虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素的提取及毒力的测定

报道了提取广西产虎纹捕鸟蛛 (Selenocosm ia huw ena) 毒素的方法。用冻干蛛毒对小鼠进行腹腔注射, 测定出虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素的LD50 为0.77 m g/kg, LD50的95% 可信限为0.72～0.82 m g/kg, 表明该毒素有很强的毒力。并观察到当用0.30 m g/kg 冻干蛛毒注射小鼠颅内时, 小鼠迅速抽搐5 s后即死亡     

6种杀菌剂对苹果轮纹病的毒力测定

采用生长速率法测定了6种杀菌剂对苹果轮纹病菌的毒力。结果表明,氟硅唑、戊唑醇、多菌灵对菌丝的抑制作用最为明显,氟硅唑在处理剂量为0.800 μg/mL时,抑制率为96.04%;戊唑醇在处理剂量3.200 μg/mL时,抑制率为96.21%;多菌灵在处理剂量0.320 μg/mL时,抑制率为92.20%。氟硅唑和多菌灵对苹果轮纹病菌的毒力较强, EC50分别为0.038 52 μg/mL和0.067 54 μg/mL;其次为戊唑醇和吡唑醚菌酯,EC50分别为0.154 8 μg/mL和1.504 23 μg/mL;苯醚甲环唑和异菌脲EC50分别为4.357 08 μg/mL和4.875 82 μg/mL。苯醚甲环唑对苹果轮纹病菌的毒力最弱。     

蛇床子素对6种植物病原真菌的毒力测定

采用生长速率法,在离体条件下测定了蛇床子素对6种植物病原真菌的室内抑制效果。结果表明,蛇床子素对供试6种植物病原真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中对向日葵菌核病病菌的毒力最强,其EC50值为3.628 μg/mL,相关系数为0.942 9;对西瓜蔓枯病病菌的毒力次之,其EC50值是3.940 μg/mL,相关系数为0.992 5;对葡萄灰霉病病菌的的毒力居第3位,其EC50值为4.153 μg/mL,相关系数为0.988 8;对葡萄炭疽病、棉花枯萎病病菌的毒力也较强,其EC50值分别为5.569、4.996 μg/mL,相关系数分别为0.937 7、0.962 1;对玉米茎基腐病病菌的毒力最弱,EC50值为11.371 μg/mL。     

11种杀菌剂对梨树黑斑病菌的室内毒力测定

为筛选出防治梨黑斑病的高效低毒杀菌剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了 11种杀菌剂对梨树黑斑病菌的毒力。结果表明:40%氟硅唑乳油对梨树黑斑病菌丝的毒力最强,EC50 值最低,为0.401 6 μg/mL;其次是10%苯醚甲环唑乳油、20%丙环唑乳油、25%戊唑醇乳油,EC50 值分别为1.478 0、2.018 5、4.101 0 μg/mL;1.5%噻霉酮乳油和75%百菌清可湿性粉对菌丝的抑制效果相对较差,EC50较高,分别为886.52、759.468 μg/mL。11种杀菌剂对梨树黑斑病菌菌丝生长均有抑制作用。     

黄化英红九号红茶体外抗氧化活性分析

以黄化英红九号红茶为材料,分析其茶多酚及儿茶素含量,测定其FRAP铁离子还原能力、 DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力,以揭示黄化英红九号的抗氧化机理。结果表明,黄化英红九号红茶中茶多酚、 EGC、 C、 EC、 EGCG、 GCG和ECG与英红九号有显著差异,其多酚提取物抗氧化活性随质量浓度增大,活性增强。黄化英红九号多酚提取物平均EC50分别为6.01μg/m L(FRAP)和4.63μg/m L(ABTS)极显著低于英红九号(7.13μg/m L和6.03μg/m L), DPPH EC50为3.59μg/m L,与英红九号(3.90μg/m L)没有显著差异。相关性分析表明, FRAP、 DPPH EC50值与茶多酚、 EGC、 C、 EC、 GCG和ECG呈极显著负相关; ABTS EC50值与茶多酚、 EGC相关性达到极显著水平,相关系数分别为-0.621 0和-0.535 3。因此,黄化英红九号红茶多酚提取物具有优良的抗氧化活性。     

蚯蚓粪基质及肥料添加量对茄子穴盘育苗影响的试验研究

将蚯蚓粪和蛭石按2∶1(v/v)的比例组成复合基质,然后添加不同数量的CO(NH2)2和KNO3,用于茄子穴盘育苗。结果表明:通过添加适量的肥料,可以明显提高复合基质的EC值,改善茄子的出苗率、幼苗叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率,显著促进幼苗植株的生长发育。根据壮苗指数,筛选出最佳肥料添加量是CO(NH2)20.2 kg/m3和KNO30.4 kg/m3。研究结果为利用蚯蚓粪替代草炭培育茄子健壮穴盘苗提供了科学施肥依据。     

