,以46份普通番茄自交系为试验材料,利用遗传变异度分析、遗传相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等技术对其9个农艺性状进行了综合统计分析。结果显示:在9个农艺性状中,单果重的变异系数最大,达36.8%,而果实硬度的变异系数最小,为12.6%。遗传相关分析结果表明,各性状间存在着复杂的相互关系;综合相关性和通径分析结果,单株总产量与心室数、果实横径、果实纵径、单果重和坐果率5个性状关系最为紧密。主成分分析结果显示株高、坐果率、单株产量和单果重的累计贡献率是84.4%,可以涵盖所有研究性状的主要信息。基于表型数据,在欧氏距离为0.16处将供试材料分为3个类群,国外品种主要集中于第一类群第1、2亚类和第三类群第2亚类,且分布较为紧凑;来自中国的1份野生番茄单独成为第二类群。研究结果明确了不同自交系材料间的表型特异性,为利用番茄自交系杂交育种工作理清了思路,并为加快新品种的选育奠定了基础。     

小麦水旱地品种回交二代农艺性状改良效应分析

为研究干旱条件下小麦水旱地品种回交后代群体农艺性状改良效应,本研究以旱地品种‘长6878’为供体亲本、水地品种‘济麦22’为轮回亲本获得的回交二代（BC₂）后代材料,对其株高、穗长、穗下节间长、分蘖数、小穗数、穗粒数、单株生物学产量、单株粒重、千粒重、经济系数等10个农艺性状进行相关、聚类和主成分分析。结果显示,回交后代材料在株高、穗长、穗下节间长、分蘖数等性状偏向于轮回亲本‘济麦22’,同时在小穗数、穗粒数、单株生物学产量、单株粒重、千粒重、经济系数等性状中存在超亲效应。相关分析表明,经济系数与单株粒重显著正相关,而单株粒重又与株高、穗长、分蘖数、小穗数、穗粒数、单株生物学产量、千粒重等7个性状达极显著正相关水平。在欧式距离40处,BC₂群体分为4类,以轮回亲本‘济麦22’为核心的第Ⅱ类占BC₂代总数的30.5%,供体亲本‘长6878’单独划为第Ⅳ类;在欧式距离45处将第Ⅰ类（占BC₂代总数的58%）和第Ⅱ类合并成一个新的类群,即群体中88.5%的BC₂单株和轮回亲本划分为一类。主成分分析得到5个主成分因子对BC₂代农艺性状变异累计贡献率为85.51%,并筛选出综合得分高的10个株系,可作为后代重点选育。综合以上结果,在BC₂代已经取得了良好的农艺性状定向遗传改良效应,为回交定向改良小麦抗旱水分高效利用和选育新品种提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

华南型黄瓜主要农艺性状遗传多样性评价

为研究华南型黄瓜的遗传多样性及亲缘关系,以69份黄瓜自交系为试材,对其24个主要农艺性状进行遗传变异、相关性、主成分和聚类分析。结果表明,不同农艺性状的变异系数为6.19%~73.89%,各性状至少与其他1个性状存在极显著或显著相关。选取累积贡献率为73.597%的前7个主成分,其包含的17个农艺性状是黄瓜种质评价的主要指标,其中14份材料综合表现较优(F1.5)。进一步系统聚类,可将黄瓜种质分为4类:第Ⅰ类下胚轴较长,第1雌花节位低,瓜呈短圆筒形、具点状黄色斑纹,可用于早熟品种选育;第Ⅱ类下胚轴和节间短、第1分枝节位低,叶片小,第1雌花节位较低,瓜小、具点状黄色斑纹,综合性状与近缘野生种接近,可用于早熟、稳产、抗逆品种的选育;第Ⅲ类下胚轴和节间长,瓜皮白绿、具点状白色斑纹,可用于白皮品种选育;第Ⅳ类节间长、主蔓粗、第1分枝节位高,叶片大,第1雌花节位高,瓜大、呈长圆筒形、具点状白色斑纹,可用于黄瓜高产育种。综合评价结果表明华南型黄瓜种质具有丰富的遗传多样性,适用于黄瓜优异资源的挖掘及品种选育。本研究结果为华南型黄瓜资源利用和新品种选育奠定了基础。     

辣椒种质表型性状与SSR分子标记的遗传多样性分析

为改良辣椒品种和挖掘新品种选育的特异种质材料,以52份纯化的辣椒种质为供试材料,对18个表型性状进行变异性、多样性和主成分分析,分别基于表型性状及SSR分子标记对供试材料进行聚类分析,并对2种聚类结果进行相关性分析。结果表明,18个性状在不同种质材料之间存在显著差异,平均变异系数为34.57%,平均香农多样性指数为2.47;被提取的前7个成分占表达信息量的78.153%,其中第1主成分占表达信息量的20.991%,且第1主成分在果实直径、果肉厚度、单果重、果形指数、叶片宽度和叶片长度等性状上呈现较高的载荷量;表型性状分析将52份材料分成四类,SSR标记分析将52份材料也分成四类,但2种分类方法的结果之间不存在相关性(r=-0.027,P=0.6050.05),即2种方法得出的结果吻合性不高。本研究结果为辣椒种质资源创新和新品种选育提供了一定的理论依据。     

中国南瓜对嫁接黄瓜产量与风味影响的综合评价

为探讨中国南瓜砧木种质资源的多样性,筛选同时具有较高产量和较优风味品质嫁接黄瓜的中国南瓜砧用种质,本研究以国内外102份中国南瓜高代自交系种质为砧木,以黄瓜品种新泰密刺为接穗进行嫁接,利用主成分分析、隶属函数分析和聚类分析对嫁接黄瓜形态学和农艺性状等13项指标进行综合评价。结果表明,与对照新泰密刺相比,102份嫁接组合的各项指标存在广泛变异,主成分分析显示前5个主成分累计贡献率达到86.226%,其中植株产量因子、雌花因子、果实风味因子是构成嫁接组合性状差异的主要因子。系统聚类分析将102个嫁接组合划分为4个类群,隶属函数分析表明柿饼南瓜5Bb636-3(N67)和三禾13-s08z13-3(N91)等7份砧木的嫁接组合产量和口感等各项指标表现突出,可作为南瓜砧木品种选育的优异亲本材料。本研究进一步丰富了中国南瓜砧木的评价体系,为选育嫁接黄瓜性状良好的中国南瓜砧木品种提供了重要依据。     

外引美国玉米种质材料田间鉴定与评价

对从美国引进的18份玉米种质材料通过田间种植,对其株高等9个性状进行综合鉴定与评价,为玉米种质创新、利用提供理论和物质基础。试验设2行区,小区面积4.2 m~2,不设重复,人工播种,单株留苗。结果表明,供试种质材料在产量、千粒质量、穗粒数、穗长、穗位高等方面都表现出丰富的遗传多样性,各性状间存在不同的相关性;抽雄期和成熟期对供试种质材料的千粒质量、穗粒数和产量均有不同程度影响。试验筛选出大穗种质材料3份、大粒种质材料3份、矮秆种质材料各2份;产量较高、综合农艺性状较好的优异种质材料4份。通过对供试种质材料的综合鉴定与评价认为,美国先锋公司的种质材料综合表现较好,可为育种家对美国种质材料的利用提供一定参考价值。     

Influence of variety and nitrogen fertilizer on productivity and trait association of malting barley

Poor soil fertility is a major constraint to crop productivity in the highlands of Ethiopia. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization, variety and growing season on grain yield and yield related traits, and determine relationships among agronomic traits of malting barley. The treatments studied were five N levels (0, 23, 46, 69 and 92?kg ha^?1) and two malting barley varieties (Miscal-21 and Holker) over three growing seasons (2012, 2013 and 2014) at Bekoji, south eastern Ethiopia. The results revealed that as N rates increased, grain yield, number of tillers and spikes per square meter, biomass yield at harvest, days to physiological maturity, spike length and number of kernels per spike increased, but harvest index decreased. Grain yield, harvest index, number of tillers and spikes per square meter, spike length and biomass yield at harvest were greater in Miscal-21, whilst days to maturity and number of kernels per spike were greater in Holker. Grain yield, harvest index, number of tillers and spikes per square meter, spike length, biomass yield at harvest and days to maturity were significantly affected by seasonal conditions, but spike length and kernels per spike were not affected. Grain yield was positively influenced by the number of tillers per square meter, biomass yield at harvest, spikes per square meter, spike length, kernels per spike and harvest index. However, the number of tillers per square meter followed by biomass yield and spikes per square meter largely determined grain yield. The results of the current study suggest that genetic improvement of those yield related traits is the likely basis of increasing grain yield in barley.     

多小穗小麦10-A EMS突变株系的农艺性状评价

为深入了解多小穗小麦种质10-A EMS突变株系的表现,对经0.8%甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变种子产生的M₄突变株系群体的12个农艺性状进行了评价。结果表明,222个突变株系间在株高、穗长、总小穗数、总分蘖数、有效分蘖数、穗粒数、单株产量等性状上差异极显著,群体具有丰富的变异。其中,突变株系群体中单株产量、总分蘖数、有效分蘖数、千粒重和穗粒数的变异系数均大于20%,而抽穗期、小穗数、籽粒直线宽和籽粒直线长的变异系数均小于10%。多重比较表明,在株高、穗长、总小穗数、总分蘖数、有效分蘖数、穗粒数和单株产量等性状上均能筛选到与10-A差异显著或极显著的突变株系。简单相关分析表明,突变株系的穗长与小穗数、穗粒数、抽穗期呈极显著正相关,与单株产量、千粒重、籽粒投影面积呈极显著负相关;突变株系的小穗数与穗粒数呈极显著正相关,与千粒重、籽粒投影面积呈极显著负相关。聚类分析可将所有突变株系材料分为七类,其中192份突变株系与10-A聚为类Ⅰ,其中亚类ⅠA和ⅠC材料的穗粒数和千粒重都较高,25份材料聚为类Ⅱ,而其他五类每类均只含有1份突变株系。本研究结果为深入了解小麦农艺性状的遗传规律和突变株系的遗传研究与育种利用提供了参考。     

Agronomic traits of exotic barley germplasms resistant to soil-borne mosaic-inducing viruses

Summary In order to obtain information on agronomic performance and potential use of yellow mosaic virus resistant barley germplasms (Hordeum vulgare L.) in breeding programmes, twenty-six varieties were tested for agronomic traits in two years trials. The varieties tested differ in their reaction to the soil-borne mosaic-inducing viruses (BaMMV, BaYMV, BaYMV-2) and their genetic base of BaMMV-resistance. All of the exotic varieties tested are of inferior agronomic performance as compared to resistant German cultivars. Grain yield ranged from 77% to 33% in comparison to the highest yielding German winter barley cultivar Franka. Furthermore, a large variation was also observed in thousand grain weight, number of grains per spike, height, lodging, winterkilling and susceptibility to scald (Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem) Davis).     

Diversity between some Ethiopian farmer's varieties of barley and within these varieties among seed sources

Barley is one of Ethiopia's major crops. Cultivation is mostly by traditional varieties that are chosen by farmers for their suitability for end-use or their adaptation to specific farming systems. A collection of 155 barley lines was grouped in 13 varieties, according to the name given by the farmers. The collection was evaluated for simple agronomic traits and resistance to barley scald disease. A large level of diversity was found, mainly between varieties, but also within varieties between farms from which the samples originated. In spite of a certain degree of overlapping, these traditional farmer's varieties showed coherence for the characters measured. Earlier maturing varieties were found to be more susceptible to scald, but a number of accessions combined earliness with scald resistance. It is suggested that the traditional variety name be included, next to the physical characters of the collection site, as a parameter to explain the degree of diversity in Ethiopian barley germplasm evaluation. The cultivated area of a number of traditional barley varieties is declining rapidly and special collection missions are needed to preserve this germplasm.     

激光诱变小麦数量性状的相关研究

本试验研究钕玻璃激光,CO_2激光以及钕玻璃激光和CO_2激光复合处理诱变小麦数量性状的遗传效应和相关性。结果表明,各处理后代主要农艺性状对单株产量的最优多无线性回归方程的显著自变数为穗粒重、单株有效穗数、穗粒数和株高等,且多元相关系数极显著。通径分析表明,小麦激光后代的选择应注意穗粒重、单株有效穗数和穗粒数等综合性状。     

Allelopathy variation in dryland winter wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) accessions grown on the Loess Plateau of China for about fifty years

In this study, we investigated the genetic variation of allelopathic potential, its grey correlation with important agronomic characters, and rank analysis on allelopathic stability of fifteen wheat accessions commonly grown in arid regions of the Loess Plateau in China. The genetic variation of allelopathic property in dryland winter wheat showed significant differences between accessions. Allelopathic effects exhibited high heritability (55–95%) throughout the life cycle of wheat. Heritability was highest in the tillering stage and weakest in the seed filling stage. Allelopathic potential varied and was discontinuous throughout the wheat life cycle. Grey correlation analysis indicated a close relationship between allelopathic potential dependant on growth phase and agronomic characters. Allelopathic expression during some growth periods induced a partial correlation effect on some important agronomic characters that affected wheat yield. Allelopathic heritability and its degree of influence on yield were more evident in the vegetative growth stage compared to the reproductive stage. A multiple linear regression was built between allelopathic potential during different growth periods and agronomic characters pursued in wheat breeding. Allelopathic potential had a linear effect on production traits cultivated in wheat breeding. When allelopathic intensity varied from 0 to 1 in the reproductive stage, plant height ranged from 44 to 108 cm, spike length from 6.4 to 9.2 cm, number of spikelets with seeds from 13.4 to 21.0, mean seed number per spike from 41.5 to 50.3 and thousand seed weight from 36.2 to 38.3 g. Based on rank analysis, we concluded that there was a synergistic relationship between allelopathic potential in wheat and genetic, chemical and ecological factors. Triticum aestivum L. ‘No 6 Lankao’ and T. aestivum L. ‘No 22 Xiaoyan’ were identified as stable and relatively strong allelopathic accessions, whereas T. aestivum L. ‘Lankao 95–25’ was a stable but relatively weak allelopathic cultivar. Other varieties showed unstable allelopathic potential.     

Phenotypic diversity of durum wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum durum</Emphasis> Desf.) from Jordan

Durum wheat landrace genotypes are disappearing from the main wheat areas in Jordan, because of spreading of new uniform cultivars and the serious reduction in wheat cultivation. This study was conducted to evaluate genetic diversity in durum wheat landraces from Jordan and to identify desirable agronomic traits. Landraces were collected from two target areas: Ajloun and Karak. The collected material was grown under rainfed conditions using an augmented design with five blocks and four repeated check cultivars. Data were collected for 14 morphological and agronomic traits. Phenotypic diversity index (H′) was estimated, and the relationships among accessions were measured using cluster analysis and dendrogram similarity matrix. The results revealed the presence of a wide range of variability among landraces., which possess high levels of variability for biological yield, fertile tillers, number of seeds per spike, seed weight per spike and weight of 1000 seeds. These landraces must be considered as a reservoir of genes that plant breeders need in their wheat improvement programs and should be conserved both ex situ and in situ.     

基于表型性状的观赏向日葵种质资源遗传多样性分析

为研究观赏向日葵品种资源表型性状多样性,改良现有观赏品种,筛选出有市场前景的观赏向日葵新品种,对30份观赏向日葵种质资源的11个质量性状和7个数量性状进行变异系数、相关性分析,采用系统聚类组间聚合的方法根据欧式距离进行聚类分析。结果表明,观赏向日葵种质的表型性状具有丰富的遗传多样性。在质量性状中, Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数最高的是舌状花颜色(1.408 7),舌状花杂色的分布频率为40.00%。数量性状中,变异系数从大至小依次为舌状花宽、舌状花瓣数、舌状花长、株高、花朵数、SPAD值、分枝长。基于表型性状,在遗传距离为10处将供试的30份种质划分为3个群组,第I群组共包含有12个种质,第II群组共包含14个种质,第III群组有4个种质。     

Phenotypic diversity and evolution of farmer varieties of bread wheat on organic farms in Europe

The contribution of farmers to the creation and maintenance of genetic diversity is beginning to receive more recognition in developed countries. Although the use of landraces and historic varieties has largely disappeared in countries with industrialized agricultural systems and formal seed markets, certain varieties with particular cultural significance have been continuously cultivated by farmers and other varieties have been preserved ex situ in genebanks. Recently, associations of organic farmers have become involved in the conservation and use of landraces and historic varieties (called farmer varieties in this article) because these varieties possess agronomic and quality traits that they have not found in modern varieties. In this study, eight farmer varieties of bread wheat from Europe selected by participating farmers were evaluated in on-farm trials during 3 years of cultivation. Each variety was grown on each farm, and phenotypic changes in each variety were measured the third year in a replicated split-plot trial on each farm comparing the version of each variety the farmer had multiplied to a sample of each variety from the region of origin. All varieties, including the two modern pureline varieties used as checks, showed statistically significant phenotypic changes over 3 years of multiplication. However, the magnitude of these changes was moderate and did not call into question varietal identity or distinctness. In addition, some traits of putative agronomic and adaptive importance, such as grain weight per spike and thousand kernel weight, did not respond positively to natural selection (environmental conditions and management practices) which suggests the necessity of farmer selection to maintain and improve varietal performance.