水分含量及处理时间对小麦秸氨化效果的影响

试验探讨水分含量及处理时间对小麦秸氨化效果的影响。采用4×4双因子设计,为4种水分添加量(0、20.00%、35.00%及50.00%)和4种氨化时间(3、4、5及6周)。在实验室用小塑料袋进行氨化,水分含量对小麦秸氨化后的干物质、粗蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量产生显著影响(P0.05),随水分含量增加,各组间干物质含量顺序显著下降;粗蛋白质含量为20.00%时加水组最高;中性洗涤纤维3个加水组间显著低于未加水组,但3个加水组无显著差异(P0.05)。处理时间对氨化后养分无显著影响(P0.05),但6周时粗蛋白质含量最高。水分含量与处理时间无显著差异(P0.05)。     

尿素氨化稻草饲喂绵羊效果

本试验用21只1岁阉羊分为3组,在日粮以供试粗料为基础,精料比例相同情况下比较研究稻草、氨化稻和草青干草的饲用价值。化学分析结果表明:稻草氨化后其粗蛋白由3.7％提高到8.5％,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)有所降低。76天饲养试验结果证明,日粮采食量氨化稻草组稍高于稻草,比青干草组略低,但各组间没有显著差异(P>0.05);试羊体增重氨化稻草组显著高于未氨化稻草组(P<0.05),较青干草组也稍高,组间差异不显著(P>0.05),通过消化试验证明氨化稻草的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的消化率均比未氨化稻草有明显增加(P<0.05),和青干草相比,除有机物消化率(OMD)外,其他各营养成分的消化率也稍高于青干草,而酸性洗涤纤维的消化率则显著地高于青干草(P<0.05)。以上结果表明氨化稻草的饲用价值与青干草相当或稍高。     

氨化对油菜秸秆营养成分及山羊瘤胃降解特性的影响

本试验旨在研究氨化对油菜秸秆营养成分及山羊瘤胃降解特性的影响。将粉碎的油菜秸秆用30%水和不同比例(10%、15%、20%)碳酸氢铵进行氨化处理,并于处理后7、14和21 d采集样品,与未氨化处理的油菜秸秆(对照)同时进行营养成分分析。然后采用尼龙袋法测定氨化和未氨化处理油菜秸秆的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解率。结果表明:氨化后油菜秸秆CP含量增加,粗脂肪(EE)、NDF和ADF含量下降,DM、粗灰分含量基本保持不变。氨化组油菜秸秆DM和CP有效降解率均显著高于对照组(P0.05);15%、20%碳酸氢铵氨化处理油菜秸秆ADF有效降解率均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综合得出,添加15%和20%碳酸氢铵氨化能显著提高油菜秸秆DM、CP和ADF的山羊瘤胃降解率,油菜秸秆经15%碳酸氢铵、30%水分条件下氨化处理效果最好、最经济。     

几种处理对柠条养分的影响及其在瘤胃内的降解

用3头瘘管羊,以尼龙袋法(in situ)测定黄贮柠条Caragana microphylla、氨化柠条、生化处理柠条等在瘤胃发酵6,12,24,36,48和72 h后粗蛋白(CP)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)的降解率。结果表明,与对照组相比,处理柠条CP含量都上升(P<0.05),其中氨化柠条粗蛋白上升最高,NDF、ADF和ADL含量却都有所下降;柠条以尼龙袋法在瘤胃内降解48 h后,氨化处理柠条各营养物质降解效果都表现出最好,CP降解率为56.62%,NDF降解率为47.03%,ADF降解率为37.08%,NDL降解率为35.58%,与其它各组相比,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

不同处理方法对稻草营养成分影响研究

试验对微贮、氨水氨化、尿素氨化和复合化学处理稻草在第30、60、90d的主要营养成分进行了分析测定。结果表明4种处理均可以降低稻草的粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维的含量。其中，氨水氨化、尿素氨化和复合化学处理可以提高稻草的粗蛋白质含量，但真蛋白质含量变化不大。     

