两系杂交稻籽粒充实不良的成因及其与激素含量的关系

 【目的】阐明两系杂交稻籽粒充实特征及籽粒充实不良的成因与激素机理。【方法】采用结实特性差异明显的两系杂交稻为材料，测定籽粒中蔗糖和淀粉含量、玉米素+玉米素核苷（Z+ZR）、吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）和脱落酸（ABA）含量、乙烯释放速率、蔗糖合成酶（SuSase）和淀粉合成酶（StSase）活性以及籽粒灌浆充实指标，并进行相关分析。【结果】表明两系杂交稻结实率低，主要归咎于弱势粒的秕粒率高、充实度差。籽粒充实度差的组合，灌浆前、中期弱势粒中蔗糖含量高于强势粒，表明基质浓度不是两系杂交稻弱势粒灌浆速率慢和籽粒充实度差的主要限制因子。灌浆前期强势粒中的Z+ZR、IAA和ABA含量明显高于弱势粒，Z+ZR、IAA和ABA的最高含量和平均含量与籽粒最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、谷粒充实度和粒重均呈极显著的正相关。灌浆前、中期弱势粒中的乙烯释放速率明显高于强势粒，籽粒充实度差的组合高于籽粒充实度好的组合，乙烯的释放速率与灌浆速率、谷粒充实度和粒重均呈极显著的负相关。在灌浆初期喷施乙烯合成促进剂（乙烯利），弱势粒的乙烯释放速率增加，ABA含量减少，SuSase和StSase活性降低，谷粒充实度和粒重下降；喷施乙烯合成的抑制剂（硝酸钴），结果则相反。表明籽粒中激素含量及其平衡对籽粒灌浆和酶的活性起调控作用，部分两系杂交稻籽粒充实不良与其弱势粒中Z+ZR、IAA和ABA含量低、乙烯浓度高有密切关系。【结论】激素对两系杂交稻籽粒充实起重要作用，通过调控激素含量，可以提高籽粒充实。     

灌浆期低温对离体培养玉米强弱势粒发育的影响

【目的】通过对玉米灌浆过程中籽粒干物质、淀粉的积累,籽粒内源激素含量及淀粉积累相关酶活性的研究,揭示低温对灌浆过程中玉米强、弱势籽粒灌浆生理过程的影响规律,为生产上抗御低温冷害提供理论参考。【方法】选用郑单958为试验品种,采用玉米籽粒离体培养的方式,将大田人工授粉后3 d的玉米果穗按照弱势粒和强势粒进行取样,无菌环境接种到人工培养基培养,低温处理和对照分别设置培养平均温度为16℃及25℃。自授粉后每10 d取样一次,分别测定灌浆过程中玉米强、弱势粒干物质积累量、内源激素、籽粒淀粉含量及淀粉积累相关酶活性。【结果】低温胁迫下强、弱势粒灌浆后期粒重分别比对照低47.58%、50.95%,强、弱势粒灌浆高峰期的平均灌浆速率较对照分别显著降低55.39%、54.72%。低温胁迫下玉米籽粒灌浆速率前期提升和后期减小的速度明显减缓,活跃灌浆时间延长5-7 d。授粉后10 d低温处理显著降低玉米强、弱势粒生长素（IAA）、玉米素（ZR）和脱落酸（ABA）含量,显著提高玉米籽粒赤霉素（GA₃）的含量。授粉后30 d低温处理显著降低了弱势粒的IAA、ZR含量,增加了强势粒的ABA含量。低温胁迫显著减弱了灌浆前期和灌浆中期的可溶性酸性转化酶（SAI）、蔗糖合酶（SS）、淀粉合酶（SSS）及ADPG焦磷酸化酶（APGase）的活性,低温下弱势粒SAI活性降幅大于强势粒,对SS、SSS及APGase活性的降低幅度表现为强势粒大于弱势粒,导致玉米籽粒淀粉含量降低。【结论】受低温胁迫影响,灌浆前期玉米籽粒的IAA、ZR、ABA含量减少,GA₃含量增加,SAI活性降低,导致籽粒库容量减少,库活性不足。在灌浆中期,低温降低SS活性,造成淀粉合成底物供应不足,影响淀粉的合成,降低籽粒淀粉含量。低温处理降低玉米强、弱势粒的灌浆速率,导致籽粒干物质积累减少。低温对玉米强弱、势粒的灌浆过程都造成较大的影响,且对弱势粒的影响大于强势粒。     

化学调控剂对大穗型水稻籽粒激素和灌浆相关miRNA表达的影响

【目的】探究化学调控剂对大穗型水稻籽粒激素和灌浆相关miRNA表达的影响。【方法】采用大田试验，以大穗型杂交稻交源优216为试验材料，测定了喷施ABA和复配化学调控剂后水稻籽粒灌浆充实、激素含量、miRNA及靶基因表达量。【结果】ABA和复配剂处理显著增加了水稻籽粒、尤其是弱势籽粒灌浆期间的起始灌浆势、最大及平均灌浆速率，进而增加千粒质量和提高水稻产量；ABA和复配剂处理显著增加了灌浆中前期强弱势籽粒中IAA、Z+ZR和ABA的含量，同时显著抑制强弱势籽粒花后10 d和弱势籽粒中花后10和20 d miR167和miR1432的表达量，促进相应靶基因的表达；进一步相关分析结果表明，灌浆速率和籽粒中IAA和ABA的含量呈极显著正相关关系，而与miR167和miR1432的相对表达量呈显著负相关关系。【结论】ABA和复配剂可能是抑制籽粒灌浆中前期miR167、miR1432的表达，促进其下游靶基因的表达，进而增加籽粒中IAA、Z+ZR和ABA含量，促进灌浆速率的提高和千粒质量及产量的增加。     

水分胁迫对夏玉米籽粒灌浆的影响及其与内源激素的关系

以郑单958为试验材料,在人工遮雨棚池栽条件下采用不同的灌溉量,研究干旱胁迫对夏玉米籽粒灌浆的影响及其与内源激素的关系,拟为如何缓解干旱对夏玉米籽粒灌浆的抑制作用提供依据。结果表明:干旱胁迫显著降低夏玉米籽粒灌浆速率,进而降低夏玉米粒质量;同时,干旱胁迫显著提高夏玉米籽粒中ABA含量,降低了籽粒中IAA、Z+ZR和GAs含量;相关性分析表明,在不同水分处理下,ABA与夏玉米籽粒灌浆速率呈显著负相关,IAA和Z+ZR与夏玉米籽粒灌浆速率呈极显著正相关关系。可见,水分可能主要通过影响籽粒中IAA、ABA和Z+ZR 3种激素调控夏玉米籽粒灌浆。     

外源ABA和GA对小麦籽粒内源激素含量及其灌浆进程的影响

 【目的】探讨喷施外源脱落酸（ABA）或赤霉素（GA）对小麦籽粒内源激素含量及其灌浆进程的影响,为激素调控提高籽粒的粒重提供理论依据。【方法】试验选用山农1391和藁城8901两个品种,籽粒灌浆初期喷施ABA或GA 两种外源激素于穗部,定期取籽粒样品,用高效液相色谱法测定籽粒内源激素含量,用三次多项方程式对籽粒灌浆进程进行模拟并分析相关参数。【结果】喷施外源ABA或GA均能显著增加两个品种的粒重。外源ABA或GA对粒重的调控存在粒位效应。喷施ABA显著增加强势粒粒重,喷施GA使强势粒和弱势粒粒重均显著增加。喷施外源ABA显著提高籽粒ABA含量,喷施外源GA显著提高籽粒GA含量,喷施外源ABA或外源GA均显著提高灌浆中后期籽粒IAA和CTK的含量,尤其是喷施外源GA效果更为明显。喷施外源ABA或外源GA均能延长籽粒的灌浆持续期,喷施ABA显著提高灌浆初期强势粒的灌浆速率,而喷施GA显著提高灌浆中后期强势粒和弱势粒的灌浆速率。【结论】喷施外源ABA或外源GA通过改变籽粒内源激素水平,调节灌浆起始时间和籽粒灌浆持续期,进而调控籽粒粒重的形成。喷施ABA是通过提高强势粒粒重来增加粒重的,喷施GA是通过提高强势粒和弱势粒的粒重来增加粒重的。     

