甜菜吸收植酸能力及植酸酶效应研究

采用土培盆法进行了甜菜对外加有机磷－植酸的吸收利用特点和植酸酶对改善甜菜磷素营养及生产产量等效应的研究，结果表明：甜菜能在一定程度上吸收利用上土壤外源植酸态磷，其生产产量效果烛施等量无机磷的７０％以上；植酸酶的应用能显著加有机磷的水解，增加溶液中磷的含量，促进甜根系生长发育，提高磷吸收速度，增加磷的吸收量，并最终体现在生产产量的增加；植酸酶的效果随配施的植酸量的增加而增加，当配施的杆得达到６０ｍｇ     

燕麦不同磷效率品种苗期对不同磷源的利用研究

为了探究燕麦不同磷效率品种对有机磷的利用能力,选取磷高效品种燕科1号和磷低效品种MARION为供试材料,在土培盆栽条件下,设置植酸态磷(OP)、无机磷(KP)和不施磷(CK)三个磷处理,研究苗期不同磷处理对燕麦不同磷效率品种生物量、磷累积量、根际土壤酸性磷酸酶活性和土壤有效磷含量的影响。结果表明:(1)OP处理下,燕科1号和MARION的生物量较KP处理显著提高,分别提高70.4%、 9.4%;燕科1号的根冠比显著低于MARION。(2)与CK比较,OP处理可显著提高燕麦地上部、全株磷含量,但比KP处理磷含量低;在OP处理下,燕科1号地上部磷含量比MARION提高15.1%,全株磷含量比MARION降低8.6%。(3)与CK比较,OP处理可以提高燕麦根际土壤有效磷含量,但显著低于KP处理;相同处理下,燕科1号根际土壤有效磷含量均低于MARION。(4)两个燕麦品种在不同磷处理下,燕麦根际土壤酸性磷酸酶活性变化不同,燕科1号根际土壤酸性磷酸酶活性在KP和OP处理比CK分别提高35.2%、26.5%,差异均达到显著水平;MARION在KP和OP处理比CK分别降低4.4%、14.1%,OP与CK之间差异显著。磷高效品种燕科1号利用植酸态有机磷能力高于磷低效品种MARION。     

解磷细菌解磷机制研究进展及其在水稻上的应用

磷是植物生长不可缺少的元素。土壤中总磷含量丰富,但可被植物直接吸收利用的有效磷含量却很低。传统上主要通过施用磷肥提高缺磷地区的作物产量。然而,施入土壤中的磷不仅易被固定,还会转化成难以被植物直接吸收利用的有机磷,从而降低植物对磷的吸收利用率,造成环境污染。解磷细菌具有将土壤中难溶态磷转化为可被植物直接吸收利用的有效磷的功能,提高植物对磷的吸收利用率。解磷细菌种类繁多,作用机制复杂且影响因素众多。本文综述了解磷细菌解磷机制的研究进展,总结了解磷细菌在水稻生产上的应用情况,以为提高稻田土壤难溶态磷的利用效率提供理论依据。     

低丘红壤茶园的磷素营养及转化(英文)

试验结果表明,在低丘红壤茶园土壤中的磷主要以无机矿物磷为主,其中又以闭蓄态磷占多数,铁磷和铝磷与茶园生产能力有密切关系。茶园土壤对磷的吸附符合Langmuir吸附曲线(r>0.9)。土壤pH及质地对磷吸附有明显影响。磷肥施入茶园以后转化和被固定很快,开始以铝磷为主,以后逐步向铁磷和闭蓄态磷转化。土壤有机酸对防止磷固定有明显的影响,其影响程度是:草酸>混合酸>柠檬酸>酒石酸>苹果酸>乳酸>琥珀酸。被固定的磷及土壤原生矿物磷,在土壤游离酸,有机酸等作用下,又逐渐释放,越是高产茶园释放量越多。所以茶园土壤中的磷     

作物低植酸育种研究进展

植酸富含磷，广泛存在于作物种子中，但由于单胃动物缺少能分解植酸磷的酶而不能有效利用，同时粪便排泄出的磷造成严重环境污染。培育作物低植酸品系是解决该问题的有效途径之一。目前已经获得了玉米、大麦、水稻和大豆低植酸(low phytic acid,lpa)突变系，种子植酸含量减少了50％以上，显著改善了磷的有效利用。针对植酸的生物学和生化合成，综述了作物低植酸性状的遗传育种研究现状以及其产生的内在分子机制。     

植酸的比色测定

本法用10％的HCl浸取脱脂菜籽饼粕中的植酸,用离子交换法将植酸与其它含磷化合物分离,然后用硝化法将植酸转化为无机磷,最后用磷铝钒比色法测定。具有灵敏度高、准确度高、重现性好的特点。     

冬小麦籽粒中植酸和蛋白质含量的关系

植酸,籽粒中磷的主要贮藏形式,一般认为它对营养品质有副作用.因此,有人曾建议应对多种谷类作物和豆科植物进行低植酸育种.为确定两种冬小麦群体中籽粒植酸磷、全磷和蛋白质之间的定量关系,进行了本试验,该冬小麦群体都是由双杂交后代F_6组成.对植酸磷的实质变化进行了观察,结果其数值范围等于各自群体的平均值的30%和48%.植酸磷的变化     

磷肥在海南岛砖红壤中的转化和肥效

本文应用土壤无机磷形态的分级方法,研究了海南岛热作土壤(即热带旱作土壤,以下同)无机磷的形态和磷肥在土壤中的转化及肥效。初步结果表明海南岛热作土壤无机磷以闭蓄态磷酸盐(Occluded phosphate 即O—P)为主体,其含量占土壤无机磷总量50％以上。非闭蓄态磷酸盐(Non-occluded phosphate即非O—P)则以磷酸铁(Fe—P)为主,其次是磷酸钙(Ca—P)和磷酸铝(Al—P)。土壤有效磷(Bray No.1法提取,以下同)大都在3～15ppm,仅占非O—P的3～10％。因此海南岛热作土壤普遍缺磷,施磷肥的效果显著。自然土壤有效磷与土壤Al—P相关极显著。与Fe—P相关不显著,而与Ca—P和O—P呈负相关。水溶性磷肥(过磷酸钙)在热作土壤中主要向非O—P转化,肥料与土壤充分混合盆栽两个月后,土壤O—P没有明显增减,而非O—P特别是Fe—P、Al—P则显著增加。施肥后土壤Fe—P、Al—P与土壤有效磷和作物吸收磷量相关显著,说明磷肥在土壤中转化形成的非O—P在一个相当长的时间内(至少当造)对作物是有效的,而不是很快“固定”失效。因此,对热作土壤中磷酸铁、铝的性质和磷肥的施肥方法值得进一步探讨。     

外源磷处理对水稻籽粒植酸含量及相关代谢基因表达的影响

利用水稻穗离体培养方法,对不同外源磷浓度下水稻籽粒植酸等磷化物含量的差异及其植酸代谢相关功能基因在灌浆过程中的表达特征进行了探讨。结果表明,水稻籽粒中的植酸、无机磷和总磷含量随外源磷处理浓度上升呈增加趋势,但磷处理对千粒重和单位籽粒中植酸积累量的影响因磷浓度水平而异,高磷处理会导致水稻千粒重和籽粒植酸积累绝对量的显著降低;外源磷处理浓度的上升,不仅会引起水稻籽粒中锌和铁元素含量的显著降低,而且会导致锌、铁营养的生物有效性下降;外源磷处理对水稻籽粒植酸含量的影响与不同磷处理下RINO1基因的相对表达量之间存在较密切关系,中磷浓度(3P)处理会诱导RINO1基因的表达,但高磷浓度(12P)会抑制RINO1基因的表达,RINO1是外源磷浓度处理对水稻籽粒植酸合成代谢过程产生调控作用的一个重要功能基因位点,而IPK2基因与水稻在不同磷浓度处理下的植酸含量变化无直接联系。     

不同玉米品种子粒植酸磷及其他形态磷含量的相关性研究

以50个自交系和24个杂交种为材料,测定其总磷、植酸磷、无机磷含量,分析不同基因型玉米子粒中植酸磷及其他形态磷含量的差异性和相关性。结果表明：不同自交系和杂交种间3种磷形态的含量均存在显著差异,植酸磷与总磷间呈正相关,与无机磷间呈弱度正相关。在低植酸玉米选育时,应该同时采用植酸磷和无机磷两个指标作为选择标准。自交系丹黄02是选育较低植酸磷、高无机磷含量杂交种的优良亲本材料。     

Accumulation of phytate and starch lysophospholipids in rice grains and responses to alterations in P supply or source-sink relations

The removal of phosphorus (P) from fields in the harvested seeds of staple crops is a major driver of the global P cycle, and consequently, there is interest in breeding grain crops with lower seed P concentrations. While it is expected that a reduction in seed total P would result in lower concentrations of the P-rich anti-nutrient phytate, the potential consequences for starch lysophospholipids (LPLs), which affect rice grain quality and health outcomes in humans, are unknown. We examined the accumulation of phytate and starch LPLs in developing indica (cv. IR64) and japonica (cv. Nipponbare) rice grains as well as the stability of starch LPLs and phytate under varying P supply treatments in hydroponics. Source-sink relationships during grain filling (drought and floret abortion) were also investigated in a pot study. Accumulation of phytate and starch LPLs in seeds continued until 18 days after anthesis (DAA) in cv. Nipponbare and 21 DAA in cv. IR64, which mirrored the accumulation of biomass in seeds. In the hydroponic study, permanent withdrawal of P from the nutrient solution at anthesis (until maturity) led to significant reductions in both phytate and starch LPLs with a similar trend observed when P was withdrawn at 8 DAA. In the pot study using soil, alteration of source-sink systems through drought stress during grain filling or floret abortion (manual removal of the top half of each panicle) also led to significant reductions in grain phytate and starch LPLs compared to control plants. These results indicate that in addition to affecting phytate concentrations, reduced P supply to rice plants during grain filling and alteration of source-sink relationships also impacts starch LPL concentrations. Given these complexities, breeding and selection for reduced seed P concentration in rice and other cereals should be undertaken with caution.     

