24份木薯(Manihot esculenta)种质的遗传多样性研究

采用产量性状和12个表型性状聚类分析以及SSR标记技术,对不同产地来源的24份木薯(Manihot esculenta)种质遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明,依据12个表型性状在欧氏距离系数为39.353处可将供试的24个木薯种质分为3类,一些品种的表型性状与地理来源之间存在相关性;利用18对SSR引物对24份木薯种质进行多态性分析,共检测到154条带,其中多态性带145条,每一个位点上检测到5～12条,平均8.6条。材料间相似系数在0.510～0.967之间,平均相似系数为0.695。以相似系数0.78为结合点,可以将材料分为三大类。不同国家和地区来源的材料不能明显聚类,不同淀粉含量、干物质量分数的品种却聚在一起,且没有发现与淀粉含量、干物质量分数相关的特异性条带。农艺性状的聚类结果与SSR聚类的结果有很大的差异,说明木薯在长期的演化和自然选择过程中发生了显著的表型变化。     

热带水稻优异种质资源的表型遗传多样性分析

有效管理和充分挖掘遗传多样性丰富的稻种资源对水稻育种具有重要意义。利用15个表型性状对来自9个热带国家和地区的127份热带水稻育种优异种质进行综合评价,比较分析不同来源热带水稻优异种质的表型差异和遗传多样性指数。结果表明：热带水稻种质资源表型性状差异明显,数量性状的变异系数为7.0%～23.8%,平均为12.04%,其中单株穗数比较大,谷粒长较小;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分析结果表明,15个表型性状遗传多样性指数变化为0.603～2.066,平均为1.579,其中每穗总粒数比较高,穗型较小;9个不同来源地的热带水稻资源多样性指数为0.780～1.547,平均为1.219。不同来源的热带水稻种质各性状变异范围较大,各性状间存在显著差异,遗传多样性指数较高,可进一步发掘优异资源和有利基因,为培育和筛选优良热带水稻品种提供亲本来源。     

西南地区玉米地方种质的表型特性分析

采用田间试验, 分析评价来自西南地区50个玉米地方品种的表型特征。西南地区玉米地方品种在各农艺、经济性状上存在极显著差异, 经济性状的变异程度较农艺性状的变异程度高;多数玉米地方品种植株和穗位较高, 平均株高和穗位高分别高达2.64 m和1.38 m。根据主成分分析结果, 从供试材料中选出10个表现较优的地方品种。表型性状的聚类结果不能反映玉米地方品种的地理来源。西南地区玉米地方品种蕴藏丰富的优良种质, 有必要加强这一种质的保护与利用。     

基于表型性状的薏苡初级核心种质库构建

本研究以收集的248份薏苡种质资源为基础,按地理来源将标准化的14表型数据分组,采用最短距离逐步取样法并按一定比例抽样,共获得8个候选核心子集,利用变异系数变化率、均值差异百分率、极差符合率、方差差异百分率、表型保留比例、表型频率方差和Shannon-Wiener指数7个参数进行核心种质代表性检验和评价。结果表明：薏苡初级核心种质库包含67份资源,保留了原始种质27.02%的样品（25%组内取样比例）,其变异系数变化率、均值差异百分率、极差符合率、方差差异百分率、表型保留比例、表型频率方差和Shannon-Wiener指数的检验指标分别为110.05%、0、93.03%、10%、96%、0.655和0.881;t测验结果表明,核心种质库14个表型性状均值与原始种质无显著性差异,仅有3个表型的某一性状级别丢失,其余11个表型均保留了原始种质的所有性状级别（RPR=1.0）,保留表型性状级别比例为96.49%,且多数表型性状的变异系数和遗传多样性指数均略高于原始种质。其结果说明,获得的核心种质库代表性好,遗传多样性丰富。该结果为后期薏苡种质资源的收集、保护、创新利用奠定了重要基础。     

东乡野生稻重要耐逆性状及其分子机制研究进展

东乡野生稻是全球分布最北的普通野生稻,具有丰富的抗逆性状,其育种利用价值高。本文综述了近年来东乡野生稻在耐冷、耐旱及抗虫等重要耐逆性状及其分子机制研究方面取得的进展,以期为水稻耐逆性的进一步研究提供依据。     

不同地理来源的甘蔗梢腐病菌营养体亲和性研究

为探讨甘蔗梢腐病病原菌菌株的群体结构及种内的分化,以采自广西、云南、福建和海南等不同地区的30个甘蔗梢腐病菌株为材料,通过初步的分子生物学鉴定,发现30个甘蔗梢腐病菌株分属于2个不同的病原种。利用KCl O3培养基诱导筛选获得Nit突变体,其中1个菌株没有产生Nit突变体,剩下的29个菌株共产生266个Nit突变体。营养体亲和群的测定结果表明:9个菌株的VCG没有同一性,1个菌株组成1个VCG;不同地理来源的甘蔗梢腐病菌株间互不亲和,分属于不同的VCG;同一地理来源的甘蔗梢腐病菌株间亦不亲和;暗示引起甘蔗梢腐病的串珠镰刀菌属群体内存在丰富的VCG多样性,在不同的栽种地区群体结构变化很大,并且营养体亲和性与菌株的地理来源及寄主品种都没有明显的相关性。     

大豆耐密植相关性状遗传调控机制研究进展

密植是提高大豆单产的重要技术措施之一,大豆耐密植性是大豆品种的基因型与环境共同作用的结果。影响大豆品种耐密植特性的生长性状主要是株型性状和抗倒伏性等,其中株型性状包括株高、分枝数、叶柄长度和叶片大小等。研究人员通过对不同遗传群体进行解析,获得了多个控制相关表型的QTL位点并提出相关的候选基因。迄今在soybase网站中汇集了238个控制株高性状的QTL和68个与株高相关的QTN,21个与分枝相关的QTL,106个与抗倒伏性或茎秆强度相关的QTL位点。本文综述了大豆耐密植性相关性状遗传调控机制研究进展,以促进大豆耐密植遗传调控研究,为耐密植品种的分子设计育种提供参考。     

两种磷水平下玉米苗期根系性状的QTL定位

以耐低磷性状具有明显差异的玉米自交系X178和9782为亲本构建的重组自交系为研究材料,在正常供磷与低磷胁迫下对玉米苗期根系和地上部分干重等性状进行表型鉴定和QTL定位分析。结果表明,低磷胁迫下重组自交系地上部分干重下降最多,显示低磷胁迫下玉米苗期优先确保根系生长发育。两种磷水平下共检测到9个性状的16个QTL,主要位于第1染色体上,其中,正常磷水平下富集了5个QTL的bin1.06区域、低磷胁迫下集中了3个QTL的bin1.03区域可能是含有控制根系或磷利用相关性状基因的重要染色体区域。在定位的16个QTL中,位于第7染色体的根冠比QTLqRRS7_LP可解释表型贡献率高达14.06%,且增效等位基因来源耐低磷亲本X178,表明若对该位点进行分子标记辅助选择,可能会对耐低磷性状改良具有明显的选择效果。     

寒地不同积温带野生大豆表型性状研究

采用在黑龙江省13个行政区原生境采集和异地繁殖结合的方法,研究了寒地不同积温带野生大豆植株的表型性状及变化规律。结果表明:不同积温带野生大豆表型性状存在差异,各表型性状的变异系数不同,存在多样性丰富和多样性单一的性状。叶片表型性状中叶面积和叶柄长度的多样性最丰富,在第一、三、五积温带采集的野生大豆分别在叶片形状、叶片大小和叶片颜色上的多样性最丰富。根系表型性状中根干重的多样性丰富,根直径多样性较单一,第六积温带根系表型性状较丰富,第一、二积温带采集的野生大豆根系表型性状较单一。在各农艺性状中,百粒重在各积温带群体中的变异极大,多样性最丰富,第二积温带采集的野生大豆百粒重的均值最大,第五积温带的百粒重的均值最小。在活动积温较高地点采集的野生大豆单株荚数、每节荚数、分枝数较多;不同积温带茎长的差异不明显。     

国内橡胶树多主棒孢Cassiicolin毒素多样性及致病性分析

由多主棒孢引起的棒孢霉落叶病是橡胶树的主要叶部病害,cassiicolin毒素是病菌的主要致病因子。本研究通过ITS序列分析对供试多主棒孢菌株进行了准确鉴定,利用cassiicolin毒素不同亚型编码基因特异引物对不同地理来源和寄主来源的49个多主棒孢菌株毒素类型进行了分析,并利用生物萎蔫法对不同亚型毒素进行了致病性分析。结果显示,78%供试菌株含有cassiicolin基因,其中Cas2亚型有10个菌株,Cas5亚型有28个菌株,其它为Cas0型(未检测到cassiicolin毒素基因)。含有Cas5亚型的菌株均来源于橡胶树,并且为橡胶树上的优势群体;Cas2亚型菌株则来源于橡胶树、黄瓜、番木瓜和木薯等不同作物;Cas2和Cas5毒素对不同橡胶树品种的致病性存在明显差异。     

PEG胁迫下甘蓝型油菜品种（系）种子发芽耐旱性鉴定

以10%（w/v）PEG6000做渗透介质模拟干旱条件,对不同来源的甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)品种（系）进行干旱胁迫下种子发芽鉴定,分析油菜种子发芽耐旱性的遗传多样性。结果表明：干旱胁迫下,部分材料处理与对照的发芽性状有显著性差异,81个甘蓝型油菜材料的平均苗高处理比对照低36.5％,平均鲜重处理比对照低31％,成苗率降低11.1％。甘蓝型油菜品种（系）耐旱性有较大遗传差异,幼苗活力指数的变异幅度为19％－81%,平均活力指数为55％。相关分析表明,活力指数与胁迫下的发芽性状达极显著正相关,可以作为油菜种子发芽耐旱的综合指标。根据活力指数,将81个油菜资源划分为强,中,弱三个耐旱等级,并筛选到30295,30253,中双6号,30703,30296,30290,30704,中油杂9号,德油4号等一批耐旱遗传资源。     

Exploiting genetic and physiological variation of the native forage grass Trichloris crinita for revegetation in arid and semi‐arid regions: An integrative review

In arid, semi‐arid and dry subhumid regions, which represent ~ 41% of the Earth's land surface, desertification and soil degradation are very frequent, leading to low soil fertility and productivity. In these regions, revegetation with locally adapted native species may aid in ameliorating desertification processes. Trichloris crinita is a C4 perennial grass native to arid and semi‐arid regions of the American continent. Its good forage quality, drought tolerance, resistance to trampling and grazing, and rapid growth and competing aggressiveness among other native species warrant its use as forage and for revegetation purposes. In the last decades, many studies have revealed broad intraspecific genetic variation for ecophysiological, morphological, biomass production, nutritional quality (as forage) and adaptive stress response‐related traits. Also, results from field trials evaluating T. crinita genotypes as forage and for restoration of degraded areas suggest great potential for—and have encouraged—its utilization under different habitats and environmental conditions. In this integrative review, we compiled and discussed the most relevant research data regarding T. crinita, focusing on aspects and traits that influence its utilization both as forage and in rehabilitation of degraded lands. Challenges and prospects towards the improvement of this species in breeding programmes with specific goals are discussed.     

外源物质对水稻盐胁迫缓解效应研究进展

盐胁迫是影响水稻生长发育和产量的主要非生物因素之一,外源物质能有效缓解盐对水稻的毒害作用并增加水稻产量。本文主要综述了不同外源物质(生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸、乙烯、褪黑素、水杨酸、多胺、油菜素类固醇、茉莉酸类外源生长调节物质以及钙、硅离子类外源物)对盐胁迫下水稻生长的不同调控机理及其缓解效应,并进一步对外源物质在水稻耐盐上的利用与研究工作进行了展望,以期为改善盐渍土环境下水稻的生长发育以及提高产量和品质提供理论依据。     

Breeding for drought tolerance: Direct selection for yield, response to selection and use of drought-tolerant donors in upland and lowland-adapted populations

Drought is the most important constraint reducing rice yield in rainfed areas. Earlier efforts to improve rice yield under drought mainly focused on improving secondary traits because the broad-sense heritability (H) of grain yield under drought stress was assumed to be low, however gains in yield by selecting for secondary traits have not been clearly demonstrated in rice. In present study, the effectiveness of direct selection for grain yield was assessed under lowland reproductive stage stress at Raipur in eastern India and under upland reproductive stage drought stress at IRRI. The selection under severe stress (in both upland and lowland trials) resulted in greater gains under similar stress levels (yield reduction of 65% or greater under stress) in evaluation experiments than did selection under non-stress conditions, with no yield reduction under non-stress conditions. We observed similar H of grain yield under stress and non-stress conditions, indicating direct selection for yield under drought will be effective under both lowland and upland drought stresses. None of the secondary traits (panicle exsertion, harvest index, leaf rolling, leaf drying) included in our study showed a higher estimate for H than grain yield under stress. Secondary traits as well as indirect selection for grain yield under non-stress situation were predicted to be less effective in improving yield under drought in both lowland and upland ecosystem than direct selection for grain yield under the respective stress situations. The low, but positive values observed for genetic correlation (r_G) between yield under stress and non-stress indicated that it is possible to combine drought tolerance with high-yield potential but low values also indicated that selection for grain yield needs to be carried under stress environments. The study also indicated that under lowland drought stress, the use of highly drought-tolerant donors, as parents in crosses to high yielding but susceptible varieties resulted in a much higher frequency of genotypes combining high-yield potential with tolerance than did crosses among elite lines with high-yield potential but poor tolerance. Breeding strategies that use drought-tolerant donors and that combine screening for yield under managed drought stress with screening for yield potential are likely to result in the development of improved cultivars for drought-prone rainfed rice producing areas.     

花生高产种质的耐铝毒能力评价

以人工模拟铝毒胁迫盆栽试验,研究了８个不同花生高产早熟种质对铝毒胁迫的反应,吕毒胁迫对花生的主要性状有的抑制作用,鉴定出具有较强耐铝毒胁迫的９３－８１等材料,并通过分析不同性状与铝毒胁迫下产量稳定性的相关性,明确了根系体积和重量是花生耐酸性评价和选择最重要性状,提出了花生耐酸性的综合评价方法 。     

小麦种质资源耐热性评估研究进展

随着全球气候变暖,高温胁迫对小麦的产量和品质造成的影响越来越严重.准确可靠地评估种质资源的耐热性,已成为当前小麦耐热育种和耐热性基础研究的关键环节和基础.由于目前尚未有系统的耐热性评估体系,不同试验中小麦的耐热性评价结果有很大差异,阻碍了小麦耐热性研究和耐热种质资源的利用.本文通过厘清高温胁迫对小麦不同发育阶段的危害,...     

Rayada specialty: the forgotten resource of elite features of rice

Crop domestication and thereafter gradual selection or directional breeding have narrowed the genetic diversity of elite varieties and even promoted gathering of deleterious mutations in their stress response mechanisms, whereas local ecotypes, landraces and wild relatives still growing on native environment and preferences keep the genetic diversities for features like stress tolerance. Rayada is such an exceptional ecotype, variant of typical deepwater rice, completely endemic to certain areas of Madhumati river tracts of Bangladesh and still shares some features of wild rices. Multiple physiological features of Rayadas are distinctly different from typical deepwater rice. Tolerance to prolonged flood, submergence and cold are special features along with strong photoperiod sensitivity and lack of dormancy. Moreover, longer root system and prompt recovery capacity make it as an elite resource of stress tolerance. However, it has long been neglected because of mainly its long life cycle and poor yield. This review examines the specialty of Rayada rice and the potential use of its unique traits.     

玉米开花期耐旱相关性状的遗传及育种策略

玉米对干旱的反应取决于新陈代谢能力、形态结构和生育阶段.开花期逢遇干旱使玉米产量下降幅度最大.随着产量下降,环境方差所占比例增大,遗传力降低,直接选择效率不高.在干旱条件下,寻找遗传力高且与产量高度相关的第二类性状,构建选择指标,可提高耐旱选择效率.雌雄开花间隔天数(ASI)和单株穗数是可供利用的第二类性状,对其选择所获得的产量增益,在干旱和正常水分条件下均可表现出来.耐旱育种目的在于改变基因型对干旱环境的反应,实现耐旱丰产目标.根据目标环境特征,设计适宜的耐旱选择程序,结合分子标记辅助选择技术,鉴定和利用现有优良耐旱种质和CIMMYT耐旱群体,是我国进行耐旱育种和种质改良的可选途径。     

甘蓝型油菜对盐胁迫的响应及耐盐相关性状QTL研究进展

土壤盐渍化正在成为农业生产的重要非生物胁迫因子，开展甘蓝型油菜耐盐机制研究和QTL分子辅助 育种极为迫切。本文在简述盐胁迫对植物生长的危害及植物缓解盐胁迫机制的基础上，概述了盐胁迫对甘蓝型油 菜不同生长时期的影响以及萌发期和苗期耐盐相关性状QTL研究进展，并对我国耐盐油菜品种选育进行了展望， 期待为进一步开展甘蓝型油菜耐盐机制的研究、选育耐盐新品种提供参考。     

Leaf Traits and Antioxidant Defense for Drought Tolerance During Early Growth Stage in Some Popular Traditional Rice Landraces from Koraput,India

Three popular traditional rice landraces, namely Kalajeera, Machakanta and Haladichudi, from Koraput, India were used to analyse the leaf traits and antioxidant defence for drought tolerance. When rice plants were exposed to different levels of drought stress by varying concentrations of polyethylene glycol(PEG) 6000, seed germination and growth parameters were significantly declined in all the rice landraces compared to the control. Drought stress also altered the leaf phenotypic traits based on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll index, with more significant differences in susceptible variety IR64 than in traditional landraces. Furthermore, activities of antioxidative enzymes and proline and protein contents overtly increased under drought stress. The traditional rice landraces showed higher relative ratios for different parameters compared to the susceptible variety IR64. Taken together,the traditional landraces had superior leaf physiological efficiency compared to the susceptible and tolerant check varieties under drought stress.