氮素形态对两个小麦品种籽粒内源激素含量的影响

 【目的】探讨氮素形态对强筋小麦豫麦34和弱筋小麦豫麦50籽粒内源激素含量的影响。【方法】在盆栽条件下, 设酰胺态氮、铵态氮和硝态氮3种氮素形态处理并加入硝化抑制剂双氰铵（DCD）,在小麦开花后定期取样,用酶联免疫法测定籽粒中IAA、GA3、ABA和ZR含量。【结果】酰胺态氮处理下,豫麦34籽粒形成初期,ZR含量较高;籽粒灌浆盛期前,IAA,ABA,GA3含量较高,灌浆速率较早达到高峰,与铵态氮和硝态氮处理相比,粒重分别增加9.16%和5.74%。铵态氮处理下,豫麦50籽粒形成初期,ZR含量较高;籽粒灌浆盛期前,IAA,GA3含量高;籽粒灌浆后期,IAA含量仍较高,籽粒灌浆速率较快且下降较为平缓,与酰胺态氮和硝态氮相比,粒重分别增加3.88%和11.52%。【结论】氮素形态对两个品种的影响不同,酰胺态氮有利于调节豫麦34内源激素水平,促进籽粒灌浆,提高粒重;而铵态氮对豫麦50较为有利。     

干旱胁迫对不同基因型小麦籽粒灌浆及内源激素的影响

以抗旱性不同的西农979(干旱敏感型)和长旱343(抗旱型)为试验材料,采用人工控水模拟干旱胁迫,研究灌浆期干旱对小麦籽粒灌浆的影响及其与内源激素变化的关系。结果表明:2个品种籽粒灌浆对干旱的响应不同,相比较于对照(正常水分处理,灌浆期土壤水势保持在-20~-30kPa,T1),重度干旱胁迫(灌浆期土壤水势保持在-70~-80kPa,T3)显著降低西农979强势粒和弱势粒的最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率和粒质量,且对弱势粒的抑制作用显著高于强势粒,而重度干旱胁迫仅降低长旱343弱势粒籽粒的最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率和粒质量,对其强势粒籽粒灌浆无显著影响。与重度干旱不同,中度干旱(灌浆期土壤水势保持在-40~-50kPa,T2)显著促进2个小麦品种籽粒的最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率,增加籽粒质量。激素测定结果表明,与对照相比,中度和重度干旱对长旱343强势粒IAA、Z+ZR、ABA和GAs的质量分数变化均无显著影响,对于长旱343弱势粒和西农979强、弱势粒,中度干旱胁迫显著提高IAA、Z+ZR和ABA的质量分数,降低GAs的质量分数,而重度干旱胁迫显著降低IAA和Z+ZR的质量分数,提高ABA和GAs的质量分数。说明,小麦弱势粒对干旱胁迫的敏感性强于强势粒,适度干旱有利于小麦籽粒灌浆,而重度干旱对小麦籽粒灌浆存在明显抑制作用。干旱胁迫对小麦籽粒灌浆的影响与多种内源激素的变化有关,不是通过某一种激素调节籽粒灌浆。     

内源激素与亚种间杂交稻籽粒灌浆的关系

为探明内源激素与亚种间杂交稻籽粒灌浆的关系，以不同籽粒充实度的亚种间杂交稻为材料，研究了其籽粒灌浆特征参数以及发育过程中IAA，GA3，Z和ABA4种主要内源激素含量的动态变化。结果表明：籽粒充实度低的亚种间杂交稻“两段灌浆”表现明显，经相关统计分析表明，孕穗期至开花期IAA和Z含量与起始灌浆势（Ro）、平均灌浆速率（Fmean）和籽粒充实率（GFP）均呈显著或极显著正相关，开花期至花后15d这一期间IAA，Z和ABA含量与Ro,Fmean和GFP呈显著正相关。在孕穗期至花后10d期间，IAA与Z含量呈极显著正相关；灌浆期IAA与GA3呈正相关。由此可见，“两段灌浆”的出现在一定程度上与籽粒内源IAA和Z的含量及其相互作用有关，且作用时期主要是孕穗期至开花期。     

杂交水稻及亲本灌浆期籽粒和叶片内源激素的变化

以杂交水稻“Tiyou418”及亲本为材料,测定和分析了水稻灌浆期籽粒和叶片的内源激素水平。结果表明：“Tiyou418”在灌浆期籽粒中脱落酸(ABA)的变化趋势与亲本不同,前期高,后期低;吲哚乙酸(IAA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)和赤霉素(GA1 3)的变化趋势与亲本相同,但后期积累较高的GA1 3;“Tiyou418”叶片中4种内源激素变化趋势与亲本相似,含量除GAl ,外都介于亲本之间;“Tiyou418”ABA粒／叶峰值出现早,父母本的峰值出现晚,父本C418灌浆前期ZR的粒／叶高。这说明灌浆前期籽粒中较高的ABA有利于灌浆,灌浆后期叶片中(GA1 3 ZR IAA)／ABA下降慢,有利于延缓衰老。     

两系杂交稻胚乳内源激素与粒重的关系

以两系杂交稻组合培两优E32和培两优500为材料,探讨水稻籽粒胚乳内源激素与粒重的关系.结果发现,籽粒胚乳内源IAA,GA3,Z变化趋势基本一致,随生育期延长先升后降,ABA则相反.灌浆前期较高的ABA/IAA值有利于籽粒灌浆,增加粒重,灌浆后期高ABA/AA值则不利于籽粒充实.多元同归分析表明,内源IAA,ABA,GA3和z之间存在不同程度的互作效应,其中IAA和ABA之间的互作效应对粒重影响达极显著水平.     

Causes of Poor Grain Plumpness of Two-Line Hybrids and Their Relationships to the Contents of Hormones in the Rice Grain

This study was designed to elucidate the grain filling characteristics and the causes of poor grain plumpness of some two-line hybrid rice combinations and their hormonal mechanism. Six varieties, including three two-line hybrid rice combinations,that show differences in seed-setting and grain filling, were used. And the contents of starch, sucrose, zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA), the ethylene evolution rate, activities of sucrose synthase (SuSase) and starch synthase (StSase) in grains, the seed-setting and grain filling rate were investigated. The correlations amongst these were analyzed. The results showed that the poor grain filling of two-line hybrids was mainly attributed to the higher unfilled grain rate and the lower filling degree of inferior grains. During the early and mid grain filling periods, the sucrose content in inferior grains was greater than that in superior grains for the combinations with poor grain filling, indicating that the substrate concentration was not the principal factor for their slow grain filling and poor grain plumpness of the inferior grains of two-line hybrids. Z + ZR, IAA, and ABA in superior grains were obviously greater than those in inferior grains at early grain filling stage. The maximum and mean contents of Z + ZR, IAA, and ABA were positively very significantly correlated with the maximum and mean grain-filling rate, filling degree, and gram weight.The evolution rate of ethylene was greater in inferior grains than in superior grains and greater for the combinations with poor grain plumpness than those with good grain plumpness at the early or mid filling stages. The evolution rate of ethylene was negatively and significantly correlated with the grain filling rate, the grain filling degree, and the grain weight.Spraying ethephon (ethylene-releasing agent) at the early grain filling stage increased the evolution rate of ethylene,reduced the ABA content and activities of SuSase and StSase, and decreased the grain filling degree and the grain weight.The results were reversed when cobatous nitrate (an inhibitor of ethylene synthesis) was applied. The results suggested that the hormones and their balance play a role in the regulation of grain filling and enzymatic activities, and the poor grain filling is attributed to the low contents of Z + ZR, IAA, and ABA, and the high evolution rate of ethylene in the inferior grains of some two-line hybrid rice combinations. The results suggested that hormones play important roles in the grain filling of some two-line hybrid rice combinations, and their filling degree can be improved by regulating the hormonal contents.     

Changes in Activities of the Key Enzymes Related to Starch Synthesis in Rice Grains During Grain Filling and Their Relationships with the Filling Rate and Cooking Quality

With 10 rice cultivars (lines) as materials, the changes in activities of adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGPase), starch synthase (SSase) and starch branching enzyme (Q-enzyme) in the grains during grain filling, and their relationships with the filling rate, gel consistency (GC), alkali spreading value (ASV) and amylose content (AC) were studied. The results showed that changes in activities of ADPGPase, SSase and Q-enzyme exhibited a single peak during grain filling, and the time of the activity peaks for the former two enzymes was earlier than that of the maximum grain-filling rate (Tmax), and the time reaching the peak for Q-enzyme was synchronous with Tmax. The activities at early grain filling stage, and the mean and maximum activities of each enzyme during grain filling period were positively and significantly or very significantly correlated with the mean and maximum grain filling rate and starch content (mg grain-1) in the grains.Activities of ADPGPase at all grain filling stages and those of Q-enzyme at the early and mid filling stages were not significantly correlated the cooking quality (GC, ASV and AC). SSase activities at the early filling stage were significantly and negatively correlated with GC and ASV, and positively correlated with AC. Activities of SSase at mid and late grain filling stages and Q-enzyme at the late filling stage were significantly and positively correlated with GC and ASV, and negatively correlated with AC. Spraying zeatin or abscisic acid at early grain filling stage could obviously regulate the activities of ADPGPase, SSase and Q-enzyme in the grains.     

根系化学讯号与稻米品质的关系

【目的】试图阐明水稻根系化学讯号与米质形成的关系。【方法】试验采用不同基因型的水稻材料，测定结实期根系玉米素（Z）＋玉米素核苷（ZR）、脱落酸（ABA）、1-氨基环丙烷1-羧酸（ACC）和根系分泌的有机酸以及稻米外观品质和蒸煮食味品质，并进行相关分析。【结果】表明灌浆中、后期根系Z＋ZR浓度与胶稠度及碱化值呈显著或极显著正相关（r＝0.72*～0.90**），与直链淀粉含量呈显著或极显著负相关（r＝-0.68*～-0.78**）；灌浆中期根系ABA浓度与胶稠度及碱化值呈极显著负相关（r＝-0.90** ～-0.91**），与直链淀粉含量呈极显著正相关（r＝0.87**）；灌浆中期根系ACC浓度与垩白粒率和垩白度呈极显著正相关（r = 0.97**～0.98**），灌浆后期根系ACC浓度与米粒的垩白度和垩大小呈极显著正相关（r = 0.69*～0.96**）。结实期根系分泌的苹果酸和琥珀酸越多的品种，其稻米淀粉谱的崩解值越大，消解值越小；而根系分泌的酒石酸和柠檬酸越多的品种，结果则相反。根系分泌乳酸较多的品种，稻米的胶稠度和碱化值较小，直链淀粉含量较高。结实期外源ZR、ABA和ACC处理根系后对稻米品质的影响，与内源激素(Z+ZR, ABA, ACC)同稻米品质指标的关系基本吻合。施用菜籽饼作有机肥，可以提高根系苹果酸和琥珀酸浓度并增大崩解值和降低消解值。【结论】根系化学讯号对稻米品质的形成起重要作用，通过调控根系化学讯号，可以改善稻米品质。     

水稻育苗移栽旱种方式对米质的影响及其与籽粒激素浓度的关系

 【目的】探讨育苗移栽水稻在不同旱种方式下米质形成的特点及其与籽粒激素浓度的关系。【方法】试验以镇稻88（粳稻）和扬稻6号（籼稻）为材料,进行无覆盖旱种（裸种,BN）、地膜覆盖旱种（PM）和麦秸秆覆盖旱种（SM）处理,以常规水种（TF）为对照。【结果】与TF相比,BN和PM显著降低了产量,SM的产量与TF无显著差异。SM显著降低了垩白米率、垩白度和消减值,显著增加了胶稠度、碱消值和崩解值。BN和PM对上述稻米品质的影响与SM的相反。稻米直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量在各处理间无显著差异。两品种表现一致。结实期籽粒吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）、赤霉酸（GA1＋GA4）、玉米素（Z）＋玉米素核苷（ZR）浓度在灌浆早期处理间差异很小,在灌浆中、后期则表现为SM＞TF＞PM＞BN,乙烯释放速率则表现为BN＞PM＞TF＞SM。籽粒脱落酸（ABA）浓度在SM、PM和TF之间无显著差异。在各处理中,BN籽粒ABA浓度在灌浆前期最低,灌浆中后期则最高。灌浆中后期籽粒IAA和GA1＋GA4、灌浆前中期籽粒ABA及灌浆各期籽粒Z＋ZR浓度与粒重、出糙率、精米率和崩解值呈显著或极显著正相关（r=0.71*～0.96**）,与消减值呈显著或极显著负相关(r=-0.76*～-0.91**)。灌浆后期籽粒IAA和Z＋ZR浓度与垩白粒率和垩白度呈显著或极显著负相关（r=-073*～-0.85**）。灌浆各期籽粒乙烯释放速率与粒重、出糙率、精米率、碱消值和崩解值呈显著或极显著负相关（r=-0.71*～-0.91**）,与垩白粒率、垩白度和消减值呈显著或极显著正相关（r=0.73*～0.93**）。【结论】覆草旱种可以改善稻米品质,裸地旱种和覆膜旱种则使品质变差;促进型激素浓度的降低和乙烯产生的增加是裸地旱种和覆膜旱种稻米加工品质和外观品质较差的重要原因。     

Relationship Between Root Chemical Signals and Grain Quality of Rice

This study was designed to elucidate the relationship between root chemical signals and the quality of rice. Various rice genotypes were used. Zeatin （Z） ＋ zeatin riboside （ZR）, abscisic acid （ABA）, 1-aminocylopropane -1-carboxylic acid （ACC）, and organic acids in roots during grain filling and the appearance quality, cooking/eating quality were investigated. The correlations among them were analyzed. The results showed that Z ＋ ZR concentrations in the roots at mid- and lategrain-filling stages were significantly and positively correlated with the gel consistency and alkali spreading value （r = 0.72^＊ - 0.90^＊＊）, whereas negatively correlated with the amylose content （r = -0.68^＊ - -0.78^＊＊）. ABA concentrations in roots at mid- grain-filling stage were significantly and negatively correlated with the gel consistency and alkali spreading value （r = -0.90^＊＊-0.91^＊＊）, and positively correlated with the amylose content （r = 0.87^＊＊）. ACC concentrations in root exudates at mid-grain-filling stage were very significantly correlated with the percentage of chalky grains and chalkiness （r = 0.97^＊＊ - 0.98^＊＊）, and those at late-grain-filling stage Were significantly correlated with chalkiness and chalky size （r = 0.69^＊ - 0.96^＊＊）. The more the malic acid and succinic acid exuded from roots for a cultivar, the greater the breakdown values and the smaller the setback values in the starch profile, and the results were reversed for a cultivar with more tartaric acid and citric acid exuded from roots during the grain-filling period. The cultivar with more lactic acid in exudates had smaller gel consistency and alkali spreading values, but had greater amylose content. When roots were treated with exogenous ZR, ABA, and ACC during grain filling, effects of the chemicals on the rice quality were consistent with the relationships of the endogenous hormones （Z ＋ ZR, ABA, and ACC） with the quality indexes. Using rape cake as organic fertilizer can increase the concentrations of malic acid and succinic acids exuded from roots as well as the breakdown value in starch profile and reduce the setback value. The results suggest that root chemical signals play important roles in the formation of rice quality, and dee quality could be improved through regulating the signals.     

The Influence of Endogenous Hormones on Culture Capability of Different Explants in Rice

The endogenous hormones (EHs) content of different explants (anther, young panicle, young embryo and mature embryo)and calli with different culture capability were analyzed by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the contents and ratio of endogenous hormones were one of the key factors affecting callus induction frequencies (CIF) and green plantlet differentiation frequencies (GPDF). The influence of endogenous hormones of different explants on CIF represented as: Zoatin ribosile (ZR) showed negative effect, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) did positive effect, and gibberellic acid (GA) did negative effect except for mature embryos. The influence of endogenous hormones on green plantlet differentiation frequency (GPDF) showed: IAA and GA were negative effect; abscisic acid (ABA) and zeatin+ zeatin riboside (Z+ZR) were positive effect. The mixture ratio of endogenous hormones played a role on CIF and GPDF. IAA/Z+ZR had a positive effect on CIF, and there was a notable positive correlation between Z+ZR/IAA and GPDF, so was between ABA/IAA and GPDF.