Genetic variation of bioavailable iron and zinc in grain of a maize population

More than one-third of the world's population is afflicted by iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies, since cereal grain as a staple food of the people contains low levels or low bioavailability of Fe and Zn because of phytate. In maize, 80% of grain phosphorus (P) is in the form of phytate, and P could be an indicator of phytate content. The objectives of this study were (1) to estimate genetic variation of Fe and Zn in a maize population including P/Fe and P/Zn molar ratios as quantitative traits; (2) to determine relations among yield, P, Fe, Zn, P/Fe and P/Zn molar ratios; and (3) to define the implications of those on biofortification (breeding) programmes. There were significant genetic variations and workable heritabilities for Fe, Zn, P/Fe and P/Zn estimated in 294 F4 lines of a maize population, but there were no associations among six traits according to both simple correlations and principal component analysis. Weak correlations between P and Fe and between P and Zn indicated feasibility of breeding non low-phytic acid maize genotypes with more appropriate phytate/Fe and phytate/Zn relations. Bioavailability of iron and zinc varied substantially in a maize population justifying utilisation of these unique parameters in biofortification programmes.     

Physiological Characteristics,Phytase Activity,and Mineral Bioavailability of a Low-Phytate Soybean Line during Germination

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Phytate is a storage form of phosphorus (P) in seeds and, when degraded, plays a vital role in seed germination. Low phytate content in grain seeds inhibits...     

In vitro availability of iron and zinc in white and coloured ragi (Eleusine coracana): role of tannin and phytate

White and brown ragi (Eleusine coracana) varieties were analysed for tannin, phytate phosphorus, total phosphorus, iron, ionisable iron, zinc and soluble zinc content. White ragi had no detectable tannin while in brown varieties it ranged from 351 to 2392 mg per 100 g. Germination brought about a progressive decrease in tannin and phytate phosphorus and an increase in ionisable ion and soluble zinc content of grain ragi. Both in raw and germinated grain, ionizable iron was significantly higher in white than in brown varieties. While ionisable iron was inversely correlated with the level of tannin and phytate phosphorus, soluble zinc was negatively correlated with phytate phosphorus. After extraction of tannin, ionisable iron of brown ragi rose by 85%. On the other hand, in white varieties, addition of tannin extracted from brown ragi, resulted in a 52–65% decrease in ionisable iron content. These studies indicated that poor iron availability in ragi as judged by its low ionisable iron content was due to the presence of tannin in the grain.     

植酸形成与水稻籽粒充实的关系

研究了6个水稻品种（组合）的籽粒灌浆特征及植酸合成过程中相关生化成分变化与籽粒充实的关系。籽粒充实度好的亚杂1号(ISHR1)、亚杂2号（ISHR2）、R198和JW21,强、弱势粒灌浆不表现两段灌浆现象,而籽粒充实度差的亚杂3号（ISHR3）和559两段灌浆现象则十分明显。孕穗期至开花期,籽粒充实度好的品种其植酸、肌醇含量显著高于籽粒充实度差的品种;灌浆期,籽粒充实度差的品种无机磷含量明显高于籽粒充实度好的品种。相关分析表明,在孕穗期至开花期籽粒中植酸、肌醇含量与起始灌浆势（P0）、平均灌浆速率（RA）和籽粒充实率（GFP）均呈极显著正相关;灌浆期,无机磷含量与P0、RA和GFP呈极显著负相关,肌醇含量与P0、RA和GFP无明显相关性。提出了提高水稻籽粒充实度的有效途径。     

Changes in phytate phosphorus and minerals during germination and cooking of horse gram and moth bean

The phytate phosphorus in horse gram and moth bean seeds accounted for 57% and 55%, respectively, of the total phosphorus. During germination, there was a continuous decrease in the proportion of phytate phosphorus. In 48 h germinated seeds, the phytate phosphorus accounted for only 20% and 26%, respectively of the total phosphorus. A significant amount of calcium was leached out during germination. Other minerals were not affected significantly. Cooking decreased phytate phosphorus in ungerminated and germinated seeds of both the legumes. Calcium content in ungerminated and 12 h germinated moth bean seeds decreased significantly during cooking. Such a decrease was noticed in ungerminated seeds of horse gram. No significant changes were noticed in magnesium, iron, manganese, and zinc contents of both the legumes due to cooking.     

水稻根系泌氧对水稻土磷素化学行为的影响

通过模拟试验研究了水稻根系泌氧作用对水稻土磷素化学行为以及水稻吸磷的影响。淹水极显著地增加土壤对磷的吸附,降低磷的解吸。而模拟的水稻泌氧作用则可明显降低土壤对磷的吸附,增加根际土壤的磷解吸和离子交换树脂对磷的吸收量。因此,水稻根系的泌氧作用应该是水稻在淹水明显降低土壤磷有效性情况下能正常从土壤获取磷的重要机制之一。淹水导致土壤磷有效性降低与淹水引起土壤磷组分转化有关。淹水2周,经富磷预处理而增加的Al-P组分,几乎全被转化为Fe-P。     

高蛋白大豆新品种冀豆23的选育及栽培技术

冀豆23由河北省农林科学院粮油作物研究所以冀豆12×nf1(冀黄103)杂交一代为母本,以冀豆12为父本经过有性杂交,系谱法选育而成的大豆新品种。该品种丰产性和稳产性较好,籽粒较大,蛋白质含量45.23%,蛋脂总和64.16%,是高蛋白和蛋脂双高品种。于2017年通过河北省农作物品种审定委员会审定准予推广,适宜在河北省中南部夏播种植。     

Genotypic variation in grain phosphorus concentration,and opportunities to improve P-use efficiency in rice

Continual removal of phosphorus (P) from fields in rice grains at harvest results in lower soil fertility in low-input farming systems and drives the need for fertiliser inputs in high-input farming systems. High-P content in rice grains (the majority as phytate) contributes little to human nutrition and agronomic practices such as growing seedlings in high-P media or seed P coating at sowing (in direct-sown crops) may overcome the reported need for high-P seed for seedling establishment. Thus, reducing the amount of P in rice grains at maturity through breeding may represent a novel means to reduce ‘mining’ of soil P. We investigated the uptake and partitioning of P in rice plants and examined the scope for breeding rice with lower grain P by assessing genotypic variation for phosphorus harvest index (PHI) and seed P concentrations among a set of 38 rice genotypes in the field. At maturity approximately 75% of total plant P was found in grains and translocation of P from stems and leaves contributed substantially to grain P. However, unlike other cereals such as wheat, rice plants continued dry matter and P accumulation until maturity with approximately 40% of total plant P taken up post anthesis. In the field study, PHI differed significantly among genotypes (from 57 to 87) but was highly correlated to HI (P ≤ 0.001), suggesting that exploiting genotypic variation for this trait may be counterproductive. Grain P concentrations varied from 1.96 to 3.18 mg P g⁻¹, and were neither associated with reductions in grain yield or seed size, nor significantly correlated to HI. Grain P concentration therefore appears to be a suitable screening criterion and the 50% variation observed among genotypes suggests that scope exists for breeding rice with lower grain P concentration to reduce the off-take of P from rice fields at harvest.     

不同磷源对橡胶树幼苗生长及土壤磷素组分特征的影响

通过盆栽试验及Hedley土壤磷素分组法研究了海南省玄武岩发育砖红壤上施用不同磷源对橡胶树幼苗生长的影响及土壤磷素组分变化。磷肥处理分别为不施磷处理、施用昆阳磷矿粉100 mg/kg(以全P计,下同)、施用昆阳磷矿粉250 mg/kg和施用普通过磷酸钙100 mg/kg。结果表明:施用磷矿粉和普通过磷酸钙均显著增加了橡胶树幼苗干物重、株高、茎粗和吸磷总量,但高磷矿粉处理和普通过磷酸钙处理橡胶树幼苗叶片磷含量显著降低;高磷矿粉处理取得了与普通过磷酸钙相当的肥效;磷矿粉施用后,土壤树脂提取态磷(Resin-P)、碳酸氢钠提取态无机磷(NaHCO_3-Pi)、氢氧化钠提取态无机磷(NaOH-Pi)、盐酸提取态磷(HCl-P)和残余态磷(Residual-P)等组分含量均显著增加,但碳酸氢钠提取态有机磷(NaHCO_3-Po)和氢氧化钠提取态有机磷(NaOH-Po)不受施磷影响;干物质重和吸磷总量均与土壤Resin-P、NaHCO_3-Pi和Na OH-Pi呈显著的正相关关系;磷矿粉施用11个月后,平均33.1%磷矿粉溶解在土壤中,平均43.5%的磷矿粉残留在土壤Residual-P组分中。为改善玄武岩发育砖红壤上有效磷及橡胶树磷素营养状况,应选择施用高活性磷矿粉以降低磷矿粉颗粒被大量包被的风险。