北芪五加颗粒长期毒性试验研究

为考察北芪五加颗粒对动物的安全性,采用大鼠进行长期毒性试验。设北芪五加颗粒原料(5、2.5、1.25g/kg)剂量组及空白对照组,给药量分别相当于猪每日临床用量的100、50、25倍;给药28d后停药,各组抽取腹主动脉血进行血液学检测和血液生化指标测定,对心、肝、脾、肺、肾等脏器进行组织病理学检查。结果显示,北芪五加颗粒原料高、中、低剂量组与对照组相比除个别指标外,其余指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),未见与药物有关的病理变化。说明北芪五加颗粒临床应用安全。     

芩黄清肺散的急性毒性和长期毒性研究

为探索芩黄清肺散(Qinhuang qingfei powder,QQP)的安全性,对其进行急性毒性试验和长期毒性试验。急性毒性试验中,小鼠灌服QQP水煎液(6.00mg/g体重)1周,测定其半数致死量(LD50);长期毒性试验中,将96只SD大鼠随机分为高、中、低剂量组(QQP 32.00、16.00、8.00mg/g体重,相当于临床拟用剂量的96、48和24倍)和对照组。每组24只,雌雄各半。QQP制成药化饲料,喂养30d。每周记录大鼠的饮水量、耗料量、体重及精神活动等,在喂养第30天和恢复期(第45天)分别对大鼠进行血液学、血液生化、病理学方面的检查。结果表明,急性毒性试验小鼠LD506.00mg/g体重,实际无毒;长期毒性试验中,各剂量组大鼠饮水量、耗料量、体重、血液学指标、血液生化指标和脏器系数与对照组相比均无显著差异(P0.05)。大鼠主要器官大体解剖和心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、睾丸/卵巢等脏器组织病理学检查未见任何病变。综合以上结果,芩黄清肺散临床用药具有安全性。     

中药芪五加可溶性粉对鸡临床用药安全性评价

为了考察中药芪五加可溶性粉对靶动物的安全性.本试验将芪五加可溶性粉以每1 kg体质量1.2、2、4 g,相当于3、5和10倍于推荐剂量给鸡内服,连续用药7d,给药后详细观察受试鸡的一般临床表现、采食量与体质量变化、血液学及血清生化指标、剖检与病理组织学变化以及器官指数等.结果,3、5和10倍临床推荐剂量的芪五加可溶性粉未引起试验鸡发病、死亡和其他毒性反应.试验鸡精神状态、饮食欲及粪便无异常,生长发育良好,红细胞数、血红蛋白含量、白细胞总数和分类计数以及各项血清生化指标均在正常范围.心、肺、肝、肾、法氏囊各脏器的脏器指数与对照组相比均无显著差异(P＞0.05),给药组鸡的法氏囊指数值较健康对照组有所增加.给药第3天时,3、5倍剂量组试验鸡的脾脏指数与健康对照组间有显著性差异(P＜0.05),其余各时间段各试验组鸡脾脏指数与健康对照组间均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).组织切片观察,各脏器组织结构形态未发现有任何异常病变.以上结果表明,芪五加可溶性粉对靶动物具有较高的安全性.     

芩黄清肺散的急性毒性和长期毒性研究

为探索芩黄清肺散（Qinhuang qingfei powder,QQP）的安全性,对其进行急性毒性试验和长期毒性试验。急性毒性试验中,小鼠灌服QQP水煎液（6.00 mg/g体重）1周,测定其半数致死量（LD₅₀）;长期毒性试验中,将96只SD大鼠随机分为高、中、低剂量组（QQP 32.00、16.00、8.00 mg/g体重,相当于临床拟用剂量的96、48和24倍）和对照组。每组24只,雌雄各半。QQP制成药化饲料,喂养30 d。每周记录大鼠的饮水量、耗料量、体重及精神活动等,在喂养第30天和恢复期（第45天）分别对大鼠进行血液学、血液生化、病理学方面的检查。结果表明,急性毒性试验小鼠LD₅₀>6.00 mg/g体重,实际无毒;长期毒性试验中,各剂量组大鼠饮水量、耗料量、体重、血液学指标、血液生化指标和脏器系数与对照组相比均无显著差异（P>0.05）。大鼠主要器官大体解剖和心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、睾丸/卵巢等脏器组织病理学检查未见任何病变。综合以上结果,芩黄清肺散临床用药具有安全性。     

羟甲香豆素微乳对大鼠的经皮亚慢性毒性试验

为了研究羟甲香豆素微乳对大鼠的经皮亚慢性毒性,本试验采用不同剂量涂皮染毒法,从大鼠的临床表现、体重变化、血液生理指标、血液生化指标、脏器指数及脏器病理等方面来观察羟甲香豆素微乳对大鼠产生的毒性反应。结果显示:高剂量羟甲香豆素微乳剂能显著降低大鼠体重和血液红细胞数(P<0.05),对血清丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、尿素氮及总胆红素有显著影响(P<0.05);羟甲香豆素微乳对大鼠的脏器指数、总蛋白、白蛋白葡萄糖、肌酐及总胆固醇无显著差异(P>0.05);对大鼠肝、肺及肾脏有一定程度的损害,对心脏、脾、卵巢、睾丸及皮肤未见病理损害作用。     

子宫灌注剂宫得健的长期毒性试验

以宫得健高剂量40mL/kgBW和低剂量4mL/kgBW每天给大鼠灌胃,连续8周,观察大鼠的毒性反应。结果大鼠的行为活动均正常,灌药组大鼠的体重、脏器系数、血液学指标与对照组相比,差异不显著（P〉0.05）;高剂量组大鼠的总蛋白与对照组相比,差异显著（P〈0.05）,但仍在生理正常值内,其余血液生化指标无明显变化（P〉0.05）。灌药组大鼠的脑、心、肝、肾、肺、胃经肉眼观察及病理组织学检查,均未见可见的病理变化。     

新兽药喹烯酮亚慢性经口毒性研究

研究了新兽药喹烯酮对大鼠的亚慢性毒性作用.SD大鼠连续6个月经口染毒,剂量分别为32.8、164、820 mg/(kg bw·d),观察染毒期间大鼠一般情况、体重和进食量,于染毒第3和第6个月进行血常规和生化指标检测,取染毒第6个月大鼠的尿分析尿常规指标;染毒结束时处死全部实验动物,计算脏器系数,进行组织病理检查并分析喹烯酮对脏器的损害情况.研究结果表明,820 mg/(kg bw·d)剂量组雄、雌性动物分别有2、3只死亡,且动物的体重明显低于对照组,脑、肺、肝、脾等主要脏器的脏器系数及雄性动物总蛋白、白蛋白含量均显著高于对照组,病理组织学检查发现肝胆管增生;164 mg/(kg bw·d)剂量组雄性大鼠肝、脾、睾丸和雌性大鼠脑、心、肝脏的脏器系数显著高于对照组.因此,新兽药喹烯酮对大鼠的最大无作用剂量为32.8 mg/(kg bw·d).     

蝉花菌质在饲料中应用的安全性研究

试验通过蝉花菌质亚慢性毒性评价其安全性,为蝉花菌质作为饲料原料在畜牧行业的应用提供理论依据。试验设50000 mg/kg饲料（高）、10000 mg/kg饲料（中）和2000 mg/kg饲料（低）三个剂量组,另设一个阴性对照组,对大鼠连续染毒90 d,分析受试大鼠的食欲、饮水、增重、血液学指标、血液生化指标和病理学指标。研究结果表明：蝉花菌质在2000～50000 mg/kg饲料剂量内连续染毒90 d,受试大鼠高、中、低三个剂量组平均日采食量分别较对照组提高了0.31%、0.89%、0.19%,受试大鼠高、中、低三个剂量组平均日饮水量分别较对照组提高了2.91%、2.48%、1.06%,受试大鼠高、低两个剂量组平均日增重分别较对照组提高了0.53%、0.26%,受试大鼠中剂量组平均日增重分别较对照组降低了0.47%,但以上均无显著性差异（P> 0.05）;受试大鼠的血液学指标、血液生化指标和病理学指标与阴性对照组相比也均无显著性差异（P> 0.05）;在试验中期和试验结束时对高剂量组及阴性对照组试验大鼠的心、肝、脾、肾、十二指肠等主要脏器的组织切片进行观察发现,受试物高剂量...     

双甲脒的毒性和病理形态学观察

双甲脒为新一代高效广谱杀虫杀螨剂，本文对大鼠肝，肾，肾上腺及生殖腺（卵巢，睾丸）等脏器进行了组织形态学观察，各剂量组对卵巢，睾丸及胃肠均有不同程度影响；卵巢可见扩张充血，雄性动物曲细精管内精子减少，高剂量组有统计学差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

防治禽小肠球虫病中草药组方药物毒性安全性评价试验研究

本试验根据国家《中药天然药物长期毒性研究指导原则》,对建立的防治禽小肠球虫病中草药组方药物开展安全性评价研究。试验结果表明,小鼠最大给药剂量(MTD)为40g/kg(生药),且无明显的毒性反应;大鼠(SD品系)按8g/kg、4g/kg、2g/kg3个高、中、低给药剂量连续灌药35d,试验大鼠的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、睾丸、卵巢等主要脏器组织未见明显病理组织学变化,通过大鼠凝血系统、血液生化主要检测指标分析结果显示均未见显著异常,且与各剂量组的给药变化及剂量未见明显的规律性及相关性。从而推测,本试验用中草药组方药物无毒理学意义,具有较高的使用安全性。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -