早熟高粱的配合力与杂种优势

由于缺乏高产早熟的高梁品种和杂交种,以及可赢利的良种繁育,这一作物在苏联南方地区尚未能普及。本项研究在全苏育种遗传研究所饲用作物和粒用豆科作物育种室进行了三     

芽用豆类作物诱变效应研究进展

现代工厂化芽菜产业快速发展,需要芽菜专用豆类作物优良品种作支撑.我国芽用豆类作物品种少,传统芽豆品种在产量或农艺性状方面存在一定缺陷,芽用豆类作物品种选育工作急需加强.诱变育种是快速选育芽用豆类作物品种的有效方法之一.文章阐述了物理诱变(γ射线、离子束射线、高能混合粒子场等)、化学诱变(EMS、NaN3、NQO等)和空间诱变对大豆、绿豆、豌豆、蚕豆、豇豆、小豆等芽用豆类作物的农艺性状、生长发育、生理生化特性、细胞及遗传物质的诱变效应,探讨了诱变新技术方法、诱变技术基础理论以及诱变后代高效筛选技术在芽用豆类作物品种选育上的应用前景,以期为芽用豆类作物品种选育提供理论和技术参考.     

现代数字育种技术的研究进展

现代计算机技术促进了作物育种技术的数字化进程.随着作物性状数据采集技术的发展成熟,作物育种过程中产生的数据呈指数增长,促使传统作物育种技术变革.作物育种过程中产生的数据类型十分复杂,数据的存储、分析和利用是作物育种技术的一个组成部分,促成了现代数字育种技术的迅猛发展.通过分析玉米育种过程中涉及到的各类数据,提出概念性的作物育种数据管理系统框架,并阐明各类数据之间的相互关系.完善的育种数据管理系统除核心数据库外,还包括多项数据分析模块,包括系谱树和亲缘分析、分子标记和基因定位、数据采集和性状分解、杂交组合和后代选择、育种策略分析、田间试验设计和统计分析、生长发育系统模拟和基因功能和调控网络等.数据分析模块可以根据作物育种实践的实际需要进行组合,但并非所有模块都是必需的.     

对纤维用亚麻辐射育种的体会

纤维用亚麻辐射育种是继系统选育、杂交育种之后发展起来的一项新的育种技术。它具有方法简便易行,效果显著等优点。已在各种作物的育种中广泛采用,取得了明显的效果。我所于六十年代初期开始亚麻辐射育种研究,采用辐射及辐射与杂交相结合的方法,先后选育出黑亚四号、黑亚六号,还选育出具有丰产、长麻率高、抗倒伏等优良性     

茶树种子辐射效应研究

引言应用各种射线照射农作物种子或其它器官,使之内部发生变化,引起作物遗传性改变,从而选出优质高产的作物新品种,是近代育种技术的发展,二十多年来,把辐射育种应用于茶树上,国内外均有研究,并且巳初步摸索出一些茶树辐射诱变育种的技术和措施。综合其它单位的试验,多以茶种作为     

关于高能重离子束辐射诱变北方粳稻育种方法的思考

高能重离子束(80 MeV/u)辐射作为一种新的诱变育种技术，已在小麦、甜高粱等作物育种上得到了应用，但在北方粳稻育种领域研发及应用还不多。2013年中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所利用国家大型重离子加速器装置，开展了高能重离子束(¹²C⁶⁺)辐射北方粳稻的诱变育种工作。经过10年的研发，创建了高能重离子束辐射北方粳稻“少而精”诱变育种技术体系。本文对辐射亲本选择、辐射参数确立、后代材料的种植和选择及新品种培育等方面进行了归纳总结，并对辐射亲本的敏感性、M1代材料的天然杂交、高世代材料的“疯狂分离”等方面的问题进行了探讨和思考，期望为今后水稻高能重离子束辐射诱变育种工作提供参考。     

江苏淮北夏大豆育种中诱变方法的运用

大豆育种一直以系统选育为主 ,随着生物技术发展 ,各种现代育种手段不断应用 ,70年代以后 ,人们采用理化诱变方法 ,培育出了铁丰 18、2 8、诱变 3 0、科丰3 4、诱处 4号等一大批有影响的品种 ,证明诱变育种是大豆育种中的有效手段之一。为此 ,从 1992年以来通过辐射 ,平阳霉素化学诱变剂处理大豆品系及低代材料 ,对辐照敏感性、突变性状、突变率及稳定性等进行了初步研究。1　材料与敏感性1 1　材料选择1993年、1995年分别选择了本地品种、引进品种、杂交二代材料进行辐照敏感性鉴定。1 2　处理方法用 1 6万、2 2万拉德 (Ｒａｄ)的γ射线与…     

航天诱变对棉花农艺经济性状的影响

航天育种是利用卫星、飞船等返回式航天器将作物的种子、组织、器官或生命个体搭载到宇宙空间,在强辐射、微重力、高真空等太空诱变因子的作用下,使其遗传性状发生变异,利用有益变异选育出农作物新品种的育种新技术.     

几个大麻品种种子辐射敏感性的初步确定

研究了4个大麻品种种子对60CoΥ射线的敏感性.结果表明,辐射剂量与出苗率呈负相关.在一定剂量范围内60CoΥ射线对种子出芽、幼苗株高有明显的抑制作用,且抑制程度随剂量的加大而增加.利用相对出苗率与辐射剂量拟合的线性回归方程计算出大麻的半致死剂量在1400～3500Gy间.本研究可为通过辐射育种创制大麻新种质提供重要的实验基础.     

信息技术在作物育种中的应用

作物育种是一项繁重的科研劳动，针对我国在作物育种过程中性状参数获取、分析利用等配套技术手段和设备落后的现状，国家农业信息化工程技术研究中心率先提出了精细育种的概念，以提高育种效率为目标，瞄准大规模、商业化育种需求，将现代信息科学技术与育种工作的关键环节紧密结合，进行育种信息化软硬件装备研究与示范应用。本文介绍了目前信息技术在种质资源管理、育种数据采集、育种过程数据综合管理分析等方面的应用。     

Improved metribuzin tolerance in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) by induced mutation and field selection

Narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a grain legume well adapted to sandy soils of a Mediterranean climate and is the major grain legume in Australia. Improved herbicide tolerance of lupin cultivars is now considered as top priority by the industry for effective weed management. This paper reports induced mutation by seed mutagenesis in metribuzin-sensitive but anthracnose resistant cv. Tanjil, selection for metribuzin tolerant mutants in the field and evaluation of the tolerant mutants to metribuzin and anthracnose resistance. Two highly tolerant mutants Tanjil-AZ-33 and Tanjil-AZ-55 were identified and they were the first reported metribuzin tolerant mutants. The estimated mutation rate was 2.5 × 10⁻⁵. Tanjil-AZ-33 was six times and Tanjil-AZ-55 was four times more tolerant to metribuzin than the original cultivar Tanjil and they were also more tolerant than the tolerant cv. Mandelup. Tanjil-AZ-33 was the most tolerant lupin germplasm. Disease nursery assessment over 2 years revealed that both mutants also retained anthracnose resistance. Seed yield under irrigation was 4.2 t/ha for Tanjil-AZ-33 and 1.9 t/ha for cv. Tanjil when the seedlings were treated with metribuzin at 300 g/ha at the six-leaf stage. Clearly the mutation process has created new tolerance to metribuzin, but did not alter the anthracnose resistance. The mutant Tanjil-AZ-33 has been used as a parent in the lupin breeding program as a source of both metribuzin tolerance and anthracnose resistance. Seed mutagenesis followed by field selection in M₂ proved to be an effective method to develop new tolerance to herbicides.     

多酚氧化酶活性与小麦抗穗发芽的关系及抗穗发芽新品种秦麦3号的选育

为更好地选育抗穗发芽小麦新品种,解决小麦生产中的穗发芽损失问题,以18个穗发芽抗性不同的小麦品种(系)为试材,以微喷人工降雨法诱导穗发芽,测定了发芽和未发芽籽粒的多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、酚含量和吸水率,并分析了他们与穗发芽抗性之间的关系。结果表明,PPO活性、吸水率均与穗发芽率呈显著正相关,即PPO活性、吸水率越低,穗发芽抗性越强;而酚含量与穗发芽率无相关性。同时,以PPO活性为抗穗发芽能力的筛选指标,从“昌农921×东方红3号”的杂交后代中培育出了高抗穗发芽的小麦新品种秦麦3号。     

杂交水稻种子穗萌遗传效应的研究

 以穗萌抗性水平不一的6个不育系和7个恢复系为亲本材料，采用不完全双列杂交的试验设计，并运用包括胚乳、细胞质和母体植株三套遗传体系的种子遗传模型及估算遗传方差分量和预测遗传效应值的统计分析方法，对杂交水稻种子穗萌特性的遗传效应进行了研究。结果表明，杂交水稻种子的穗发芽率同时受种子直接加性、种子直接显性和母体加性效应的影响，且以种子直接效应为主，不受细胞质和母体显性效应的影响。在选择育种中，田间穗上发芽率以单粒选为好。而穗萌指数同时受制于种子直接遗传效应、母体效应和细胞质效应，但母体植株中只测到显著的母体加性效应。     

Protein digestability of vegetables and field peas (Pisum sativum)

Protein digestibility was found to be 60.4 to 66.5 percent in raw unprocessed seeds of different pea cultivars. Protein digestibility (in vitro) was improved by the common methods of domestic processing and cooking including soaking, dehulling, ordinary cooking, pressure cooking and sprouting of legume grains. Pressure cooking had more pronounced effect on protein digestibility followed by ordinary cooking, sprouting, soaking for 18 h and (12 h) and dehulling. Pressure cooking of soaked and dehulled seeds was noticed to give most improved protein digestibility.     

小麦穗发芽的研究进展

小麦成熟期稳发芽是一种世界性的灾害，国内外育种家和生物化学家对此都很重视，1975～2001年先后举行了9次国际谷物收获前稳发芽研讨会，促进了该领域研究的深入开展。本文综速了小麦穗发芽发生的原因，详细介绍了影响稳发芽的α-淀粉酶、α-淀粉酶抑制蛋白以及小麦抗稳发芽育种等方面的研究进展。     

应用浸胚法转化寒地水稻的试验研究

本试验应用浸胚法对寒地水稻进行了遗传转化的试验探讨。浸胚法使用4%～8%的丙酮、0.2%～0.4%的SDS浸泡糙米,再加玉米总DNA溶液催芽,丙酮、SDS、总DNA溶液对种子的发芽进程均有抑制作用,同一物质间的抑制作用随浓度增加而增加,不同物质间对种子的发芽有不同程度的影响。D_1代在0.2%SDS+玉米黑301总DNA溶液的处理中出现变异植株;变异植株在穗型、分蘖、结实率、千粒重、穗部构成、叶色、粒型等性状与受体合江19号有显著的差异,变异为育种不利变异,连续四代研究了该变异植株的遗传变异,从其遗传变异规律看,这种变异植株可能为基因突变引起。     

河北省食用豆类生产研究现状及发展建议

介绍了河北省主要食用豆类的生产概况及资源研究和育种工作的主要内容及进展,分析了生产研究中存在的主要问题,并针对问题提出了今后的研究目标及发展建议.     

Legume Forage Quality

Abstract

Legume forage quality research is now concerned not only with nutritive value of forage for ruminant animals, but the impact of these nutrients on environmental quality. If we are to move to a more sustainable agriculture worldwide, more legumes must be incorporated into animal production systems. The goal of forage legume breeders is to tailor legume nutritive value to the needs of the consuming animals. A generalized priority list for legume nutritive value research includes high fiber digestibility, low anti-quality compounds, appropriate condensed tannins, reduced nonprotein nitrogen, and high sulfur amino acids. Although breeders have regularly found a wide range in forage quality within a given legume species, very few varieties with proven forage quality advantages have been released. Yield and persistence issues have dominated forage legume breeding. Improvement in forage quality often is linked to a reduction in yield and/or persistence, and also frequently results in complex genotype X environment interactions. Transgenic technology has almost limitless potential for improving legume forage quality and environmental quality, but only if the public can be convinced that transgenics are an acceptable risk. Structural and functional roles of legume plant cell walls and their relationships to forage quality are poorly understood. Research on the basic processes of forage legume growth and the relationships between growth and forage composition should result in the development of more accurate simulation models, and transgenic technology can provide us with the tools to understand these basic processes.     

QTL Analysis of Tuber Dormancy and Sprouting in Potato

Tuber dormancy and sprouting are important traits in commercial potato varieties. Since wild Solanum species can contribute new alleles in breeding, we combined Solanum chacoense and S. berthaultii species in a mapping population to develop a linkage map with genome wide markers and identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for tuber dormancy and sprouting. There was genetic variation for the evaluated traits and high correlation (0.80) between dormancy and apical dominance release. QTL for tuber dormancy and sprouting traits were mapped to the same or similar positions on chromosomes 2, 3, 5, and 7, explaining from 9.5% to 16.3% of the phenotypic variance. We identified candidate genes associated with all major phytohormone regulation in close linkage with the QTL. The QTL on chromosomes 2, 3 and 7 are good candidates for marker assisted breeding, since they were associated with dormancy and apical dominance release and should be useful to delay or accelerate tuber sprouting.     

小麦抗穗发芽基因挖掘及分子育种进展

穗发芽是影响小麦品质和产量的重要自然灾害之一。了解小麦穗发芽抗性遗传和分子基础,有助于穗发芽抗性改良。本文从穗发芽抗性QTL发掘、功能标记开发、穗发芽主要抗源以及抗穗发芽分子育种几方面对小麦穗发芽研究进展进行综述,并对今后小麦穗发芽抗性研究重点及育种思路进行讨论,以期为小麦穗发芽遗传研究和抗性育种提供参考。