野生大豆抗花叶病毒病研究

通过对800余份野生大豆对大豆花叶病毒抗性的接种鉴定,总结出适合于野生大豆抗花叶病毒病的鉴定方法。筛选出植株抗病材料2份,中抗材料11份,其余的材料都表现中等以上的感病。植株抗性与种籽传病率有一定关系但不呈正相关,选出5份种籽传病率稳定表现为零的材料。没有发现能抗大豆花叶病毒东北三个株系的材料。探讨了野生条件下不发或很少发生花叶病毒病的原因。     

野生大豆抗大豆花叶病毒病评价、聚类及性状间相关分析

对来源于河北东部沿海地区的85份野生大豆材料进行田间抗大豆花叶病毒病评价、聚类及性状间相关分析.结果表明:在85份野生大豆中,抗病材料5份,中抗材料14份,中间型材料23份,感病材料43份,分别占供试材料的5.8%、16.4%、27.1%和50.5%;开花到成熟期天数和野生大豆抗SMV反应呈显著正相关,开花到成熟期天数对野生大豆抗SMV反应直接作用最大,通过其它性状所起的作用相对较小.聚类分析表明:Bian0526与其它供试野生大豆的亲缘关系较远,与其杂交有可能产生较大的杂种优势.     

大豆品系抗SMV评价及亲本来源分析

由大豆花叶病毒(Soybean mosaic virus,SMV)引起的大豆花叶病毒病是大豆生产中普遍发生、危害严重的一种病毒病害。为筛选抗SMV品种,采用我国黄淮大豆产区SMV优势株系SC3和SC7,人工摩擦接种评价了815份大豆品系对SMV的抗性并分析了其亲本来源。结果表明:对SMV株系SC3和SC7分别表现高抗的有136和42份,占鉴定品系数的16. 69%和5. 15%;对SC3和SC7均表现高抗的有13份,占比为1. 60%;对两个株系均表现抗病的有215份,占26. 38%。表现高抗和抗病的大豆品系如H62509、H63001、H61927、W633619和W636513等通过审定后进行推广将对SMV的控制起到关键作用。对选育品系的亲本来源进行分析发现,以山东材料作为母本育成高抗品系的概率最高,而用安徽材料作为父本育成高抗品系的概率最高。研究结果将为大豆抗SMV育种提供可参考的信息。     

大豆抗大豆花叶病毒研究进展

由大豆花叶病毒(soybean mosaic virus,SMV)引起的大豆花叶病毒病是一种世界性大豆病害,严重地影响了大豆的产量和品质.本文介绍了国内外大豆抗SMV的最新研究进展,主要包括:抗源筛选、抗性遗传、抗性基因的精细定位和分子标记辅助选择以及大豆对SMV候选抗性基因的研究等,并对该领域的研究进行了初步展望,以期为大豆抗SMV分子育种和抗性候选基因的功能研究提供参考.     

大豆抗花叶病毒材料初步筛选及评价

采用田间自然发病鉴定方法对来自南方8个省的340份大豆地方品种及育成品种(系)进行了大豆花叶病毒病(SMV)抗性初步鉴定筛选。结果表明:在340份大豆资源中,免疫材料21份,抗病材料159份,中间型材料100份,感病材料44份,高感材料16份,分别占供试材料的6.18%、46.76%、29.41%、12.94%和4.71%。免疫型材料主要来自湖南、江西和广东。选出小区产量高且对SMV免疫的育成品种(系)1份:粤夏124,地方品种4份:ZDD06803、ZDD14319、ZDD06529、ZDD14389,这些材料可以作为广西SMV抗性育种的备选材料。     

大豆花叶病毒病的抗性研究进展

近几年来大豆对大豆花叶病毒病的抗性研究侧重于三个方面:1.筛选抗性基因并应用于抗性遗传与育种研究;2.研究不同抗源的抗性基因的遗传模式及其关系;3.通过SMV的外壳蛋白基因序列分析来鉴定株系及病毒蛋白酶的作用。     

东北地区大豆种质资源SMV3号株系抗性评价及农艺性状分析

大豆花叶病毒病是危害大豆的世界性病害之一,防治该病最经济有效的方法是培育抗病品种,而抗性种质资源的筛选是培育抗病品种的基础。为筛选抗SMV品种,本研究采用摩擦接种法,以主要来源于东北地区的349份大豆种质资源为供试材料,在2017和2018年连续2年人工接种SMV3号株系,对其抗性进行了评价。结果表明:在349份供试材料中高抗6份,占总数的1.72%,分别为九农6号、铁丰18、黑农40、黄金塔、黑滚豆和丹东金黄豆;抗病20份,占总数的5.73%;中抗35份,占10.03%;感病264份,占75.64%;高感24份,占6.88%。抗病品种的相关农艺性状与病情指数的灰色关联分析结果表明:生育日数与病情指数的关联度最高,为0.524 2,其它农艺性状与病情指数的关联大小顺序为:百粒重株高茸毛色粒色花色。本研究鉴定出的抗病种质资源,可以为东北春大豆抗花叶病毒病育种提供重要的抗源材料。     

湖北省大豆区试花叶病毒病抗性鉴定方法的探讨

大豆花叶病毒病(SMV)是大豆生产上的主要病害之一,将我国SMV划分为SC1～SC22共22个株系。大豆对SMV存在抗侵染和抗扩展两类不同的抗性机制,抗侵染具有株系专化性,并且大豆SMV株系不断发生变异和进化。湖北省大豆区试根据参试品种对SC3和SC7接种鉴定结果一票否决,这个标准在执行大豆区试过程中,发现有的品种综合表现很好,田间根本没有感染SMV而接种鉴定结论是高感,有的品种田间SMV发病比较严重而接种鉴定结论是中抗或高抗,针对这一现象查阅了大量文献,综合各种因素,提出对湖北省大豆区试中SMV鉴定方法的建议。     

大豆花叶病毒及抗性遗传的研究进展

大豆花叶病毒病是大豆主要病害之一,国内外还没有统一的SMV株系划分体系,各地分别采用一套不同的鉴别品种对当地SMV进行株系划分。美国已鉴定并命名了对SMV4个不同位点的抗性基因Rsv1-Rsv4,多数研究认为,大豆对SMV不同株系的抗侵染分别由1对显性基因控制。据报道,分别对6个株系的抗性基因Ra、Rsc7、Rsc8、Rsc9、Rn1、Rn3相互连锁,位于N8-（D1b＋W）连锁群上;大豆对SMV的抗病、坏死以及花叶三类症状由一组复等位基因控制;大豆不仅存在时SMV的抗侵染,而且存在抗扩展,抗扩展由一对加性主基因和加性-显性多基因共同控制;国内利用杂交或回交方法,培育出齐黄22、汾豆60等一批抗病品种。     

农家大豆种质对花叶病毒病N1和N3株系的抗性鉴定

农家品种作为重要的种质资源,其抗病性鉴定对大豆遗传育种材料的选择至关重要。采用摩擦接种法对46份农家大豆种质进行N1和N3株系的抗性鉴定。结果表明:对N1株系表现高抗的农家种质为6份,分别是铁荚子、天鹅蛋、青仁黑豆、黑豆、大青仁和冬豆;对N3株系表现高抗的农家种质为6份,分别是铁荚子、天鹅蛋、青仁黑豆、黑豆、化眉豆和小白脐;对N1和N3株系均表现高抗的种质为4份,分别是铁荚子、天鹅蛋、青仁黑豆、黑豆。这为SMV抗性育种奠定了材料基础。利用前期研究获得的与大豆花叶病毒病抗性基因相关的SSR标记Satt114,进行分子辅助鉴定,46份农家种质通过Satt114分子辅助鉴定,共筛选出8份抗大豆花叶病毒病种质,分别是铁荚子、黑豆、天鹅蛋、大青仁、青仁黑豆、冬豆、丰地黄、小白脐,其中丰地黄和小白脐的鉴定结果与摩擦接种法的鉴定结果不符,需进一步试验鉴定。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).