籼型恢复系镇恢46的选育

镇恢46是江苏丘陵地区镇江农业科学研究所用镇恢129×镇恢084的F1作母本、镇恢084作父本回交,于2002年育成的籼型恢复系。该恢复系具有株型好、稻米品质优、抗白叶枯病、恢谱广、恢复力强等优良特性,所配组合镇籼优146(镇籼A/镇恢46)于2014年通过江苏省品种审定。     

杂交中籼稻Ⅱ优084超高产攻关栽培

Ⅱ优084是江苏明天种业科技有限公司独家进行市场开发的高产杂交水稻新品种，是“九五”期间江苏省镇江农科所以Ⅱ-32A与镇恢084为亲本杂交选育而成。经多年鉴定和试验试种，表现出高抗白叶枯病和稻瘟病，品质优良，增产潜力较高等特点。2001年4月通过江苏省农作物品种审定委员会审定，2003年8月通过国家品种审定委员会审定。     

高产抗病杂交中籼新组合Ⅱ优084

用镇恢084与Ⅱ-32A组配成的杂交中籼新组合Ⅱ优0 84,具有高抗白叶枯病和稻瘟病、高产稳产、米质较优、适应性广、制种产量高等特点,20 01年4月通过江苏省品种审定.     

优质抗病杂交籼稻新组合丰优084

用粤丰A与镇恢084组配成的杂交籼稻新组合丰优084,具有品质较优良、高抗白叶枯病和稻瘟病、熟期适中、丰产稳产性较好等特点,2004年2月通过江苏省农作物品种审定.     

籼型强优恢复系盐恢3934的选育与应用

盐恢3934是江苏沿海地区农业科学研究所用镇恢129作母本,镇恢084作父本通过杂交育种方法育成的籼型强优恢复系。该恢复系具有抗白叶枯病,株型好,穗型大,配合力强,于2005年育成,初步配置杂交稻组合有丰优3934、天丰优3934、Ⅱ优3934、特占优3934、内2优3934、乐丰A/盐恢3934、广抗13A/盐恢3934等,其中Ⅱ优3934已通过2008、2009年江苏省杂交中籼区域试验。     

优质抗病杂交籼稻新组合协优084

用协青早A与镇恢084组配成的杂交籼稻新组合协优084,具有品质优良、丰产稳产性好、高抗白叶枯病和稻瘟病、熟期适中、适应性广、增产潜力大等特点,2004年2月通过江苏省审定.     

籼稻恢复系镇恢129的选育及利用

镇恢１２９是江苏丘附地区镇江农科所用强优恢复系明恢６３作母本,高产红莲型恢复系特青１号作父本杂交选育而成的籼型强优恢复系,该恢复系株型好,穗大,配合力好,抗病性强,与Ⅱ３２Ａ配组而成的Ⅱ优１２９于１９９９年４月通过江苏省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

杂交水稻Ⅱ优084母本旱育抛秧高产制种技术

三系杂交稻新组合Ⅱ优084(Ⅱ-32A/镇恢084)具有优质、高产、高抗白叶枯病的特点.介绍了其旱育抛秧高产制种技术.     

高抗白叶枯病系列杂交稻的选育

利用携有抗白叶枯病显性基因Xa-7的DV85作原始抗源,先与台中本地1号(TN1)杂交,育成携有Xa-7基因的中间衍生抗源TD,再用TD作母本与明恢63进行杂交,杂交后代中选择目标个体与明恢63持续多代回交,经测交、筛选,相继育成携有Xa-7基因的高抗白叶枯病的恢复系抗恢63、抗恢98及D205等,分别与珍汕97A、Ⅱ-32A等配组,先后育成了抗优63、抗优98(Ⅱ优98)、Ⅱ优205等高产、高抗白叶枯病的系列杂交稻新组合,并通过了省级审定,从而解决了我国杂交水稻不抗白叶枯病的难题.     

利用分子标记辅助选择技术育成抗白叶枯病杂交稻协优218

利用分子标记辅助选择技术把白叶枯病抗性基因Xα21导人到强优恢复系辐恢838中,选育出抗白叶枯病恢复系中恢218,组配出强优势杂交中晚稻新组合协优218。该组合具有产量较高、抗白叶枯病、易制种等特性,于2002年2月通过江西省品种审定。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).