不同处理方法对稻草营养成分影响研究

试验对微贮、氨水氨化、尿素氨化和复合化学处理稻草在第30、60、90d的主要营养成分进行了分析测定。结果表明4种处理均可以降低稻草的粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维的含量。其中，氨水氨化、尿素氨化和复合化学处理可以提高稻草的粗蛋白质含量，但真蛋白质含量变化不大。     

不同尿素水平对氨化秸秆消化率的影响

为了探索不同尿素水平对氨化秸秆品质的影响,试验采用尼龙袋法测定尿素浓度分别为2.0%、4.5%、7.0%DM 的氨化秸秆及未氨化秸秆在山羊瘤胃48 h 的养分消失率。试验结果表明,氨化稻草秸秆在瘤胃48 h的干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的降解率比未氨化稻草均有不同程度的增加,尤以尿素浓度为4.5%DM 的降解率为最高(p<0.05)。     

尿素与水用量对氨化谷草中粗蛋白质及结构性纤维成分的影响

试验探讨不同尿素与水用量对氨化谷草中粗蛋白(CP)含量及结构性纤维成分的影响,按2因素4水平3重复设计进行谷草氨化试验。尿素用量为谷草风干质量的3.00%、4.00%、5.00%和6.00%,水用量为20.00%、30.00%、40.00%和50.00%,氨化处理时间60 d。5.00%和6.00%尿素氨化谷草中的CP含量及CP提高率均极显著高于3.00%和4.00%尿素氨化谷草(P0.01)。4.00%和5.00%尿素氨化谷草的尿素氮(N)结合率极显著高于3.00%和6.00%尿素氨化谷草(P0.01)。随尿素用量的增加,氨化谷草中的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量降低。尿素用量对氨化谷草中酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、半纤维素和纤维素含量无显著影响(P0.05)。水用量对氨化谷草中CP及结构性纤维成分含量均未产生显著影响(P0.05)。综合分析,试验认为谷草氨化的适宜尿素用量为5.00%,水用量为40.00%~50.00%。     

氨化处理对豆秸营养价值的影响

本试验研究了用碳酸氢铵对豆秸进行氨化处理,测定了处理前后秸秆主要化学成分变化,并用尼龙袋法测定了其瘤胃干物质降解率。结果表明:与未处理秸秆相比,氨化处理后其粗蛋白质(CP)含量提高66.0%(P<0.01),中性洗涤纤维(NDF)降低4.5%(P<0.01),瘤胃干物质(DM)降解率提高15.3%(P<0.01),但钙磷无显著变化。     

化学预处理对稻草硅化程度的影响及其对瘤胃降解率的改善效果

本试验结合化学分析与电镜技术,探讨了氨化与碱化处理对稻草硅化程度的影响,分析了稻草硅化程度与降解率的相关性。化学分析显示,碱化或氨化处理稻草的总硅含量随氢氧化钠或碳酸氢铵处理剂量的增加而线性下降(P<0.01);可溶性硅含量随碳酸氢铵处理剂量的增加变化不显著(P>0.05),但随氢氧化钠处理剂量增加线性下降(P<0.01);总硅与稻草干物质降解率间存在极显著负相关(r=-0.560,P<0.01)。电镜观察发现,氢氧化钠处理的稻草茎表皮根毛皱缩、乳突和瘤状结构部分溶解,碳酸氢铵处理的稻草茎外表皮层部分脱落;氢氧化钠处理的稻草茎表皮有明显的降解优势,碳酸氢铵处理的稻草茎表皮瘤胃降解72h后仍保持完整的乳突和瘤状结构。上述结果表明,氨化和碱化处理可以在一定程度上降低稻草的硅化程度,借此提高稻草的降解率,但两者降低稻草硅化的程度与方式不同。氨化处理通过使稻草表皮层部分脱落,降低稻草总硅含量,但借此提高稻草降解率的作用较弱;碱化处理可使稻草表皮硅酸盐部分溶解,从而使稻草总硅含量、可溶性硅含量下降,加速稻草降解。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -