人类胚胎干细胞研究述评

对人类胚胎干细胞(hESCs)的来源、培养方法、建系条件、生物学特性和鉴定方法、遗传操作及其需解决的问题进行了讨论。提出目前研究的重点在于揭示维持ES细胞多能性和自我更新的机理,进一步优化人类和其他哺乳动物类ES细胞的分离、培养、建系方法,探讨其定向分化机理,建立胚胎干细胞(ESCs)和胚胎生殖细胞(EGCs)的大规模快速扩增技术;完善hESCs向重要功能细胞(生殖细胞)分化的体系;单细胞比对分析ESCs、畸胎瘤细胞(ECSs)、EGCs、类胚体(EBs)、各级生殖细胞和成体细胞的基因及蛋白表达图谱,以探求生殖细胞、成体细胞、ESCs、ECSs、EGCs的本质区别,积极开展将ES细胞用于治疗人类疾病模型的研究。     

胚胎干细胞的分离克隆

从全能性或多能性细胞获取、分化抑制物选择、培养基、分离方法、鉴定、保存等６个方面，对胚胎干细胞的分离培养体系的建立进行了系统综述。     

哺乳动物ES细胞与EG细胞研究进展

综述了国内外对哺乳动物ES细胞和EG细胞的研究概况, 并着重讨论了近年来国内对于ES/EG细胞的饲养层制备、诱导分化、种系嵌合与成纤维细胞的冷冻保存等方面的研究进展.探讨了ES细胞与EG细胞的共同特征及其起源的差异,指出EG细胞与ES细胞相比,具有培养材料易获得、存在时间长、无种间差异等优点.     

由猪囊胚内细胞团分离胚胎干细胞的研究

以 PMEF为饲养层培养猪 7～ 9日龄囊胚分离 ES细胞 ,ICM初次传代时间为 4～ 7d,ES细胞传代时间为 4～ 5 d,ES细胞传至 1～ 5代的胚胎数分别为 1 2 (1 8.8% ) ,8(1 2 .5 % ) ,5 (7.8% ) ,3(4 .7% ) ,2 (3.1 % ) ,并进行体外分化和 AKP染色鉴定。对影响猪 ES细胞分离与克隆的因素进行比较 ,结果表明 :(1 ) 9和 1 4日龄小鼠胎儿 PMEF饲养层培养 9日龄猪囊胚 ,贴壁率 (83.3% ,88,9% ) ,ICM形成率 (75 .0 % ,77.8% )和 1代 ES细胞克隆率(2 5 .0 % ,2 2 .2 % )无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。 (2 ) 7,8和 9日龄胚胎随胚龄增加 ,胚胎贴壁率 (5 .9% ,5 7.1 % ,87,9% )和 ICM形成率 (0 .0 % ,2 8.6 % ,81 .8% )升高 ,差异显著 (P<0 .0 1 )。(3) 9日龄囊胚直径 0 .8～ 1 .2 m m培养36～ 4 8h贴壁 ,贴壁率 1 0 0 % ,ICM形成率 1 0 0 % ;直径 >1 .2 mm囊胚贴壁时间为 4 8～ 72 h,贴壁率 5 7.1 % ,ICM形成率 5 7.1 % ,差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 )。去除直径 >1 .2 m m囊胚部分滋养层细胞培养 36～ 4 8h,贴壁率 91 .7% ,ICM形成率 83.3% ;(4 )添加外源 L IF没有提高贴壁率 (86 .4 % ,90 .9% ;P>0 .0 5 )和 ICM形成率 (81 .8% ,81 .8% ;P>0 .0 5 )     

Europe confronts the embryonic stem cell research challenge

Europe's historic plurality and the lack of a commonly accepted definition of the moral status of the embryo have led to varying regulation in European countries. Council of Europe and European Union legislation, based on fundamental ethical principles, does exist for specific issues, such as prohibition against producing embryos solely for research. Such principles have recently been elucidated by the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies. Newly emerging research techniques are beginning to cause reconsideration of the regulation of embryo research in Europe.     

Histocompatible embryonic stem cells by parthenogenesis

Genetically matched pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells generated via nuclear transfer or parthenogenesis (pES cells) are a potential source of histocompatible cells and tissues for transplantation. After parthenogenetic activation of murine oocytes and interruption of meiosis I or II, we isolated and genotyped pES cells and characterized those that carried the full complement of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens of the oocyte donor. Differentiated tissues from these pES cells engrafted in immunocompetent MHC-matched mouse recipients, demonstrating that selected pES cells can serve as a source of histocompatible tissues for transplantation.     

Differentiation of embryonic stem cell lines generated from adult somatic cells by nuclear transfer

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are fully pluripotent in that they can differentiate into all cell types, including gametes. We have derived 35 ES cell lines via nuclear transfer (ntES cell lines) from adult mouse somatic cells of inbred, hybrid, and mutant strains. ntES cells contributed to an extensive variety of cell types, including dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in vitro and germ cells in vivo. Cloning by transfer of ntES cell nuclei could result in normal development of fertile adults. These studies demonstrate the full pluripotency of ntES cells.