香樟优良无性系快繁技术的研究

选择得油率1.4%以上,其樟油含醇量96%以上、芳樟醇含量93%以上、樟脑含量低于0.1%的三年生香樟,以当年生嫩枝为外植体进行快繁技术研究。结果表明:无菌活体获取率最高的是每年2、3月接种的,1月接种的次之;筛选出适宜香樟组织培养的基本培养基为M S2[M S C a(NO3)2.4H2O 200 m g/L];继代芽培养理想的激素组合为6-BA 3.0~3.5 m g/L IAA 2.0 m g/L,继代周期25~30 d,芽增殖3.5倍,年繁殖数5.31×105;M S2 IBA 3.0 m g/L NAA 1.5 m g/L 氯化胆碱50~100 m g/L是不定根诱导的适宜培养基,生根率达86.7%;组织培养再生植株移栽成活率最高的基质是塘泥,成活率达85%。     

土壤肥料学科中的量和单位7.尚未列入国家标准的土肥学科常用量及其单位

7.1 以克每千克gram per kilogram g/kg为单位的含量(实际为B的质量分数wB表示的含量)[1] [土壤]全氮含量[soil]total nitrogen content w(N,t)(ISO11261:1995(E)规定量及单位符号:wN和mg/g)以及(以下省略[土壤]和"含量"字样)全磷w(P,t);全钾w(K,t);碳酸钙w(CaCO3);总碳w(C,t);有机碳w(C,o);有机质w(om);水分w(H2O)(ISO10694:1995(E)规定量符号总碳-wc,t,有机碳-wc,o;单位符号:mg/g;ISO11465:1993(E)规定土壤水含量的单位符号%(m/m)与GB3101-93相悖,不应采纳)石膏gypsum content w(CaSO4·2H2O),全硫w(S,t).换算:1%=10 g/kg.     

有机物料与化肥配施改良盐碱耕地的效果研究

为促进盐碱耕地的快速改良和高效利用,研究了鲁西北内陆盐碱耕地在等氮量投入条件下施用有机物配施化肥对盐碱耕地的改良作用和效果,试验设置了对照(不施肥),单施化肥,牛粪与化肥配施,麦秸与化肥配施共4个处理,各施肥处理按等氮量投入。结果表明,每公顷施用牛粪75 m~3配施化肥、麦秸75 000 kg与化肥配施的改良作用明显优于单施化肥和对照处理。(1)耕层0～20 cm土壤有机质变化:施用牛粪加化肥处理由8.07 g/kg提高到11.18 g/kg,增加了3.11 g/kg;麦秸加化肥处理由8.26 g/kg提高到10.16 g/kg,增加了1.90 g/kg;而单施化肥处理由8.16 g/kg提高到8.52 g/kg,增加了0.36 g/kg,与不施肥(对照)无显著差异;(2)耕层EC值改变:施用牛粪加化肥处理由1.08 dS/m降低到0.43 dS/m,减少60.8%,盐渍化等级由中度改良为轻度;麦秸与化肥配施由1.05 dS/m降低到0.68 dS/m,减少35.5%,盐渍化等级由中度改良接近为轻度;单施化肥由1.07 dS/m降低到0.88dS/m,降幅为17.8%;盐渍化等级无明显变化;(3)土壤物理性状:牛粪与化肥配施和麦秸配施化肥处理的土壤总孔隙度分别增加38.5%和23.0%,土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌数量均有大幅度增加,土壤转化酶活性有显著提高;(4)作物产量大幅提高:冬小麦季,对照为738 kg/hm~2,单施化肥为3 832 kg/hm~2,牛粪配施化肥达到6 386kg/hm~2,麦秸配施化肥达到4 418 kg/hm~2,与单施化肥产量相比,牛粪与化肥配施增产65%,麦秸与化肥配施增产15%;夏玉米季,对照为1 528 kg/hm~2,单施化肥为4 263 kg/hm~2,牛粪配施化肥达到7 616 kg/hm~2,麦秸配施化肥达到6 352 kg/hm~2,与单施化肥产量相比,牛粪与化肥配施增产79%,麦秸与化肥配施增产49%。因此,盐碱地采取牛粪或麦秸与化肥配合施用,可增加土壤微生物数量,改善土壤结构,降低土壤盐分,大幅提高作物产量,是快速、绿色、高效改良盐碱地的有效措施。     

基于高寒矿区颗粒有机肥和羊板粪配施的无客土重构土壤理化性质分析

为解决高寒矿区恢复植被退化和土壤肥力下降等问题,选用颗粒有机肥与牧区羊圈羊板粪作为试验材料,对青海木里矿区不同坡度改良土进行双因素随机区组控制试验,以期为高寒矿区生态恢复提供理论依据。羊板粪与矿山渣土配比设置4个水平,分别为0∶10(0 m3/m²,S0)、1.5∶10(0.03 m³/m²,S1)、3∶10(0.06 m³/m²,S2)、4.5∶10(0.09 m³/m²,S3),颗粒有机肥施用量设4个水平,分别为0 kg/m²(M0)、1.2 kg/m²(M1)、2.4 kg/m2(M2)、3.6 kg/m2(M3),羊板粪与颗粒有机肥两两组合共16个处理。分析不同配施处理下试验小区土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性,研究结果表明：(1)M3S2处理下平地土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度分别是M0S0处理(对照)的3.9、4.1和1.8倍,土壤容重相比M0S0处理降低42.8%;M3S2处理...     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.